Adam Miles Lewis

European Commission | ec · Joint Research Centre (JRC)

This presentation compares the merits of different measurement strategies which can be used in quantum key distribution, for protocols based on non-orthogonal states.

It explains the status and outlook for formal certification of quantum communication devices and systems, especially for information security, from the perspective of the European Union. The background is the ongoing construction of the European quantum communications infrastructure (EuroQCI)

This document describes a vision for a European terrestrial fibre and satellite infrastructure for quantum communications. It will initially provide quantum-secured distribution of encryption keys to ensure communications confidentiality; other security-linked applications will be progressively added as they reach the necessary technological maturi...

Progress in the development of techniques for the construction of multiuser quantum communications networks is reviewed in light of the plans for an EU quantum communications infrastructure (EU QCI). Quantum key distribution networks may be classified as trusted node; quantum repeater-entanglement-swapping based; point-to-multipoint based on passiv...

The Report 'Cybersecurity-Our Digital Anchor' brings together research from different disciplinary fields of the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission's science and knowledge service. It provides multidimensional insights into the growth of cybersecurity over the last 40 years, identifying weaknesses in the current digital evolution...

The Quantum Technologies Flagship, officially launched on 29 October 2018 in Vienna, is a EUR 1 billion initiative, supported by the European Commission and Member States, funding over 5,000 of Europe's leading Quantum Technologies researchers over the next ten years and aiming at placing Europe at the forefront of the second quantum revolution. It...

The Report Cybersecurity – Our Digital Anchor brings together research from different disciplinary fields of the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission's science and knowledge service. It provides multidimensional insights into the growth of cybersecurity over the last 40 years, identifying weaknesses in the current digital evolution...

This report briefly describes quantum key distribution field deployments worldwide. It updates the material presented in the JRC science for policy report EUR 29017 of 2017, and adds some technical details. Both terrestrial and satellite deployments are included, and both publicly funded and privately funded initiatives. The report forms part of a...

The Quantum Technologies Flagship, officially launched on 29 October 2018 in Vienna, is a EUR 1 billion initiative funding over 5,000 of Europe's leading Quantum Technologies researchers over the next ten years and aiming at placing Europe at the forefront of the second quantum revolution. Its long-term vision is to develop a quantum web, where qua...

China’s largest competitive gains vis-à-vis the EU are made in high-tech sectors related to computers and electronics, and electrical and mechanical engineering. China has become a competitor in fast growing high-tech sectors to reduce its reliance on foreign based technologies Sectoral analyses also show a rapid improvement in China’s competitiven...

China is rapidly becoming a major industrial competitor in high-tech and growth sectors. It aims, through the 'Made in China 2025' strategy, to become a world leader in ten key emerging industrial sectors. In these sectors, it strives to strengthen its domestic innovation capacity, to reduce its reliance on foreign technologies while moving up in g...

This report describes a survey of opinions in relevant technology communities regarding the best options for research and development of quantum computing, the likely impact on various sectors, and the expected timescales. The survey is intended to contribute to the preparatory discussions for the quantum technology Future and Emerging Technology (...

Quantum physics yields cryptographic applications which are expected to contribute to communications security, in particular by providing protection against attacks by future quantum computers. Technology development programmes in quantum communications, including the deployment of quantum networks, are therefore being funded worldwide. Europe shou...

A presentation of search results from the European Patent Office database for some categories of quantum technology, showing trends in the last few years in various global regions.

Atomic clocks are a quantum technology, used in national metrology laboratories to define UTC and in various networked infrastructure. Developments in the clocks themselves, and in the distribution of precise time, can be expected to affect several application areas of importance to European policy.

New technologies for communications, computing, sensing and timing, which exploit quantum physics more deeply than heretofore, are expected to have high impact and to require a European policy response. This paper raises key discussion points, as a contribution to a wider EC initiative.

New technologies for communications, computing, sensing and timing, which exploit quantum physics more deeply than heretofore, are expected to have high impact and to require a European policy response. This paper raises key discussion points, as a contribution to a wider EC initiative.

Standard tests on ISO/IEC 14443 proximity integrated circuit cards/objects include verification that the amplitude of the modulation is within specification, performed by digitizing a test-antenna signal with an ordinary digital storage oscilloscope and calculating the relevant component with a finite Fourier series. Leakage errors may occur due to...

A contribution to a discussion regarding the continuing popularity of The Feynman Lectures in Physics.

Within Europe, there is a very high level of knowledge and experience in product and facility certification necessary or useful for CIP. The European Union New Legislative Framework has helped to drive the development of the sector, because of the important role given to “notified bodies”: organisations selected by the Member States to carry out as...

In 2008 the European Commission organized a network of research and technology organizations within the European Union with capabilities in critical infrastructure protection (CIP), called the European Reference Network for Critical Infrastructure Protection (ERNCIP). This report describes its progress and achievements.

