Adam John Privitera

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National Institute of Education | nie

Effective communication in multilingual environments requires bilinguals to constantly monitor linguistic cues. It is hypothesized that the constant need to monitor may result in improved attention. However, previous investigations have reported mixed, often null results, with positive findings attributed to non-linguistic variables. To address the...

The Moral Foreign Language Effect (MFLE) is characterized by increased utilitarian decision-making when bilinguals respond to moral dilemmas in their foreign language. While previous research has given us a better understanding of this phenomenon, few studies have investigated how foreign language experience influences the MFLE. The present study i...

Whether bilingualism results in improved executive function is controversial. According to some researchers, putative bilingual advantages can be explained by individual differences in unmeasured non-linguistic variables. Additionally, commonly used models containing exclusively fixed-effects do not account for the data structure inherent in multi-...

In China, the prevalence of academic dishonesty has attracted considerable negative attention. One explanation for observed differences is found in cultural norms around the acceptability of individual unethical academic behaviors. The establishment of international cooperative universities in China presents a unique challenge for educators and adm...

Background: Interest in research on the Science of Learning continues to grow. However, ambiguity about what this field is can negatively impact communication and collaboration and may inadequately inform educational training programs or funding initiatives that are not sufficiently inclusive in focus. Methods: The present scoping review aimed to...

Electromyography (EMG) is increasingly used in stroke assessment research, with studies showing that EMG co-contraction (EMG-CC) of upper limb muscles can differentiate stroke patients from healthy individuals and correlates with clinical scales assessing motor function. This suggests that EMG-CC has potential for both assessing motor impairments a...

In order to communicate successfully, listeners must decode both the literal and intended meanings of a speaker’s message. This ability is especially crucial when processing indirect replies as intended meanings can differ significantly from what was said. How native and non-native speakers differ in this ability is an open question. The present st...

Purpose: The Moral Foreign Language Effect (MFLE) is characterized by an increase in utilitarian responding when moral dilemmas are presented in a foreign language. Renewed interest in this psycholinguistic phenomenon has led to investigation of its boundary conditions and the modulatory influence of separable dimensions of foreign language experie...

Globally, students demonstrate considerable heterogeneity in academic performance even under similar conditions. While previous systematic reviews have provided a more comprehensive picture of the relationship between different factors and academic performance, none have investigated its relationship with brain activity. Previous evidence supports...

Although investigations of bilingual effects on cognitive control have proliferated in recent years, results remain inconsistent. A prevailing explanation for these mixed results lies in the ignorance of the complex, multidimensional nature of bilingualism across previous studies. To address this issue, the present study examines bilingual effects...

A broad and extensive literature has investigated the cognitive consequences of bilingualism on cognitive control. Results from these studies, while controversial, support the conclusion that speaking a second language confers non-linguistic benefits. Whether other related linguistic experiences, such as dialect use, confer similar benefits remains...

Background: The emergence of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) tools including ChatGPT, Claude, and DALL-E marks a paradigm shift in higher education, particularly in the domain of assessment. The disruptive capabilities of GAI present higher education with unprecedented opportunities and significant challenges, prompting widespread delibera...

Educational trends in China point to an interest in the adoption of neurotechnology to support learning. Although these tools hold tremendous potential, their adoption and use may be negatively impacted by teachers’ lack of knowledge about how the brain learns. In this paper, we present an argument for providing teachers in China with training in t...

While learning is among the oldest and most widely-studied topics in the psychological sciences, equal attention has not been placed on all stages of human development. Specifically, while much is known about the Science of Learning in early life, comparatively less work has explored this topic during adulthood. Crucially, little is known about the...

Growing interest and heated debate surround the assertion that bilingualism, the use of more than one language, confers non-linguistic benefits on cognitive control. Much of this debate stems from the mixed nature of findings reported in previous studies which often rely on between-groups designs comparing monolingual and bilingual samples. Results...

