Adriana Nordfjeld

• Ph.D in Maritime Affairs with specialization in Maritime Administration: Maritime Safety and Security
• Associate Professor at Swedish Defence University

The term of terrorism has been widely discussed by several authors and security organizations previously. The overall common contribution is that a certain activity cannot be approached under the prism of terrorism unless it has a clear deliberate political motive. Certainly, the strong connection between drug crime organizations and terror groups...

Terrorism, which as a term defies a very clear definition, is not a newborn phenomenon. And although it is ubiquitous in all societies, its sources or motives -as well as related methods- vary greatly over time and space. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) constitutes a typical example of the anticolonial wave terrorist groups struggling for self-dete...

A proper assessment of maritime security risks at the national level is crucial to a national maritimesecurity plan (NMSP) in order to secure the concerned country’s ports, vessels and territorial sea. Thus,the importance of implementing a national maritime security assessment (NMSA) to counter securitythreats and ensure the continuity of national...

International conflict within the globalization era is defined by several truisms. First, political, military, economic, and societal impacts are not limited to the belligerent states involved. Second, unfettered use of the seas is imperative to: accomplishment of military objectives; vitality of national and global economies; and effective distrib...

Even though the term of terrorism has been discussed by several authors and security organisations in the past, there is not a sole definition. However, it can be observed that most approaches from previous research efforts have several features in common: there must be a) an actual threat of violence; b) a political motive and; c) the terror actio...

International conflict within the globalization era is defined by several truisms. First, political, military, economic, and societal impacts are not limited to the belligerent states involved. Second, unfettered use of the seas is imperative to: accomplishment of military objectives; vitality of national and global economies; and effective distrib...

Στην εποχή της παγκοσμιοποίησης, ο έντονος αντίκτυπος -αλλά και προφανέστατα ο όλος τρόπος διεξαγωγής και η ευρύτερη διαδικασία επίλυσης- των διεθνών συγκρούσεων που εμπεριέχουν χρήση ένοπλης βίας είναι μάλλον αδύνατο να περιοριστούν αποκλειστικά και μόνο στα εμπόλεμα κράτη. Aντιθέτως, οι συγκρούσεις αυτού του είδους επηρεάζουν καθοριστικά και ένα...

This chapter analyses the evolution of technological tools to improve port and maritime security, in relation to relevant regulations for their effective use and implementation on board ships and port facilities, based on the legal provisions established under the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code. New technology application...

Within the globalization era, the conduct, resolution, and impact of international conflicts are frequently not limited solely to the belligerent states involved. Conflict influences distant countries and often illustrates the vulnerability of sea access to the security of coastal and landlocked nations, by factoring in that: import/export commodit...

An extended number of people still risk their life today, while illegally crossing the Mediterranean and/or the Aegean Sea as part of an effort to reach a European country. Border management constitutes a crucial tool for effectively dealing with illegal and irregular migration via sea. However, migration and border management literature is lacking...

This article analyses the application of the legal provisions established in the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, to streamline and reorganize cooperation between Government agencies with maritime security tasks and responsibilities. It highlights the difficulties raised by the existence of a multiplicity of actors involv...

This presentation is discussing security threats on a general basis and not only those covered under the scope of the ISPS Code. Therefore, it focuses on the role of the Designated Authority (DA) and the respective Maritime Administration to warrant an effective framework of maritime security, as the facilitator to streamline and reorganize coopera...

This paper examines piracy and armed robbery in the Gulf of Mexico, under the framework of maritime security. The results indicate that piratic attacks are most likely underreported by the Government of Mexico. The research findings documented fourteen attacks on supply vessels and offshore platforms for the first half of 2020; only three relevant...

This article examines piracy and armed robbery in the Gulf of Mexico, within the framework of ocean governance and maritime transport policy, with a particular focus on maritime security policy. The chapter focuses on Mexico; however, these findings can also apply to other Latin-American countries facing similar security threats. It also highlights...

