Adam Torok

Budapest University of Technology and Economics · Department of Transport Technology and Economics

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are expected to introduce numerous benefits for future mobility. These potential benefits and many others vary substantially by the market share of AVs. Therefore, this research empirically estimates, using the Gompertz function, the projected growth rates of passenger vehicles in Hungary using historical patterns of human...

Recently, in the literature, microscopic simulation is one of the most attractive methods in impact assessment of automated vehicles (AVs) on tra c ow. AVs can be divided into di erent categories, each having di erent driving characteristics. Hence, calibrating microscopic simulators for di erent AV categories could be challenging in AVs' impact as...

Different types of automated vehicles (AVs) have emerged promptly in recent years, each of which might have different potential impacts on traffic flow and emissions. In this paper, the impacts of autonomous automated vehicles (AAVs) and cooperative automated vehicles (CAVs) on capacity, average traffic speed, average travel time per vehicle, and a...

Sustainability is a crucial dimension of our life at the beginning of the third millennium. Our society transforms and changes even faster and more continuously than earlier. Our work aims to define a new concept: the cognitive sustainability domain. Several fields of science were explored to recognise how the interdisciplinary approach of cognitiv...

In this paper, the authors investigated human drivers’ road sign recognition capability to determine the minimum safety level demanded from artificial intelligence. Therefore, the authors build up a survey and tested drivers to determine the meaning of roadside signs. A small sample was required as a pilot project with 51 respondents. Most of them...

This paper investigates the intention to use private autonomous vehicles (PAVs) in developed and developing countries. Self-efficacy, the attitude toward using PAV technology, and the trust in PAV constructs are integrated into an extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) model to increase the understanding of users' perc...

External costs that are associated with air pollution, climate change linked to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), and noise are among the most important environmental externalities that are generated by road transport, which have been well monetized. This paper theoretically investigates the effects of different traffic conditions on the environmenta...

This paper proposes an approach to district-level urban public transport accessibility analysis. In this approach, public transport accessibility is evaluated at the district-level through an AHP-TOPSIS and finite mixture modelling framework. The results might help to identify which districts need improvement, and what type of improvement policies...

Recently, the impact assessment of automated vehicles (AVs) has received considerable interest among the researchers due to the AVs' potential mobility benefits. Microscopic simulation is one of the most attractive methods of investigating the AVs' impacts on road traffic flow in the literature. AVs can be divided into different categories each of...

Road pricing is an efficient instrument to regulate the use of roads. In Budapest, Hungary, only cordon pricing has been investigated in detail. This paper reports on a study of the implications of applying different road-pricing schemes in the city using a macroscopic traffic model. Firstly, the functional relationship between pricing schemes and...

Fundamental diagram, a graphical representation of the relationship among traffic flow, speed, and density, has been the foundation of traffic flow theory and transportation engineering for many years. Underlying a fundamental diagram is the relation between traffic speed and density, which serves as the basis to understand system dynamics. Empiric...

The modern transportation system is walking step by step toward automation. As automated technology continues to develop, the new technology offers a considerable opportunity to enhance public transportation systems especially in the development and promotion of the sustainable mobility concepts. The driverless public transportation can only become...

With certainty, we can say that we are in the process of a new big revolution that has its name, Big Data. Though the term was devised by scientists from the area such as astronomy and genomics, Big Data is everywhere. They are both a resource and a tool whose main task is to provide information. However, as far as it can help us better understand...

Safety is a key and necessary condition for the sustainable development of the railway industry. Every entity operating in the railway area should maintain and increase the level of security as part of its operations. The subject of the analysis of data on the rail transport safety in European countries and content of the safety culture program imp...

Road transport generates negative externalities including air pollution, congestion, accidents, noise and climate change linked to Greenhouse Gas emissions (GHG). In the current paper, the role of vehicle's internal combustion (IC) engine type in the environmental external costs of road transport has been highlighted such that the potential air pol...

Road traffic noise is one of the most relevant sources in the environmental noise pollution of the urban areas where dynamics of the traffic flow are much more complicated than uninterrupted traffic flows. It is evident that different traffic conditions would play the role in the urban traffic flow considering the dynamic nature of the traffic flow...

The recent years, 3D printing has become a hot topic, however, it’s hard to design parts without a deep understanding of the material properties. The aim of this study is to estimate the modal parameters and the damping properties via experimental dynamic analysis of a part made from PLA. We will study the effects of the different directions of pri...

The paper presents an overview on the road safety strategies and action plans implemented in the framework of the “SOL - Save our lives: Comprehensive road safety strategy for Central Europe” project. It contains summarization of learned knowledge regarding the efficiency of measures applied and highlights examples of good practices. The purpose of...

In this article automatization of road transport is investigated. In the first chapter relevant international trends were identified. In this paper the research hypothesis is that in the case of automatized road vehicles there is a significant likelihood of endangering human life. Secondly, the history of road safety is shortly described, especiall...

