Adam Gonzalez

Hofstra University · Department of Health Professions

Research examining the changes in muscle oxygen saturation across multiple sets of resistance exercise is limited. The purpose of this study was to describe the physiological response of muscle oxygenation parameters during upper-body resistance exercise and examine the differential effects of relevant participant characteristics on resistance trai...

Nutrient synergy refers to the concept that the combined effects of two or more nutrients working together have a greater physiological impact on the body than when each nutrient is consumed individually. While nutrition science traditionally focuses on isolating single nutrients to study their effects, it is recognized that nutrients interact in c...

Sport performance coaches use a range of modalities to apply a horizontal force ( F h ) to athletes during resisted sprint training (RST). These modalities include parachutes, weighted vests, pulley devices, motored tethered devices, and, most notably, weighted sleds. Despite the widespread use of these devices, the resistance forces of the pulley...

L-citrulline serves as a nitric oxide precursor with the potential to increase blood flow and improve resistance exercise performance, yet more research is needed to examine its ergogenic potential. To examine the effect of L-citrulline supplementation on resistance exercise performance, muscle oxygenation, and the subjective perception of effort,...

Nitric-oxide-stimulating dietary supplements are widely available and marketed to strength athletes and weightlifters seeking to increase muscle performance and augment training adaptations. These supplements contain ingredients classified as nitric oxide (NO) precursors (i.e., “NO boosters”). Endogenous NO is generated via a nitric oxide synthase...

Introduction Watermelon shows promise as an ergogenic aid due to its high concentration of l-citrulline, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of watermelon supplementation on exercise performance, muscle oxygenation, and vessel diameter. Methods In a crossover design fashion, 15 resista...

This study examined the level of agreement (Pearson product-moment correlation [rP]), within- and between-day reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]), and minimal detectable change of the MusclelabTM Laser Speed (MLS) device on sprint time and force–velocity–power profiles in Division II Collegiate athletes. Twenty-two athletes (socc...

Sell, KM, Ghigiarelli, JJ, Prendergast, JM, Ciani, GJ, Martin, J, and Gonzalez, AM. Comparison of V̇o2peak and V̇o2max at different sampling intervals in collegiate wrestlers. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2915-2917, 2021-The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in the highest oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak) achieved during a maximal effort...

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of short-term dietary nitrate supplementation, in the form of red spinach extract (RSE), on bench press performance, muscle oxygenation, and cognitive function in resistance-trained males. Ten resistance-trained males participated in this randomized, cross-over, placebo-controlled, double-blind inv...

Citrulline malate (CitMal) is a dietary supplement that is suggested to enhance strength training performance. However, there is conflicting evidence on this matter. Thus, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine whether supplementing with CitMal prior to strength training could increase the total number of repetitions performed before re...

Purpose To determine the effects of dietary nitrate supplementation, in the form of red spinach extract (RSE), on adaptations to offseason training in collegiate athletes. Methods: Sixteen Division I male baseball athletes (20.5 ± 1.7y, 90.4 ± 0.5 kg) enrolled in this study and were randomized into a RSE (n = 8) or placebo (n = 8; PL) group. Athlet...

Background: Females combat sport athletes are likely to partake in rapid weight reduction strategies prior to competitions. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between weight cutting habits of female combat sport athletes and the risk of developing the female athlete triad. Methods: 102 female combat sport athle...

The Viking press exercise is an upper-body strength and power movement with several potential benefits for athletes. The aim of this article is to describe proper exercise technique and introduce variations for the Viking press.

Background and aims: Caffeine mouth rinsing has emerged as an alternative to oral caffeine consumption for improving performance without provoking lower gastrointestinal distress. However, it remains unclear if hydration status and sweat rate are negatively affected by caffeine mouth rinsing. This study is aimed at evaluating the effects of 10 sec...

Several dietary supplements have been proposed as a means of improving muscle strength and hypertrophy when combined with resistance training. However, few have received sufficient attention from sports scientists to produce robust evidence for being well recommended. A growing body of literature has emerged for several dietary ingredients with the...

Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) can be applied to the whole body as compared to the application of using single hand-held devices that isolate a smaller muscle area. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an acute dose of whole-body PBMT pre- and post-high-intensity resistance training on creatine kinase (CK) and salivary interle...