Maritime security can be defined as “the state of being free from the threat of unlawful acts such as piracy, armed robbery, terrorism, or any other form of violence against ships, crews, passengers, port facilities, offshore installations, and other targets at sea or in coastal areas”. The discussion about “crime” or the manifestation of security...

This chapter examines oil theft, and other types of transnational organized crime at sea (such as the illicit traffic of narcotics and psychotropic substances standing out), within the framework of maritime security and, particularly, the effective implementation of the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code). The chapter foc...

This paper analyses the implications of non-compliance with the requirements established in the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, particularly ship security assessments (SSA) and ship security plans (SSP), on the loss of marine insurance coverage. The study is conducted within the framework of maritime security, focusing on...

The analysis at hand is examining the issue of oil theft at sea (and certain other transnational types of organized crime, with illicit traffic of narcotics and psychotropic substances standing out), within the framework of maritime security and, particularly, the effective implementation of the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (I...

This paper aims to improve port security measures in developing countries via integrating the procedures of incident reporting and the associated follow up investigation, hinging on the Mexican experience. The analysis examined port security at Mexican ports, where stakeholders were interviewed on the subject to identify the challenges and opportun...

The analysis in hand conducts an assessment of the need of implementing the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code) instruments -as established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO)- and particularly the Port Facility Security Assessment (PFSA) and Port Facility Security Plan (PFSP) at Customs Maritime Units. This...

The issue of port security raised concerns at the highest levels after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 against the United States. Security threats against ports and vessels acquired a new perspective and in 2002 the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea...

This paper provides a literature review of the state of the art on implementation and compliance of the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code), for the case of Mexico. This investigation was initially oriented solely towards Mexico, but due to the absence of research within this subject for the referred country the review ha...

The analysis in hand conducts an assessment of the need of implementing the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code) instruments -as established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO)- and particularly the Port Facility Security Assessment (PFSA) and Port Facility Security Plan (PFSP) at Customs Maritime Units. This...

ABSTRACT: After 75 years of State oil monopoly, Mexico performed the first business oil round in 2015 involving the private sector. This auction‐round offered 14 oil exploration fields located on the continental shelf to private companies. The development and exploitation of these hydrocarbon fields faces significant challenges regarding security....

International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) member-States have a strong and invested interest in securing their energy supply routes and interrelated ports; preventing incidents in relation to this type of infrastructures is essential for commerce and requires carefully planning and rigid actions. Apart from ensuring the optimal use of energy resou...

The current analysis examines three different solutions that Mexico implemented within its ports and offshore installations in order to improve the country’s maritime security framework, as well as ensuring compliance with the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code): privatization, militarization and, finally, their combinati...

The current analysis examines three different options/solutions that Mexico implemented within its ports and offshore installations in order to improve the country’s maritime security framework, as well as ensuring compliance with the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code): privatization, militarization and finally, their co...

This analysis examines the decree presented by the President of Mexico and approved by the National Congress to reform the country’s legal framework and allow the shift of maritime safety and security responsibility, as well as port state control from a civil authority (Ministry of Communications and Transport, MCT) towards a military one (Ministry...

The current analysis examines three different options/solutions that Mexico implemented within its ports and offshore installations in order to improve the country’s maritime security framework, as well as ensuring compliance with the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code): privatization, militarization and finally, their co...

After 75 years of State oil monopoly, Mexico performed the first business oil round in 2015 involving various entities of the private sector. This auction-round offered 14 oil exploration fields located on the country’s continental shelf to private companies. The development and exploitation of these hydrocarbon fields is facing significant challen...

For the Mexican people the petroleum is not just a hydrocarbon, but part of their national identity. It is a kind of patriotic symbol and a main part of their sovereignty. This is reflected in their Constitution in Article 27, fourth paragraph, which states that the nation has direct ownership for all minerals or substances found in veins, strata a...