AHTI Pietarinen

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• PhD
• Professor at Hong Kong Baptist University

Some have suggested that images can be arguments. Images can certainly bolster the acceptability of individual premises. We worry, though, that the static nature of images prevents them from ever playing a genuinely argumentative role. To show this, we call attention to a dilemma. The conclusion of a visual argument will either be explicit or impli...

This paper presents and defends an integrated view of the placebo effect, termed “affective-meaning-making” model, which draws from theoretical reflection, clinical outcomes and neurophysiological findings. We consider the theoretical limitations of those proposals associated with the „meaning view‟ on the placebo effect which (i) leave the general...

The pragmatic logic of assertions shows a connection between ignorance and (informal) decidability. In it, we can express pragmatic factual ignorance and first-order ignorance as well as some of their variants. We also show how some pragmatic versions of second-order ignorance and of Rumsfeld-ignorance may be formulated. A specific variant of secon...

The paper proposes a way to naturalise Charles S. Peirce’s conception of the scientific method, which he specified in terms of abduction, deduction and induction. The focus is on the central issue of the economy of research in abduction and self-correction by error reduction in induction. We show how Peirce’s logic of science receives support from...

We critically examine the intersection of developmental bioelectricity within the context of the Peircean philosophy of science. We address the criticism of Peirce’s objective idealism and synechism, contest the conflation of semiotic and physical laws, and scrutinise Peirce’s recovery of physical from psychological laws. The upshot is a nonmechani...

The logic of worldviews provides a consistent method of comparison between multiple worldviews. The present paper connects the logic of worldviews to important historical and contemporary influences. Beginning with its roots in semiotics, an account of epistemology emerges which is mediated by a belief system. We show that Charles Peirce’s pragmati...

This book shows, for the first time in its full spectrum, the interconnectedness and topicality of two historically and philosophically significant developments of philosophical theories of the study of mind: that of phenomenology of Edmund Husserl and phaneroscopy of Charles S. Peirce. The chapters in this book put the two thinkers in a novel disc...

This chapter presents and analyses Peirce’s previously unpublished late sequence of drafts on the interconnected topics of definitions, pragmaticism, phaneroscopy, and logical analysis. The papers, in the Robin catalogue located in the folders R 643–R 649, were written in six highly discrete draft versions and fragments between December 1909 and Ma...

We explore Charles Peirce’s innovative extension of Euler diagrams to incorporate negative terms through novel star-shaped curves, representing negation and dualizing the relation of inclusion to express exclusion. The study demonstrates the equivalence of Peirce’s extended Euler diagrams (PED) with the axiomatic system Atl, which is based on Chris...

Existential graphs are a notation for first-order logic (alpha and beta departments) and higher-order logics (gamma department) that Charles S. Peirce created in 1896. This chapter surveys the evolution of Peirce’s notational experiments with graphical notations, from his work of the early 1880s up to the discovery of existential graphs in 1896 and...

The Annual Biosemiotic Achievement Award was established at the annual meeting of the International Society for Biosemiotic Studies (ISBS) in 2014, in conjunction with Springer and Biosemiotics. It seeks to recognize papers published in the journal that present novel and potentially important contributions to biosemiotic research, its scientific im...

This paper proposes to recover the topic of the philosophy of scientific method from its late nineteenth-century roots. The subject matter of scientific method sprouted from key inferential ingredients identified by Charles Peirce. In this paper, the historical path is traversed from the viewpoint of contemporary Cognitive Structural Realism (CSR)....

There is abduction in games. Players deliberating about possible future histories take those positions, which according to the standard common knowledge and belief of rationality will never actually be reached, as the surprising facts that need accommodation. The need for such accommodation sets their minds in motion and trigger reasoning from effe...

Three decades have passed since the distributed cognition programme began to modify the landscape of the cognitive sciences (Hutchins, 1995, 2000; Kirsh, 2006). Distributed cognition indicates that cognitive systems are individuated not by specific borders or boundaries (such as skin or skull) but as distributed in socio-cultural environments that...