The European Commission has taken the initiative to organize a network consisting of research and technology organizations within the European Union (EU) with capabilities in critical infrastructure protection. Preparatory studies and roadmapping were carried out in 2009–2010 by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre on behalf of the Direc...

This Technical Note describes a brief series of experiments which were performed to investigate the risks of incompatibility between electronic passport systems and metal detectors used for security checks at borders. A selection of metal detectors of different formats and brands were tested against some examples of e-passports provided to JRC by m...

This report contains a brief survey of Explosives Detection Technology,as it is applied for inspection of goods and passengers at borders, and explains the role of European legislation and the European Commission's research programs in this field. It describes the techniques of trace and bulk explosives detection that are in use, the latest techniq...

In this paper we have surveyed some steps regarding application and fielding of explosive detection systems. We discussed the characteristics of the system which must be considered when procuring it, in order to be sure that the system will fit our requirements and can be smoothly fielded. We reviewed some basic methods of risk assessment that can...

Magnetic soils affect the performance of eddy current metal detectors. We have analyzed properties of soil samples both in time and frequency domain. Most of the samples have frequency dependence of susceptibility linear in LogLin scale, which allows effective soil compensation in advanced frequency-domain detectors. However, some "difficult" soil...

Location of UXO (unexploded ordnance) using its DC magnetic signature requires precise gradiometers: resonant scalar and vectorial fluxgate sensors are used. The needed resolution is 1 nT in 50 000 nT Earth's field. Scalar gradiometers are very stable, but in some positions the scalar gradient is very small and the target may be overlooked. The dis...

We compare the performance of eddy-current metal detectors for finding small bombs and other items of unexploded ordnance (UXO) with the potencial of DC gradiometers of scalar and resonant type. Extensive database of results was collected during laboratory measurements and field trials performed by JRC. There are two main obstacles for bomb detecti...

Most of the metal detectors are based on eddy-currents caused by the excitation field. Continuous wave (CW) detectors work in the frequency range of typically 2 kHz to 30 kHz. Pulse detectors usually use bipolar field pulses 100 µs to 500 µs. Pulse detectors are in principle more suitable for simple situations: they require only one coil, the assoc...

This report describes laboratory tests of the following commercial off the shelf metal detectors: −CEIA MIL-D1 and MIL D1 DS −Ebex 421 GC, Ebex 420 H-Solar, Ebex 421 GC/LS −Guartel MD8+ −Foerster MINEX 2FD 4.500.01 −Minelab F3, F1A4 and F1A4 UXO −Schiebel ATMID −SHRIMT– Model 90 −Vallon VMH3, VMH3C UXO The aim of the tests is to provide information...

The document is devoted to eddy-current metal detectors (MD). Its purpose is to collect test knowledge from 1997 to 2006 split in reports during this time.The technical analysis evaluate the main factors influencing on MD performance i.e., overview about test campaigns, CEN Workshop Agreement 2003, reliability test, influencing factors on test resu...

In March 2004, the Lao National UXO Programme (UXO Lao) requested the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) to provide assistance in the testing of metal detectors best suited to the Lao context. UNMAS supported it and forwarded it to the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC Ispra, Italy). JRC in turn proposed incorporating a...

There is an international need for people within the humanitarian demining community (HDC) to be informed about appropriate metal detectors for the clearance process. Those involved in information exchange within the HDC will know that metal detector trials are performed regularly. User requirements and test results can easily be published because...

The performance of mine detecting instruments is embedded in the behavior of a complex system. The total reliability is always composed of the intrinsic physical detection capability of the sensor, application/environmental influences and human factors. The intrinsic capability and some application factors can be investigated in laboratory measurem...

The MultiSensor Mine Signatures (MsMs) project was conceived as a relatively simple way to provide experimental data suitable for developers of data fusion algorithms for demining. Several measurement campaigns were conducted with a variety of sensors on a simulated AP minefield, laid out at JRC-Ispra. The sensors were used one at a time but the da...

The total reliability of a mine searching system is driven by the triple of intrinsic capability, which describes the physical-technical basis capability, the application and environmental factors and the human factors. Some of them can be determined in laboratory measurements but the human factor and a part of environment conditions and their inte...

Because the demining process is always connected with a danger for human beings, it is necessary to make sure the proper functioning of mine searching equipment in detecting mines. Detecting a hidden target by penetrating physical interaction of rays or waves is similar to non-destructive testing. The non-destructive testing profession developed pr...

Because the demining process is always connected with a danger for human beings, it is necessary to make sure the proper functioning of mine searching equipment in detecting mines. Detecting a hidden target by penetrating physical interaction of rays or waves is similar to non-destructive testing. The non-destructive testing profession developed pr...

Plots of maximum detection distance as a function of target radius, for a set of metal balls, have been used as a measure of the sensitivity of metal detectors. This simple idea allows detection capability at a given distance to be quantified. One of the advantages of the sphere is that it is easily modelled mathematically. We compare results of de...