Gonzalez, AM, Pinzone, AG, Bram, J, Salisbury, JL, Lee, S, and Mangine, GT. Effect of multi-ingredient preworkout supplementation on repeated sprint performance in recreationally active men and women. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of acute supplementation of a multi-ingredient...

Red spinach extract (RSE) offers a rich source of dietary nitrates and evidence suggests that it may positively impact exercise performance. PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of short-term red RSE supplementation on cycling time trial performance. METHODS: Seventeen recreationally active men (n=9, 22.2±3.8 y) and...

To determine the agreement between the Open Barbell (OB) and Tendo weightlifting analyzer (TWA) for measuring barbell velocity, eleven men (19.4 ± 1.0 y) performed one set of 2–3 repetitions at four sub-maximal percentage loads, [i.e., 30, 50, 70, and 90% one-repetition maximum (1RM)] in the back (BS) and front squat (FS) exercises. During each rep...

Red spinach extract supplementation improves cycle time trial performance in recreationally active men and women. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2019—To examine the effects of short-term red spinach extract (RSE) supplementation on cycling time trial performance, 17 recreationally active men (n = 9, 22.2 ± 3.8 years) and women (n = 8, 22.8 ± 3...

Spitz, RW, Gonzalez, AM, Ghigiarelli, JJ, Sell, KM, and Mangine, GT. Load-velocity relationships of the back vs. front squat exercises in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 301-306, 2019-The purpose of this investigation was to describe and compare changes in barbell velocity in relation to relative load increases during the back sq...

TNFα is associated with inhibited muscle protein synthesis and increased protein loss during the acute phase reaction to muscle damage. Ingestion of amino acids (AA's) post‐resistance exercise have been shown to augment the anabolic response to exercise, switching net protein balance from negative to positive. However, whether post‐exercise AA's ar...

Heart rate variability (HRV) is a noninvasive method of identifying vagal and sympathetic control of heart rate via time‐domain and frequency‐domain measures. Caffeine has shown to enhance autonomic responsiveness by increasing parasympathetic influence, however a time‐release caffeine supplement has not yet been investigated. OBJECTIVE To determi...

Sell, KM, Prendergast, JM, Ghigiarelli, JJ, Gonzalez, AM, Biscardi, LM, Jajtner, AR, and Rothstein, AS. Comparison of physical fitness parameters for starters vs. nonstarters in an NCAA division I men's lacrosse team. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2018-The purpose of this study was to present a fitness profile of Division I male lacrosse play...

Resistance training may differentially affect morphological adaptations along the length of uni-articular and bi-articular muscles. The purpose of this study was to compare changes in muscle morphology along the length of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) in response to resistance training. Following a 2-wk preparatory phase, 15 res...

Data. Note: 30 = 30% of longitudinal distance [Distal]; 50 = 50% of longitudinal distance [Middle]; 70 = 70% of longitudinal distance [Proximal]; CSA = Cross-sectional area; MT = Muscle thickness; PRE = Pre-training; POST = Post-training; RF = Rectus femoris; VL = Vastus lateralis. (XLSX)

To determine the salivary steroid response to high-intensity functional training (HIFT) competition workouts, saliva samples were collected from ten recreationally trained male and female competitors during a 5-week (WK1–WK5) international competition. Competitors arrived at their local affiliate and provided samples prior to (PRE) their warm-up, i...

Resistance training may differentially affect morphological adaptations along the length of uni-articular and bi-articular muscles. The purpose of this study was to compare changes in muscle morphology along the length of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) in response to resistance training. Following a 2-wk preparatory phase, 15 res...

The influence of baseline strength or muscle size on adaptations to training is not well-understood. Comparisons between novice and advanced lifters, and between stronger and weaker experienced-lifters, have produced conflicting results. This study examined the effect of baseline muscle strength and size on subsequent adaptations in resistance-trai...

This study assessed whether a multi-ingredient energy supplement (MIES) could enhance cerebral-cortical activation and cognitive performance during an attention-switching task. Cerebral-cortical activation was recorded in 24 young adults (12 males, 12 females; 22.8 ± 3.8 yrs) via electroencephalography (EEG) both at rest and during the attention-sw...

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of 28 days of a dietary supplement on body composition, mood, and satiety in overweight adults. Twenty healthy adults (25.5 ± 3.8 years; 87.3 ± 20.7 kg; 169.9 ± 10.6 cm; 29.9 ± 5.1 body mass index) participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation. Ten partic...