Road safety has an extremely important role in existing transportation systems. Drivers on the road are influenced various factors (light and temperature conditions, visual smog, environment surrounding, etc.) and the driver´s distraction represents the most common cause of road traffic accidents. According our previous researches, we found that vi...

Incessantly increasing urbanization is a threat to mobility, environment and ultimately to the quality of life. Promoting public transport in the major cities seems to be a promising solution to this issue which can be achieved by moving toward attracting more satisfied public transport passengers (PTP). The first step in PTP satisfaction analysis...

In a vehicle with a CI (compression ignition) engine, the power of the latter rotates an electric generator to produce a mixture of hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) gas (hydrooxile – HHO, later just HHO) by water electrolysis. Low HHO content levels in air (0.14–0.18% of the volume) combined with air in cylinders of the CI engine affect the energy and...

Accessibility is one of the most important outcomes of the transportation system. Public transport can be more attractive by providing “Door to door mobility” and development of transportation services is an important factor of social quality. Public transport accessibility has gained vital importance in designing and evaluating the transit system...

The data derived from loop detectors are of great importance in terms of traffic monitoring and analysis. These data may contain many holes or incorrect values due to equipment malfunctions and communication faults that may produce unreliable results. These holes (missing samples) or incorrect values (bad samples) might be problematic for any algor...

Transport subsectors are competing for the limited financial sources therefore analyzing of transport performance could reveal the connection and competition between subsystems of transport sector. Author statistically analyzed the time series of transport performances in Hungary. The major results can be concluded that not only the subsectors (roa...

The length of vehicles is one of the most important parameters in traffic flow modeling and traffic control in many aspects such as speed estimation using the outputs of single loop detectors, length based vehicle classification and density estimation. In the current study, the average length of vehicles in two-lane urban roads of Budapest, Hungary...

This paper analyses the effect of supporting the public transport policy based on intersection controlling with the aim of tram priority in Budapest, as a case study. The hypothesis related to this study was that the support of public transport is only viable when the marginal benefit of public transport is higher than the marginal cost of individu...

This paper is dealing with the evolvement of operational research in logistics related to ITS projects. Basically a static model has been introduced by the authors. The model is an extended assigned method. There are more and more quasireal-time data existing on the changing properties of real world elements and processes due to the less and less c...

Transport systems exist in geographic space and the time-space. This implies the travel time. Nowadays the time is getting more and more important. This article not only shows the method for time-space visualization but as a tool for analyse regional transport systems in Budapest Hungary. The method initially developed in the 1960s but due to the l...

Vehicles speed distribution is an important input parameter in lots of issues, such as kinematical traffic simulation model, road design, speed limit evaluation, road traffic noise prediction as well as vehicles emission estimation. In this paper, a new approach has been presented in which the speed is randomly generated according to different unim...

A study of the effects of oxygenated alcohol/gasoline/diesel fuel blends on performance, combustion, and emission characteristics in conventional reciprocating engines is reported. On the one hand, in alcohol-gasoline blends, dual alcohols-gasoline blends have not yet been sufficiently proven as suitable alternatives to single alcohol-gasoline blen...

Climate change is very important and plays a significant role. First solution against it could be the mitigation in order to reduce the global environmental impact of climate change, which can only work effectively over long-time. Second option is adaptation. These solution can be distinguished in transport as well. In the future in Hungary the pro...

Nearly 1.3 million people die in road crashes each year, on average 3,287 deaths a day. In 2013 in the European Union more than 6 % of all who died in road traffic crashes were cyclists. The number of cyclist killed on roads in the EU has decreased by only 9 %, compared to the total fatality decrease of 18 % from 2010 to 2013. The majority of cycli...

Vehicles speed distribution is an important input parameter in lots of issues, such as kinematical traffic simulation model, road design, speed limit evaluation, road traffic noise prediction or vehicles emission estimation. In this paper, a new approach has been presented in which the speed is randomly generated according to different speed distri...

In recent years, road transport models have developed for better estimation of road traffic emissions with higher and higher temporal and spatial resolution, to be used as a tool in air quality management for the better living. Road transport related emission models are becoming more and more complex. In this paper, the key research question is how...

The sudden maneuver of shared taxi through lanes in order to pick-up and drop-off passengers and asking their destinations -due to lack of designated stop locations- may lead to disorder in traffic flow. The main hypothesis in this research was that shared taxis sudden maneuvers and lane changings have negative effects on traffic flow characteristi...

Underlying a fundamental diagram is a relation between traffic speed and density which roughly corresponds to drivers’ speed choices under varying car-following distances. Stochastic and deterministic models are mainly two different categories of speed-density models. The advantages of deterministic models are their mathematical simplicity and anal...