The Moral Foreign Language Effect (MFLE) is characterized as an increase in utilitarian decision-making when bilinguals respond to moral dilemmas, such as the classic Trolley problem, in their foreign language. This is thought to result from the increased effort or decreased emotionality associated with foreign language use. Continued interest in t...

Background There continues to be growing interest in the Science of Learning including identifying applications for findings from this work outside the laboratory to support learning. Presently, there exists a gap in our understanding of learning during healthy adulthood as well as effective ways in which that learning can be improved. Developing a...

Aphasiology has a long and rich tradition of contributing to understanding how culture, language, and social environment contribute to brain development and function. Recent breakthroughs in AI can transform the role of aphasiology in the digital age by leveraging speech data in all languages to model how damage to specific brain regions impacts on...

Background: Psychological literacy has attracted considerable attention globally. However, no study has focused on this concept in China, where interest in psychology is growing. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate perceptions of psychological literacy in a sample of undergraduate psychology majors from Chinese public universities, a...

Humans continue to explore novel and effective methods for maximizing their cognitive potential, especially the capacity for learning. One method, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), shows considerable promise as a non-pharmacological, non-invasive form of cognitive enhancement in both healthy and clinical samples. For healthy adults, t...

Purpose: Bilingual language experience is thought to confer non-linguistic benefits in general cognition including improved cognitive control. These bilingual effects are most often observed in samples of bilinguals who are highly proficiency in both languages. However, across the majority of previous studies, assessments of language proficiency ar...

Differences in executive functions significantly impact on a wide range of outcomes. It is generally accepted that the developmental trajectory of executive functions can be modulated through experience. One such experience that has garnered significant attention is bilingualism. Growing evidence supports that the experience of managing multiple la...

The moral foreign language effect (MFLE) is characterized by increased utilitarian responding when dilemmas are presented in a foreign language. Renewed interest in this phenomenon has led to investigation of the modulatory influence of foreign language experience. However, even when accounting for these differences, considerable variability in the...

Hong Kong university students suffer a high prevalence of mental distress, yet their lifestyle behaviors are not well-understood. We aimed to examine the relationship between mental distress, lifestyle behaviors, and problematic Internet use of this population during the summer holiday and term-time. A two-cohort contrast group survey study was con...

Introduction: Ocular artifact has long been viewed as an impediment to the interpretation of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals in basic and applied research. Today, the use of blind source separation (BSS) methods, including independent component analysis (ICA) and second-order blind identification (SOBI), is considered an essential step in improv...

Studies on sentence processing in inflectional languages support that syntactic structure building functionally precedes semantic processing. Conversely, most EEG studies of Chinese sentence processing do not support the priority of syntax. One possible explanation is that the Chinese language lacks morphological inflections. Another explanation ma...

The purpose of the current report is to study the effects of language distance on noun and verb processing in bilingual speakers. We recruited two groups of bilingual speakers: one group spoke two typologically distant languages (Cantonese and English) and the other group spoke two typologically similar languages (Mandarin-Cantonese). Participants...

We report a systematic review and exploratory meta-regression to investigate the hypothesis that the effects of bilingualism on cognitive aging are modulated by the linguistic distance (LD) between the pair of languages a bilingual uses. The protocol was pre-registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021238705) and the Open Science Framework (DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO...

Introduction: In China, the prevalence of academic dishonesty relative to the United States has attracted considerable negative attention. One explanation for observed differences is found in cultural norms around the acceptability of individual unethical academic behaviors. The unique academic experience of bilingual Chinese students enrolled in S...

Bilingualism, which means speaking more than one language, allows a person to communicate with a larger number of people. Some research suggests that speaking more than one language may also improve brain function. We wanted to see whether the relationship between improved brain function and being bilingual differed based on how well or how much a...

Interest in research on the Science of Learning continues to grow. However, ambiguity makes it unclear what is meant when governments, universities, or researchers talk about research on the Science of Learning. This ambiguity can negatively impact communication and collaboration and may inadequately inform educational training programs or funding...