For safe and reliable demining it is necessary to determine the actual true performance of mine searching equipment in detecting mines. The subject to detect a hidden subject by penetrating physical interaction with the target is similar to that of non-destructive testing where it is looked for hidden cracks etc. in material via waves and rays. The...

There is a need for understanding how certain soils adversely affect the performance of metal detectors used in demining. This paper discusses the relevant soil electromagnetic properties that influence detector performance and includes possible methods of measuring these properties. Data from preliminary experiments are used to relate detector per...

The Multisensor Mine Signatures project is a major campaign to collect well-documented data using a variety of sensors for workers developing advanced mul-tisensor algorithms for mine detection. In June 2000 the Ispra Test Lane of the JRC was populated with 336 targets, comprising APM simulants of three sizes, in high and low metal versions, calibr...

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This handbook instructs the reader o how to confidently assess their detector's ability in the place where they must work. The problem of electro-magnetic ground properties is addressed in detail, including advice how to predict the clearance-depth in other areas. There is detailed advice how to conduct comparative trials of metal detectors, and th...

The MsMs project is a major campaign to collect calibrated and well-documented data, suitable for use by workers developing advanced multisensor algorithms for antipersonnel mine detection. The data, together with a full description of the site layout and measurement protocols, are publicly available via the internet site http://demining.jrc.it/msm...

An analytical calculation is presented for the response of an air-cored eddy-current probe to a surface-breaking metal fatigue crack in a flat plate, modelled as a region of zero conductivity, infinitely long and uniformly deep, in a homogeneous, conducting half-space. The problem is formulated in terms of the magnetic scalar potential, subject to...

In this paper we study the problem of electromagnetic fields around a conductor bar of rectangular cross section. A thin-skin model is established for calculating such fields. It is revealed that the behaviour of fields near the edges of the bar is dependent on a material property and frequency-related dimensionless parameter m. The current distrib...

Electromagnetic NDE is often conducted on ferromagnetic metals such as steel. In these materials, the presence of ferromagnetic dipoles can significantly alter the distribution of currents and associated magnetic fields from the pattern in non-magnetic metals of similar conductivity. This is so even when the electromagnetic penetration depth is sma...

Severe epileptics may require curative neurosurgery. Sometimes focus localization requires recording with electrodes inserted deep into the brain, which may cause death or permanent neurological damage. Since epileptic seizures are associated with marked changes in cerebral impedance, we propose that EIT with sub-dural electrodes (inserted between...

Much of the recent research at the NDE Centre at UCL has revolved round the study of the scattering of thin skin electromagnetic fields by a fatigue crack. The early work concentrated on the perturbations to the surface electric field (ACPD), while the more recent work involved the scattered magnetic field (ACFM). The Centre has recently become inv...

The available electromagnetic methods used for the detection and measurement of metal fatigue cracks are first described. A distinction is drawn between the eddy-current and potential drop methods, which detect the crack primarily because of the break in electric conductivity, and the magnetic particle and flux leakage methods which detect the brea...

Electromagnetic non-destructive evaluation techniques are widely used to detect and size surface-breaking cracks in metal structures and components. The precise distribution of the electromagnetic field around such a crack depends on the frequency of the applied field, the material properties of the metal and the crack geometry. In many situations,...

This thesis describes a theoretical and experimental investigation of electromagnetic methods for the detection and measurement of metal fatigue cracks. The available methods are reviewed, with particular attention being paid to mathematical models, and a new model of the electromagnetic field near a metal fatigue crack for small skin-depths is pre...

The alternating current field measurement (acfm) technique of crack detection and measurement in metals is described elsewhere in these proceedings by Lugg [1] and by Dover [2]. In common with many eddy-current crack inspection probes, acfm probes are usually operated at a frequency f such that the electromagnetic skin-depth $$\delta = \left( {\mu...

A problem fundamental to all electromagnetic methods of NDT is that of modeling accurately the changes in an applied field that are produced by a flaw. The structure of such fields depends significantly on two dimensionless numbers. The first of these is the ratio of the skin-depth δ to the global length scale of the perturbed field, which is given...

There has been a long history of the use of two electromagnetic techniques to measure surface‐breaking cracks in metals. Both the alternating current potential drop (ACPD) technique and the eddy current technique have given good agreement with experimental results, even though the theoretical models on which their interpretations are based use cont...

In situations where the electrical skin depth δ is small compared with a typical crack dimension l, substantial progress has been achieved in recent years in modeling surface electromagnetic fields and the perturbations that are produced in them by surface-breaking flaws [1,2,3]. The development of an unfolding theory at UCL for thin-skin surface f...

The non-contacting ac field measurement technique combines the uniform input field of the conventional technique with a pick-up coil to measure perturbations in the magnetic field produced by a crack. Measurements of the perturbations produced by a crack in a metal having a small skin depth are in quantitative agreement with those predicted from a...