Adam Flakus

W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences

This article is the 15th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein 115 taxa from three phyla, nine classes, 28 orders, 48 families, and 64 genera are treated. Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include a new family, five new genera, 61 new species, five new combinations, one synonym, one new variety and 31 r...

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia, Aschersonia mackerrasiae on whitefly, Cladosporium corticola on bark of Melaleuca quinquenervia, Penicillium nudgee from soil under Melaleuca quinquenervia, Pseudocercospora blackwoodiae on leaf spot of Persoonia falcata, and Pseudocercospora...

The new genus Pseudolepraria Kukwa, Jabłońska, Kosecka & Guzow-Krzemińska is introduced to accommodate Lepraria stephaniana Elix, Flakus & Kukwa. Phylogenetic analyses of nucITS, nucLSU, mtSSU and RPB2 markers recovered the new genus in the family Ramalinaceae with strong support. The genus is characterised by its thick, unstratified thallus compos...

Two new species of Astrothelium are described from the Yungas forest in Bolivian Andes. Astrothelium chulumanense is characterised by pseudostromata concolorous with the thallus, perithecia immersed for the most part, with the upper portion elevated above the thallus and covered, except the tops, with orange pigment, apical and fused ostioles, the...

Six species of Sticta are described as new to science on the basis of material from Bolivia and supported by phylogenetic analysis of the fungal ITS barcoding marker. The species were resolved in all three of the clades (I, II, III) widespread and common in the Neotropics, as defined in an earlier study on the genus. Comparison with material from n...

Asexually reproducing fungi play a significant role in essential processes in managed and wild ecosystems such as nutrients cycling and multitrophic interactions. A large number of such taxa are among the most notorious plant and animal pathogens. In addition, they have a key role in food production, biotechnology and medicine. Taxa without or rare...

In the past few years, new phylogenetic lineages in Trebouxia were detected as a result of molecular approaches. These studies included symbiont selectivity in lichen communities, transects along altitudinal gradients at local and global scales and the photobiont diversity in local populations of lichen-forming fungal species. In most of these stud...

Fungi are vital functional members of the biosphere, playing a crucial role in sustaining ecosystems by maintaining the nutrient balance. Many studies have verified the abundance of fungi across all-natural ecosystems and habitats, such as in forests, fresh-water (including both lentic or lotic), marine environments and deserts. With the focus prev...

Shifts in climate along elevation gradients structure mycobiont–photobiont associations in lichens. We obtained mycobiont (lecanoroid Lecanoraceae) and photobiont ( Trebouxia alga) DNA sequences from 89 lichen thalli collected in Bolivia from a ca. 4,700 m elevation gradient encompassing diverse natural communities and environmental conditions. The...

The main aims of this work were to assess phylogenetic relationships of the trentepohlialean photobionts in tropical, mainly sterile lichens collected in Bolivia, to examine their genetic diversity, host specificity, and the impact of habitat factors on the occurrence of Trentepohliales. Based on rbcL marker analysis we constructed a phylogenetic t...

This article provides an outline of the classification of the kingdom Fungi (including fossil fungi. i.e. dispersed spores, mycelia, sporophores, mycorrhizas). We treat 19 phyla of fungi. These are Aphelidiomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomoph...

New collections are reported of the monospecific genus Polypyrenula , an apparently extinct and doubtfully lichenized fungus, typically classified in the Pyrenulaceae . Anatomical studies reveal that it is facultatively lichenized. The structure of its hamathecium suggests affinities with Dothideomycetes rather than Eurotiomycetes. Molecular analys...

Polylepis tarapacana forms one of the highest-altitude woodlands worldwide. Its populations are experiencing a decline due to unsustainable land-use practices, climate change, and fungal infection. In Sajama National Park in Bolivia, Polylepis tarapacana is affected by a disease caused by the pleosporalean fungus Leptosphaeria polylepidis, recently...

Neotropical mountain forests are characterized by having hyperdiverse and unusual fungi inhabiting lichens. The great majority of these lichenicolous fungi (i.e., detectable by light microscopy) remain undescribed and their phylogenetic relationships are mostly unknown. This study focuses on lichenicolous fungi inhabiting the genus Lobariella ( Pel...

