Ahmed Aljanaby

University Of Kufa | UOK · Department of Biology

Although it is important to initiate immune responses quickly, it is also critical to terminate them appropriately once the threat has ended. To clear the offending pathogen immune responses are

often massive, with:

• millions of activated lymphocytes;

• proliferation of large clones of specific T and B cells;

• activation of huge numbers of inflammatory cells.

These responses, if left unchecked, can also damage host tissues.

In adaptive immune responses, lymphocytes are responsible for immune recognition, and this is achieved by clonal selection. Each lymphocyte is genetically programmed to be capable of recognizing just one particular antigen. However, the immune system as a whole can specifically recognize many thousands of antigens, so the lymphocytes that recognize any particular antigen are only a tiny proportion of the total.

When bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) infect a bacterial cell, their normal mode of reproduction is to harness the replicational, transcriptional, and translation machinery of the host bacterial cell to make numerous virions, or complete viral particles, including the viral DNA or RNA and the protein coat.

Bacterial conjugation is often incorrectly regarded as the bacterial equivalent of sexual reproduction or mating. It is not actually sexual, as it does not involve the fusing of gametes and the creation of a zygote, nor is there equal exchange of genetic material

The immunological characterization of different cell markers has opened the possibility of considering them as immune tools for tuberculosis (TB) management, as they could correlate with TB latency/disease status and outcome. CD4+ T-cells producing IFN-g+ with a low expression of CD27 have been described as an active TB marker

Burn infections are one of the most common serious illnesses

caused by pathogens, mainly by both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria

Otitis media (OM) and respiratory tract infections are the common infections diagnosed in pediatric emergency and outpatient settings, and occasionally occur in association with urinary tract infection; however, the significance of combined infections in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection remains unproved. Upper respiratory tract infection and OM occurs in 13–30 % of patients with UTIs . OM

is common worldwide and consists of inflammation of the middle ear drum and the inner ear

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most important

common infections in worldwide . Older women and

children are the most infected with this infection ]. Urinary

tract infection is broadly define as an infection of the urinary

system and may involve the lower urinary tract or the upper

urinary tract or both . Multi-drug resistance pathogenic

bacteria such as E. coli and K. pneumoniae are the main

pathogens cause urinary tract infection . The presence of

pathogenic bacteria in the urine of an individual without

symptoms of urinary tract infections is defined as a

symptomatic bacteriuria . Asymptomatic bacteriuria is

generally not recommended in all times only during in some

cases such as in pregnancy and at preoperative of men before

urological procedure.

Vaginal abscess in pregnant women caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most important disease, this infection is still medically uncontrolled because of poor health awareness due to the absence of personal hygiene in some women.

pathogenic bacteria isolated from pregnant women with

urinary tract infection have ability to resist different types of antibiotics

How many type of Flagella Arrangements in bacteria ?

and which one the most important? why?

What is important of Fluid Mosaic Model in bacteria ?

What is the most different between Lysogenic cycle and lytic cycle?

explain that ?

Burn infection caused by pathogenic bacteria is one of the most

common hospital problems worldwide, particularly in developing

countries. Fire leads to skin destruction and simultaneous suppression of both humoral and cellular immune system subsequently resulting burn infection.