Powerlifters train with specialty bars for unstable load (UL) training. For the bench press, the acute effects of UL are mixed, with few studies that examine training interventions. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 6-week bench press training program that uses the Freak Bar (FB) as compared to a traditional barbell (TB) on...

Background: Post-activation potentiation (PAP) is a neuromuscular phenomenon that has been shown to augment muscular force generating attributes as well as neural and sensory recruitment. While PAP has demonstrated to acutely enhance muscular performance during high-intensity activities, the effect of PAP on lumbopelvic kinematics under load remain...

To investigate the effect of citrulline malate (CM) supplementation on upper-body resistance exercise performance, twelve recreationally resistance-trained men (21.4±1.6 y; 163.0±46.2 cm; 85.0±12.4 kg) underwent two testing sessions administered in a randomized, double-blind fashion. During each visit, participants were provided either 8 g of CM or...

Attenuating TNFα/TNFr1 signaling in monocytes has been proposed as a means of mitigating inflammation. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a milk protein supplement on TNFα and monocyte TNFr1 expression. Ten resistance-trained men (24.7 ± 3.4 years; 90.1 ± 11.3 kg; 176.0 ± 4.9 cm) ingested supplement (SUPP) or placebo (PL) immed...

Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid (HMB-FA) has been suggested to accelerate the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle following high-intensity exercise and attenuate markers of skeletal muscle damage. Herein a systematic review on the use of HMB-FA supplementation as an ergogenic aid to improve measures of muscle recovery, performance,...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of phosphatidic acid (PA) supplementation on muscle thickness and strength following an 8 week supervised resistance-training program. Fifteen resistance trained men (22.8 ± 3.5 years; 80.6 ± 8.7 kg; 178.1 ± 5.6 cm; 14.6% ± 8.8% body fat) were randomly assigned to a group that either consumed...

PurposeTo compare the effects of two different resistance training programs, high intensity (INT) and high volume (VOL), on changes in isometric force (FRC), rate of force development (RFD), and barbell velocity during dynamic strength testing. Methods Twenty-nine resistance-trained men were randomly assigned to either the INT (n = 15, 3–5 RM, 3-mi...

Introduction: Muscle activation during resistance exercise with 2 relatively high-intensity loads was investigated. Methods: Ten resistance-trained men performed the leg press exercise to repetition failure: a set at 70% of 1-repetition maximum (1RM) and a set at 90% of 1RM. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to assess peak and mean muscle...

AMONG SEVERAL OTHER RESISTANCE TRAINING PARAMETERS INCLUDING INTENSITY, VOLUME, AND FREQUENCY, INTERSET REST INTERVAL LENGTH HAS BEEN WIDELY INVESTIGATED. THIS ARTICLE WILL DISCUSS THE EFFECTS OF INTERSET REST INTERVAL LENGTH ON RESISTANCE EXERCISE PERFORMANCE, THE ACUTE HORMONAL AND METABOLIC RESPONSE, AND TRAINING-INDUCED MUSCULAR ADAPTATION.

Purpose To examine the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family of signaling proteins following typical high volume (HV) and high intensity (HI) lower body resistance exercise protocols in resistance-trained men. Methods Ten resistance-trained men (24.7 ± 3.4 year; 90.1 ± 11.3 kg; 176.0 ± 4.9 cm) performed each resistance exercise protocol in...

The recruitment and infiltration of classical monocytes into damaged muscle is critical for optimal tissue remodeling. This study examined the effects of an amino acid supplement on classical monocyte recruitment following an acute bout of lower body resistance exercise. Ten resistance-trained men (24.7 ± 3.4 years; 90.1 ± 11.3 kg; 176.0 ± 4.9 cm)...

Maintaining skeletal muscle mass and function is critical for disease prevention, mobility and quality of life, and whole-body metabolism. Resistance exercise is known to be a major regulator for promoting muscle protein synthesis and muscle mass accretion. Manipulation of exercise intensity, volume, and rest elicit specific muscular adaptations th...

Partial least squares regression structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to examine relationships between the endocrine response to resistance exercise and muscle hypertrophy in resistance-trained men. Pre-testing (PRE) measures of muscle size (thickness and cross-sectional area) of the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris were collected in...