Mercier and Sperber (MS) have ventured to undermine an age-old assumption in logic, namely the presence of premise-conclusion structures, in favor of two novel claims: that reasoning is an evolutionary product of a reason-intuiting module in the mind, and that theories of logic teach next to nothing about the mechanisms of how inferences are drawn...

In the common use of logic diagrams, the positive term is conveniently located inside the circle while its negative counterpart is left outside. This practice, already found in Euler’s original scheme, leads to trouble when one wishes to express the non-existence of the outer region or to tackle logic problems involving negative terms. In this chap...

Bloomsbury Semiotics offers a state-of-the-art overview of the entire field of semiotics by revealing its influence on a wide range of disciplinary perspectives. With four volumes spanning theory, method and practice across the disciplines, this definitive reference work emphasizes and strengthens common bonds shared across intellectual cultures, a...

Peirce wrote in late 1901 a text on formal logic using a special Dragon-Head and Dragon-Tail notation in order to express the relation of logical consequence and its properties. These texts have not been referred to in the literature before. We provide a complete reconstruction and transcription of these previously unpublished sets of manuscript sh...

Background: The most important advance of precision medicine (PM) has been a specific way to define and understand disease. However, PM may fail to be therapeutically effective if diseases are natural kinds. Objective: To attest adverse consequences of treatments suggested by PM that do not generalize well. Methods: Conceptual analysis of PM;...

Modern explainable AI (XAI) methods remain far from providing human-like answers to ‘why’ questions, let alone those that satisfactorily agree with human-level understanding. Instead, the results that such methods provide boil down to sets of causal attributions. Currently, the choice of accepted attributions rests largely, if not solely, on the ex...

This paper provides an analysis of the notational difference between Beta Existential Graphs, the graphical notation for quantificational logic invented by Charles S. Peirce at the end of the 19th century, and the ordinary notation of first-order logic. Peirce thought his graphs to be “more diagrammatic” than equivalently expressive languages (incl...

This note exposes a little-known fact originally proposed by Nicholas Rescher in 1965, that the generalized second-order quantifier “Most” and the rules governing its behavior can be incorporated into Euler-Venn diagrams with an iconic notion of an arrow and its head and vane extensions and contractions. The objective is then to analyse this work f...

Residuation has become an important concept in the study of algebraic structures and algebraic logic. Relation algebras, for example, are residuated Boolean algebras and residuation is now recognized as a key feature of substructural logics. Early work on residuation can be traced back to studies in the logic of relations by De Morgan, Peirce and S...

We present Peirce’s own solution to what is known as ‘Peirce’s Puzzle’ in formal semantics and pragmatics. In his mostly unpublished writings, Peirce analyses some sentences in the modal extension of his Beta Existential Graphs (that is, in a diagrammatic system of quantified first-order logic with tinctures) and in algebraic logic. These diagrams...

Chinese logician and philosopher Jin Yuelin published in 1935 a textbook Logic (in Chinese) in which he proposed proving the distributive laws by a slightly non-standard version of Venn diagrams. In Jin Yuelin’s modification some segments of the circles are marked with dashed instead of continuous lines, namely those that following the meet and joi...

The background target of the research going into the present article is to forge an intellectual alliance between, on the one hand, active inference and the free-energy principle (FEP), and on the other, Charles S. Peirce’s theory of semiotics and pragmatism. In the present paper, the focus is on the allegiance between the nomenclatures of active a...

Peirce’s claims that methodeutic “concerns abduction alone” and that “pragmatism contributes to the security of reasoning but hardly to its uberty” are explained. They match as soon as a third claim is taken into account, namely that “pragmatism is the logic of abduction,” not of deduction or induction. Since methodeutic concerns abduction and not...