Lichen-inhabiting fungi are highly specialized mycoparasites, commensals or rarely saprotrophs, that are common components of almost every ecosystem, where they develop obligate associations with lichens. Their relevance, however, contrasts with the relatively small number of these fungi described so far. Recent estimates and ongoing studies indica...

Leprariacryptovouauxii is described as a new semicryptic species similar to L.vouauxii, from which it differs geographically (South America) and phylogenetically; both species differ in nucleotide position characters in nucITS barcoding marker. Leprariaharrisiana is reported as new to South America and L.nothofagi as new to Antarctica, Bolivia, and...

Fuscidea multispora Flakus, Kukwa & Rodr. Flakus and Malmidea attenboroughii Kukwa, Guzow-Krzemińska, Kosecka, Jabłońska & Flakus are described as new to science based on morphological, chemical and molecular characters. Lepra subventosa var. hypothamnolica is genetically and chemically distinct from L. subventosa var. subventosa and a new name, Le...

In this paper three new species of Plectocarpon, P. dimorphosporum (on Ricasolia patinifera), P. parmotrematis (on Parmotrema reticulatum) and P. ramalinae (on Ramalina celastri), are described from tropical montane forests in the Bolivian Andes. Plectocarpon dimorphosporum is characterized by strongly convex ascomata covered by the host cortex whe...

This paper presents seven freshwater lichen species from Western Carpathian streams: Bryobilimbia ahlesii (Körb.) Fryday et al., Rhizocarpon sublavatum Fryday, Thelidium circumspersellum (Nyl.) Zschacke, T. klementii Servít, T. pluvium Orange, T. rehmii Zschacke and Verrucaria devensis (G. Salisbury) Orange. All of them are first records for Poland...

Pertusarialean lichens include more than 300 species belonging to several independent phylogenetic lineages. Only some of these phylogenetic clades have been comprehensively sampled for molecular data, and formally described as genera. Here we present a taxonomic treatment of a group of pertusarialean lichens formerly known as “Pertusaria amara-gro...

Eight species of Caloplaca s. lat. are reported as new to Bolivia: Caloplaca baueri, C. cinnabarina, C. crocina, C. darbishirei, C. ochraceofulva, C squamosa, C. subsoluta, and C. texana. Caloplaca texana is also reported as new for Peru and the Southern Hemisphere. The new combination Caloplaca crocina is proposed and compared with other Caloplaca...

The present treatment shows that the lichen family Trypetheliaceae is an important component of lowland and montane tropical forests in Bolivia. A total of 75 species are currently recognized in Bolivia, of which 24 are new to science and a further 37 are reported for the first time from the country. The following species are described: Architrypet...

In our ongoing study of the genus Cladonia, we have encountered several specimens that have proved to represent undescribed species. Four of them are described here as new. Cladonia camerunensis (Cameroon) resembles C. didyma (Fée) Vain., but the former has a coarsely granular surface and a melanotic podetial base; C. compressa (Bolivia) is disting...

The paper lists 337 species from Magurski National Park (MNP): 314 lichens, 18 lichenicolous fungi, four saprotrophic fungi and one lichenicolous myxomycete; 112 of them are new for MNP, 75 are reported for the first time for the Beskid Niski Mts, and two are new for Poland. Selected species are accompanied by taxonomic notes and remarks on their d...

Kanigowski, P., Flakus, A., Oset, M., Kowalewska, A., Rykaczewki, M., & Kukwa, M. 2016. The lichen family Parmeliaceae in Poland. Xanthoparmelia species containing usnic acid. — Herzogia 29: 108–119. In a study of the Xanthoparmelia species containing usnic acid in Poland, six taxa have been recognized. Xanthoparmelia plittii is new to Poland. Some...

Acarospora rhabarbarina Hue, published as a replacement name for the later homonym Lecanora bella Nyl., is an illegitimate superfluous name because Nylander had previously published his own replacement name, L. xanthophana (≡ A. xanthophana (Nyl.) Jatta). Furthermore, Hue, Magnusson and other later authors misapplied the name A. xanthophana to a co...

This paper presents new records of 135 lichen taxa in Bolivia. Two species, Myriotrema laeviusculum (Nyl.) Hale and Graphis tenoriensis Chaves & Lücking, are new for the Southern Hemisphere; two, Cladonia uncialis (L.) Weber ex F. H. Wigg. and Thelocarpon laureri (Flot.) Nyl., are new for South America; and 27 species are new for Bolivia: Acanthotr...