Shared taxi is a mode of public transportation used in Iran. Fixed route, unscheduled operation, unlimited pickup and dropoff locations, lack of designated stop locations, and share ride are common features of shared taxi therefore, shared taxis are the semiflexible way of passenger transport. These taxis often influence the traffic flows with sudd...

There are microscopic, mezoscopic and macroscopic models in road traffic analysis and forecasting. From microscopic models one can calculate the macroscopic data by aggregation. The following paper describes the disaggregation method of macroscopic state, which could lead to microscopic properties of traffic. In order to ensure the transform betwee...

In this paper, author's aim is to investigate the tendencies of EU27 countries based on road transport safety and road transport-related CO2 emission. On EU level huge efforts have been made in order to reduce the number of fatal road accidents and to reduce the CO2 emission as well. There is a strong revealed driving force behind the connection of...

In Iran, shared taxis are playing significant role in public transport. Maneuver of shared taxi through lanes in order to pickup and drop-off passengers and asking their destinations may lead to disorder in traffic flow. In order to investigate the effect of these maneuvers (or sudden lane changing) on traffic flow, it is essential to simulate thes...

The aim of this study was to analyze the modal shift of passengers by analyzing their preferences. If the preferences of passengers are known it is possible to build up mathematically their utility function. This is the statistically correct way to simulate the modal shift of the investigated area. To capture the preferences of passengers stated pr...

This paper is about a theoretical investigation of a Congestion pricing system in the municipality of Budakeszi. Due to its special geographical background the city is heavily affected by congestion problems, produced by the high number of commuters passing through. This paper illustrates the usage of transport planning models as the Four Step Mode...

In 2001 the European Commission defined the main rules of the expected changes of modal split in the White paper. Modal split is also a crucial question in urban areas, where transport has the greatest effects on living standards and environment. Due to the caused pollution, noise, health effects every stakeholder tries to make urban public transpo...

This article aims to investigate the development path of fuel development. From fossil fuel to alternative fuel technologies and drivetrains. Various technologies have been emerged in the recent years in the transport sector in order to facilitate the decrease of environmental pollution of the road vehicle.

Hungary as the part of the European Union has to deal with the reduction of CO2 level. Reaching the 2050 target requires to examine and develop every sector of the emission. Transport has a dynamic and significant part in CO2 emission but generally policymakers do not have the courage to change significantly the modal shift by political decisions b...

The role of prototypes has increased considerably, especially functional prototypes, with the help of which the parts can be examined under the working conditions. Recently has been realised that the demand for functional prototypes and the use of built-in rapid prototypes in small series production and medical science have increased significantly....

It is still a difficult problem to solve for a suspension system simultaneously to hold the body of the car in comfort and to execute the requirements of other safety systems like ABS, ESP, steer-by-wire, etc systems. Passive suspension systems are unlikely to provide a solution, the introduction of semi-active suspensions in the practical use is n...

Transport systems exist within at least two types of space. One is the apparent geographic space, but equally important is the time–space implied by the travel time relations created by the system. Differences between the geographic and time–spaces are properties induced by the transport system. Methods for time–space transformations of geographic...

Road traffic flows on a straight road segment such as bridges are modelled in this article. The mathematical model of traffic flows has been constructed by using the method of lumped parameters. Changeable lane direction and road pricing has been theoretically investigated in order to understand the shifting in supply and/or demand curves of traffi...

The influence of mankind around the world is unquestionable. Resources are used and pollution is made during the transportation of human capital, raw materials, semi-final and final products. Nowadays pollution is a key factor in the progress towards sustainability in all sectors. Recently only the transport sector has not been able to fulfil the r...

Flexible transport systems (or Demand Responsive Transport (DRT) systems) are becoming more and more popular in the sector of public transportation. The reason for this is mainly the economic sustainability of these systems which is reached by minimising the blank routes and using the capacities in a highly effective way. DRT systems use modern min...

With the omnipresent influence of mankind around the world, controlling resource use and pollution are key factors in the progress toward sustainability in all sectors. These considerations appear in international and European policies, but there remains a need to make these policies suited to local conditions. This article aims to present a method...

The article aims to examine the relationship between road transport and macro economy, especially the use of fossil energy in transport sector. Nowadays environmental pollution is a key issue on the EU level as well as in Hungary. Lots of effort have been already done in order to decrease emissions in road transport, but a lot more need to be done....

This contribution aims to examine the relationship between the transport sector and the macroeconomy, particularly in fossil energy use, capital and labour relations. The authors have investigated the transport related fossil fuel consumption 2003 -2010 in a macroeconomic context in Hungary and Germany. The Cobb-Douglas type of production function...

Road transport is one of the main land transport modes providing flexible door to door services. New type of control of road traffic flows in urban intersections is modelled in this article. Furthermore the synchronizing possibilities of intersections are investigated as well. Cost of CO2, CO, CH, NOx, PM and value of travel time had been used by t...