Assessment of academic performance is a crucial practice across educational institutions worldwide. Recent advances in neurotechnology have increased interest in the identification of brain-based neuromarkers that are less biased measures of academic performance. Growing evidence highlights the P3 component of the ERP as a promising candidate neuro...

Studies investigating the relationship between cognitive function and academic performance have recently shifted focus from differences in intelligence to executive function. To date, these studies have focused disproportionately on samples recruited from Western countries, despite evidence in support of cultural differences in the development of e...

Recent educational trends point to an interest in educational neurotechnology. While these tools have the potential to change education, little is known about whether their use improves educational outcomes. Additionally, their adoption may be negatively impacted by teachers’ lack of knowledge about the brain. In this paper we outline the potential...

Whether bilingualism results in improved executive function remains controversial. One recurring argument is that previously reported bilingual advantages can be better explained by differences in non-linguistic variables including socioeconomic status, culture, and education. While studies have addressed these concerns by recruiting carefully matc...

In psychological research, differences in ability are assessed using both objective and subjective measures. Studies investigating the effects of bilingualism rely heavily on self-report measures of language experience including proficiency. Despite this convention, whether people are accurate in their assessments is contested. While evidence suppo...

Nouns are reported to be processed faster than verbs in monolingual speakers. However, the findings are mixed in bilingual speakers. The purpose of the current report is to study the effects of language distance on noun and verb processing in bilingual speakers. We recruited two groups of bilingual speakers: one group spoke two typologically distan...

Interest in how the use of a foreign language (FL) influences decision-making has continued to grow since the identification of differences based on whether a scenario is presented in a person’s native language (NL) or FL (Keysar et al., 2012). This is likely driven by the growing number of bilinguals worldwide who may potentially be required to ma...

Studies on the effects of bilingualism typically include measurements of one or more dimensions of language experience including proficiency, dominance, and immersion. Differences across these dimensions are assessed using a combination of both objective and subjective measures. Proficiency, how well a person can understand and communicate in a giv...

Reliable and valid assessment of students' academic potential has huge consequences for their future success. To date, this has almost exclusively been achieved through the administration of pencil-and-paper aptitude assessments or self-report instruments. Performance on these assessments can be influenced by factors such as test anxiety, providing...

Aims and objectives: The aim of this scoping review is to curate and summarize research methodologies used to assess the effects of bilingualism on inhibition and attention in young people. Methodology: The methodology of a scoping review was followed. Searches of literature using inclusive search strings were conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Proque...

A considerable number of studies have investigated whether speaking two languages improves executive function. Results, while controversial, have highlighted the influence of second language proficiency on the emergence of these cognitive advantages. To date, few studies have investigated whether other related linguistic experiences, such as dialec...

Studies on the effects of bilingualism typically include measurements of one or more dimensions of language experience including proficiency, dominance, and immersion (e.g., Privitera et al., 2022). Differences across these dimensions are assessed using a combination of both objective and subjective measures. Proficiency, how well a person can unde...

Neuroimaging research provides converging evidence in support of functional networks active under rest conditions. While these networks are typically locally-distributed, a globally-distributed resting-state network (gRSN) was recently identified. The gRSN component is characterized by a scalp topography similar to that of the widely-studied P3 com...

Investigation of the relationship between cognitive function and academic performance has recently pivoted from differences in intelligence to executive function. To date, these studies have focused disproportionately on samples recruited from Western countries, despite evidence in support of cultural differences in these putative relationships. To...

Chinese classifiers are unique linguistic units, encoding both grammatical and semantic information of their associated objects. Chinese speakers demonstrate sensitivity to classifiers during cognitive processing tasks; the purported “classifier effect”. However, whether the classifier effect is reflective of linguistic relativity or universal conc...

Chinese classifiers are unique linguistic units, encoding both grammatical and semantic information of their associated objects. Chinese speakers demonstrate sensitivity to classifiers during cognitive processing tasks; the purported “classifier effect”. However, whether the classifier effect is reflective of linguistic relativity or universal conc...