Pragmaticism states that general rules of action, or habits, are generalizing tendencies that lead us to action in conceivable situations describable in general terms. As a method of ‘putting questions to our minds,’ it assigns meanings to signs in terms of conceivable practical consequences for rational conduct. Questions are experiments on variou...

Assertive graphs (AGs) modify Peirce’s Alpha part of Existential Graphs (EGs). They are used to reason about assertions without any ad hoc sign of assertion. The present paper presents an extension of propositional AGs to the Beta case by introducing two kinds of non-interdefinable lines. The absence of polarities in the theory of AGs necessitates...

Carl Sagan (1990) famously lamented how “we live in a society exquisitely dependent on science and technology, in which hardly anyone knows about science and technology. This is a clear prescription for disaster”. One might add that in contemporary societies, people know about the philosophy of science and technology even less.

The logic of assertive graphs (AGs) is a modification of Peirce’s logic of existential graphs (EGs), which is intuitionistic and which takes assertions as its explicit object of study. In this paper we extend AGs into a classical graphical logic of assertions (ClAG) whose internal logic is classical. The characteristic feature is that both AGs and...

This erratum is to correct in the paper of Daniele Chiffi and Ahti-Veikko Pietarinen, On the Logical Philosophy of Assertive Graphs.

This position paper analyses the multidisciplinarity of cognitive research and its challenges from three perspective: the foundations of cognitive science, which draw from logic and neuroscience and their interconnections in studying human logic; computation as a means to identify mathematical patterns in human cognition, represent them symbolicall...

Dual-process theories of reasoning take for granted the fundamental difference between the two cognitive systems, Systems 1 and 2. This paper, in contrast, argues that System 1, which is responsible for fast, intuitive, associative, and effortless reasoning, can be explained to be just as logical as System 2, which is said to draw consequences in r...

Assertive graphs (AGs) modify Peirce’s Alpha part of Existential Graphs (EGs) and are used to reason about assertions without any ad hoc sign of assertion. This paper presents an extension of propositional AGs to Beta by lines. Absence of polarities necessitate Beta-AGs to resort to two kinds of lines: standard lines (a certain method of asserting)...

Dual-process theories of reasoning assume a fundamental difference between two cognitive systems: fast and intuitive System 1, and slow and rational System 2, grounded on rules of logical inference. Peirce’s diagrammatic logic challenges the dichotomy. Both systems are based on similar inferential connections, but the former draws its conclusions a...

The blot is a sign in Peirce’s diagrammatic syntax of existential graphs that has hitherto been neglected in the literature on logical graphs. It is needed in order to trigger the cut-as-negation to come out from the scroll, namely from the implicational sign of a positive implicational (paradisiacal) logic. Since the cut-as-negation presupposes th...

This paper presents an enrichment of the Gabbay–Woods schema of Peirce’s 1903 logical form of abduction with illocutionary acts, drawing from logic for pragmatics and its resources to model justified assertions. It analyses the enriched schema and puts it into the perspective of Peirce’s logic and philosophy.

Expressively equivalent logical languages can enunciate logical notions in notationally diversified ways. Frege’s Begriffsschrift, Peirce’s Existential Graphs, and the notations presented by Wittgenstein in the Tractatus all express the sentential fragment of classical logic, each in its own way. In what sense do expressively equivalent notations d...

What sort of justification can be claimed for abduction? In this paper we reconstruct Peirce's answer to this question. We show that in his early works on the logic of science Peirce provided an abductive justification of abduction, and that in his mature writings the early solution is enriched by a reference to the place abduction has in a typical...

Abductive conclusions are drawn in a special, co-hortative mood (Peirce’s ‘investigand’). Abductive conclusions are representative interpretants that represent abduction (or retroduction) as a form of reasoning that can convey a general conception of the truth. The truth is not asserted; abduction merely delivers the idea of a matter of course, ren...