Background: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been demonstrated to have an important role in neuronal remodeling and modulating synaptic plasticity and neurotransmitter release. Acute elevations in BDNF concentrations have been seen during exercise, the understanding in resistance trained (RT) men, and the difference between high intensi...

The transfer of training effects of multiple-joint isokinetic re-sistance training to dynamic exercise performance remain poorly understood. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to inves-tigate the magnitude of isokinetic and dynamic one repetition-maximum (1RM) strength and local muscular endurance in-creases after 6 weeks of multiple-joint...

Resistance training paradigms are often divided into protocols designed to promote an increase in either hypertrophy or strength. Hypertrophy protocols (HYP) typically involve greater volume (3-6 sets; 8-12 repetitions), moderate intensities [< 85% 1 repetition maximum (1-RM)], and short rest intervals (30-90 seconds), while strength protocols (STR...

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare changes in markers of monocyte recruitment following an acute bout of high-intensity (HVY), versus high-volume (VOL) lower-body resistance exercise. Methods: Ten resistance-trained men (24.7±3.4y; 90.1±11.3kg; 176.0±4.9cm) performed each protocol in a randomized, counterbalanced order. Blood samp...

Program variables such as training intensity, volume, and rest interval length are known to elicit distinct hormonal, metabolic, and physical responses. However, little is known regarding resistance exercise (RE) program design and the fluid regulatory response. This investigation aimed to compare the plasma aldosterone (ALD), electrolyte, plasma v...

The purpose of this study was to assess the cross education of strength and changes in the underlying mechanisms (muscle size, activation, and hormonal response) following a 4-week unilateral resistance training (URT) program. A group of nine untrained men completed a 4-week URT program on the dominant leg (DOM), while cross education was measured...

This investigation compared the effect of high-volume (VOL) versus high-intensity (INT) resistance training on stimulating changes in muscle size and strength in resistance-trained men. Following a 2-week preparatory phase, participants were randomly assigned to either a high-volume (VOL; n = 14, 4 × 10-12 repetitions with ~70% of one repetition ma...

Resistance exercise paradigms are often divided into high volume (HV) or high intensity (HI) protocols, however, it is unknown whether these protocols differentially stimulate mTORC1 signaling. The purpose of this study was to examine mTORC1 signaling in conjunction with circulating hormone concentrations following a typical HV and HI lower-body re...

This study compared caffeine pharmacokinetics, glycerol concentrations, metabolic rate, and performance measures following ingestion of a time-release caffeine containing supplement (TR-CAF) versus a regular caffeine capsule (CAF) and a placebo (PL). Following a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, cross-over design, ten males (25.9 ± 3.2...

Background: Physiological adaptation consequent to resistance training is thought to be specific to training intensity and training volume. However, studies comparing high intensity and high training protocols on muscle strength and growth in experienced, resistance trained (RT) men are limited. Purpose: Compare high volume versus high intensity t...

Changes in muscle morphology and the endocrine response to 8‐weeks of resistance training were examined in 29 resistance‐trained men. Changes in lean body (LBM) and leg mass (LM) were assessed by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Ultrasound images were used to assess muscle thickness (MT) and cross‐sectional area (CSA) in the Vastus Lateralis (VL)...

The study of skeletal muscle often requires invasive muscle biopsies, traditionally with the Bergstrom technique. Microbiopsies, or fine‐needle biopsies are used with many biochemistry applications but are scarcely used for histology due to inconsistencies with sample weight and integrity. Thus, the aim of the current study was to develop procedure...

Testosterone is involved in anabolic and inflammatory pathways by way of its androgen receptor and associated cytokines. We examined androgen (AR), interferon‐γ (INF‐γR), and interleukin‐1 (IL‐1R2) receptor expression and mRNA on circulating leukocytes in response to resistance exercise. Eight resistance trained men (24.8±4.4 y; 91.2±12.4 kg; 14.2±...

Objective. To examine the endocrine response to a bout of heavy resistance exercise following acute β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid (HMB-FA) ingestion. Design. Twenty resistance trained men were randomized and consumed either 1 g of HMB-FA (BetaTor) or placebo (PL) 30 min prior to performing an acute heavy resistance exercise protocol. Blood w...

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the effect of two commonly used therapeutic modalities (a) neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and (b) cold water immersion (CWI) on circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and monocyte TNF-α receptor (TNFR1) expression following intense acute resistance exercise and subsequent recove...