The amplitude and latency of the P3 component in the electroencephalogram (EEG) event-related potentials (ERPs) are among the most extensively used markers for individual differences in normal and abnormal brain functions. In contrast, individual variations in spatial topography of the temporally-defined P3 component are relatively under-explored....

The question of whether bilingual language experience confers a cognitive advantage is still open. Studies report that putative bilingual advantages can be accounted for by individual differences in socioeconomic class, immigration status, or culture. Such studies typically consider bilingual experience to be a categorical variable using parametric...

Background: While there is evidence in support of a bilingual advantage in executive function in children and adults, little work supports these effects in young people. This lack of support may result as consequence of a developmental ceiling effect on task performance in this age group. An alternative explanation can be found in the treatment of...

Background: Including neuroscience concepts in teacher training has continued to gain interest. While many studies advocate for this, little is known about currently published research. Methods: The framework for a scoping review was followed in order to generate a more comprehensive understanding of current research on neuroscience training for t...

The existence of a bilingual advantage in executive function continues to be debated among researchers in the psycholinguistics community. Results from these studies are often confounded by non-linguistic variables including age, immigration status, and socioeconomic class. Additionally, analysis methods typically employed may decrease the likeliho...

The question of whether bilingual language experience confers a cognitive advantage remains open. Controversy arises from assertions that putative advantages can instead be explained by differences in culture, socioeconomic class, or immigration status, as well as the classification of bilingual experience as a fixed variable rather than a random e...

Whether bilingualism confers cognitive advantages remains an open question. Controversy arises from assertions that putative advantages can instead be explained by non-linguistic individual differences, as well as the classification of bilingualism as a categorical rather than a continuous variable. The present study addresses some of these potenti...

PROSPERO registered protocol for our systematic review of the same name

Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illness requires brain-based biomarkers that can serve as effective targets of evaluation. Here we target the neuroanatomically and neurophysiologically well-defined neuromoduatory systems that serve the computational role of generating globally-synchronized neural activity for the purpose of functiona...

Updating teacher education curricula to include neuroscience concepts relevant to teaching and learning has continued to gain interest over the last decade. Much of this interest stems from research identifying educational issues that may be addressed through application of neuroscience findings to teaching practice. Surprisingly, while a number of...

The high cost of college textbooks is an access barrier for students to overcome during their pursuit of a college degree. Perhaps most at risk are community college students, an older, more diverse, lower-income population in comparison with their university peers. Recently, community colleges have considered replacing traditional, commercially-pr...

Diagnosis of mental illness, testing of treatment effects, and design of prevention strategies all require brain-based biomarkers that can serve as effective targets of evaluation. The search for such markers often starts with a search for neural correlates from brain imaging studies with measures of functions and behavior of interest. Yet such an...

One frequently studied biomarker for health and disease conditions is the P3 component extracted from scalp recorded electroencephalography (EEG). The spatial origin of this significant neural signal is known to be distributed, typically involving large regions of the cerebral cortex as well as subcortical structures. Unlike the temporal characteri...

The temporal characteristics of the P3 component in the EEG event-related potential have been widely used as biomarkers for individual differences in normal and abnormal brain functions. By introducing a novel approach to the spatial characterization of this component, we hope to provide researchers a new and improved quantitative method for charac...

The creation of graffiti in bathrooms is a common practice in colleges and universities in China and abroad. This private form of expression provides a unique way to understand young adults in contemporary China. The investigators conducted two studies in order to explore this social phenomenon. Study one qualitatively analyzed toilet graffiti from...

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Th is study explored the furry identity. Furries are humans interested in anthropomorphic art and cartoons. Some furries have zoomorphic tendencies. Furries often identify with, and/or assume, characteristics of a special/totem species of nonhuman animal. Th is research surveyed both fur-ries (n = 217) and non-furry individuals (n = 29) attending a...

MDMA (3, 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is a popular club drug in adolescents and young adults that is typically taken in an intermittent binge pattern. It seems to be unique among psychostimulants in its profound subjectively pro-social effects in humans. In rodent models of MDMA use, acute exposure causes an increase in social contact, whereas...