Peirce's semiotic characterization of abductive reasoning in the 1903 Syllabus and in its drafts is related to the interrogative mood of the conclusion of abductive reasoning, both in the light of the Syllabus and in that of Peirce's post-1903 analysis of abduction and speculative grammar. The relevant pages of the Syllabus also present two non-sta...

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 11th International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams, Diagrams 2020, held in Tallinn, Estonia, in August 2020.* The 20 full papers and 16 short papers presented together with 18 posters were carefully reviewed and selected from 82 submissions. The papers are organized in the f...

This paper looks at some of the challenges Peirce experienced when trying to get his work published situated against the context of contemporary peer review. Special attention is given to Peirce's work on logical graphs and the 1903 Lowell Lectures.

Peirce developed the theory of reasoning as a preferred instrument of the logical analysis of thoughts, while Husserl’s phenomenology took a turn to things we think about. The stark contrast between Peirce phaneroscopy and Husserl’s phenomenology shows up in Peirce’s insight that reasoning is guided by the leading or guiding principle of reason we...

Peirce’s theory of signs is a rich and expansive theoretical option for cognitive sciences that does not assume the presence of the distinction between the methods of natural and those of the human sciences. The potential of the sign-theoretic account remains largely unacknowledged, however. The reason may be the conceptual jungle that one encounte...

What are the points of contact between Peirce’s and Husserl’s thoughts? Ever since the rather negative conclusions of Herbert Spiegelberg’s 1956 evaluation of the commonalities in Peirce’s and Husserl’s systems of thought, virtually no comprehensive studies have appeared on the mutual insights that could be obtained from the works of these two infl...

Anticipation operates under abductive modes of reasoning. Anticipatory abduction is normative and appeals to principles of the economy of research. As a defeasible mode of reasoning, abduction copes with fundamental uncertainty of the future in rational, logical and anticipatory manners. Abduction arises from the mind’s ability to perceive logical...

This volume aims to provide the elements for a systematic exploration of certain fundamental notions of Peirce and Husserl in respect with foundations of science by means of drawing a parallelism between their works. Tackling a largely understudied comparison between these two contemporary philosophers, the authors highlight the significant similar...

Scientific evidence and scientific values under risk and uncertainty are strictly connected from the point of view of Peirce’s pragmaticism. In addition, economy and statistics play a key role in both choosing and testing hypotheses. Hence we may show also the connection between the methodology of the economy of research and statistical frequentism...

Clinical equipoise (CE) has been proposed as an ethical principle relating uncertainty and moral leeway in clinical research. Although CE has traditionally been indicated as a necessary condition for a morally justified introduction of a new RCT, questions related to the interpretation of this principle remain woefully open. Recent proposals to reh...

This paper compares Peirce's and Hintikka's logical philosophies and identifies a cross-section of similarities in their thoughts in the areas of action-first epistemology, pragmaticist meaning, philosophy of science, and philosophy of logic and mathematics. https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s11787-018-0203-x?author_access_token=BdTAHs5qBiDXb...

Introduction to the Special Issue in Logica Universalis on Jaakko Hintikka’s Logical Philosophy, with biographical and bibliographical remarks.

Peirce aspired for the completeness of his logic cum the theory of signs in his 1903 Lowell Lectures and other late manuscripts. Semeiotic completeness states that everything that is a consequence in logical critic is derivable in speculative grammar. The present paper exposes the reasons why Peirce would fall short of establishing semeiotic comple...

A graphical approach to intuitionistic propositional logic is presented. The system GrIn is a deep inference system and it is formulated in terms of Peirce’s existential graphs. GrIn is shown to be sound and complete with respect to the class of all Heyting algebras. Moreover, the system GrIn is shown to be equivalent to the Gentzen sequent calculu...

We present a dynamic approach to Peirce’s original construal of abductive logic as a logic of conjecture making, and provide a new decidable, contraction-free and cut-free proof system for the dynamic logic of abductive inferences with neighborhood semantics. Our formulation of the dynamic logic of abduction follows the philosophical and scientific...

This article investigates Charles Peirce’s development of logical calculi for classical propositional logic in 1880–1896. Peirce’s 1880 work on the algebra of logic resulted in a successful calculus for Boolean algebra. This calculus, denoted by PC , is here presented as a sequent calculus and not as a natural deduction system. It is shown that Pei...

This article addresses the problem of the nature of mental imagery from a new perspective. It suggests that sign-theoretical approach as elaborated by C. S. Peirce can give a better and more comprehensive explanation of mental imagery. Our empirical findings follow the methodology of cognitive semiotics and they show that (i) properties of mental i...

This paper investigates Charles Peirce's development of logical calculi for classical propositional logic in 1880-1896. Peirce's 1880 work on the algebra of logic resulted in a successful calculus for Boolean algebra. This calculus, denoted by PC, is here presented as a sequent calculus and not as a natural deduction system. It is shown that Peirce...

Introduction to the Special Issue in {\em Logica Universalis} on Jaakko Hintikka's Logical Philosophy.

We describe Peirce’s 1903 system of modal gamma graphs, its transformation rules of inference, and the interpretation of the broken-cut modal operator. We show that Peirce proposed the normality rule in his gamma system. We then show how various normal modal logics arise from Peirce’s assumptions concerning the broken-cut notation. By developing an...

Peirce's argument for the justification of deductive reasoning is given in its final form in his unpublished 1903 Lowell Lectures. The argument has two parts: the ineliminability of leading principles, and the presence of non-deductive components in deduction. We expose this argument and analyse it in the light of Peirce's theory of three kinds of...

There is abduction in games. Players deliberating about possible future histories take those positions, which according to the standard common knowledge and belief of rationality will never actually be reached, as the surprising facts that need accommodation. The need for such accommodation sets their minds in motion and trigger reasoning from effe...

The beauty of logical graphs has many facets, including notational simplicity, multi-modality and the normative face of the theory. This paper highlights where this logical sense of the beauty of Peirce's graphical method stems from, and what its implications to philosophy of logic are. In the appendix , we provide a gallery of graphs that have not...

Peirce and Frege both distinguished between the propositional content of an assertion and the assertion of a propositional content, but with different notational means. We present a modification of Peirce’s graphical method of logic that can be used to reason about assertions in a manner similar to Peirce’s original method. We propose a new system...

Peirce’s 1880 work on the algebra of logic resulted in a successful calculus (\(\mathbf {PC}\)) for Boolean algebra. Its leading principle (Peirce’s Rule) is that of residuation. We show how the law of distributivity, which Peirce states but does not prove in 1880, can be proved using Peirce’s Rule in \(\mathbf {PC}\). The system \(\mathbf {PC}\) i...

This paper presents two major aspects of Frege's and Peirce's views on assertion and denial: first, their arguments for the notational choices concerning the representation of assertion and denial in Begriffsschrift (BS) and Existential Graphs (EGs), respectively; and second, those properties of BS and EGs which reflect their inventors' views on as...

This paper explores the intertwining of uncertainty and values. We consider an important but underexplored field of fundamental uncertainty and values in decision-making. Some proposed methodologies to deal with fundamental uncertainty have included potential surprise theory, scenario planning and hypothetical retrospection. We focus on the princip...

We propose a reconstruction of the constellation of problems and philosophical positions on the nature and number of the primitives of logic in four authors of the nineteenth century logical scene: Peano, Padoa, Frege and Peirce. We argue that the proposed reconstruction forces us to recognize that it is in at least four different senses that a not...

The syntax of modal graphs is defined in terms of the continuous cut and broken cut following Charles Peirce's notation in the gamma part of his graphical logic of existential graphs. Graphical calculi for normal modal logics are developed based on a reformulation of the graphical calculus for classical propositional logic. These graphical calculi...