Records of 48 species belonging to the order Arthoniales from Bolivia are presented. Cryptothecia rosae-iselae Flakus & Kukwa and Lecanactis minuta Ertz, Flakus & Kukwa are described as new to science. Thirty-seven species are reported for the first time from Bolivia, seven of which, Alyxoria apomelaena, Cryptothecia darwiniana, C. groenhartii, C....

This paper presents new distribution records for 80 lichen taxa from Bolivia, including 14 new national records: Bulbothrix thomasiana Benatti & Marcelli, Dirinaria confluens (Fr.) Awasthi var. coccinea (Lynge) Awasthi, D. melanocarpa (Müll. Arg.) C. W. Dodge, Gyalideopsis lambinonii Vězda, Malmidea sulphureosorediata M. Cáceres, D. A. Mota & Aptro...

Sixty-six species belonging to the order Peltigerales are reported from Bolivia. Four species, Coccocarpia gallaicoi, C. microphyllina, Lobariella spathulifera and L. subcrenulata, are new to the Southern Hemisphere and Coccocarpia adnata is new to South America. 29 taxa are recorded for the first time in Bolivia. Several other taxa are reported fo...

The new obligately lichenicolous fungus, Melaspilea tucumana Flakus, Etayo & Kukwa, inhabiting thalli of saxicolous Pertusaria s. lat. is described from Tucumano-Boliviano vegetation in Bolivia. The species is characterized by the gall formation and superficial, lirelliform to branched, aggregated apothecioid ascomata with widely exposed discs. The...

Thelocarpon andicola, a new terricolous species from the tropical Andes in Bolivia is described in this paper. This is the first member of the genus with squamulose to placodioid and yellow pruinose thallus, which is further characterized by non-amyloid hymenial gel, branched paraphyses, amyloid asci without visible mass axiale and broadly ellipsoi...

Members of the lichen genus Lecanora Ach. are important but still poorly known components of almost all vegetation types in Bolivia. In this paper, seven species new for Bolivia are presented: Lecanora bicincta Ramond, L. fulvastra Kremp., L. hagenii (Ach.) Ach., L. muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh., L. percrenata H. Magn., L. stramineoalbida Vain. and L....

Two new genera and four new species of bulbil-forming basidiomycetes are described. Phylogenetic analyses of nuLSU and ITS sequences place them in Cantharellales. A facultative lichenicolous species with yellow to orange-yellow bulbils from South America groups with the type of Burgella and is consequently described as B. lutea. The new species and...

The subnival belt, being the highest climatic vegetation belt in the Carpathians, was developed only in the granitoid part of the Tatra Mts. Their distinctive feature is the lichen biota dominating in the landscape, which contains many mountain and arctic-alpine species rare in Central Europe. The present study was aimed to establish knowledge on d...

This paper presents new data on the geographic distribution of 84 lichen species in Bolivia. Bulbothrix chowoensis (Hale) Hale is new to South America. Twenty-five species are new national records: Chaenotheca confusa Tibell, Cora bovei Speg., C. reticulifera Vain., Dictyonema obscuratum Lücking, Spielmann & Marcelli, Gassicurtia ferruginascens (Ma...

Microlichens of the family Graphidaceae are important components of the lowland and montane tropical forests in Bolivia. In this paper we present new records for 51 taxa of the family in Bolivia. Leiorreuma lyellii (Sm.) Staiger is reported as new for the Southern Hemisphere, while Diploschistes caesioplumbeus (Nyl.) Vain., Graphis daintreensis (A....

K e y w o r d s: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mycetozoa, lichenized fungi, rare species, threatened and protected species. A b s t r a c t This paper presents the results of lichenological studies carried out during the XXV Meeting of Polish Lichenologists which took place in " Swajnie " – the Special Area of Conservation of NATURA 2000. The objectiv...

Foliicolous lichens are an important component of lowland tropical forests and are useful bioindicators of vegetation continuity or forest health. This study of these fungi in lowland Bolivian Amazon forests of Pando Department revealed the presence of 180 species, 101 of which are reported as new for Bolivia. The following 15 species are mentioned...

The paper presents new records for four taxa of Ochrolechia A. Massai, from Bolivia, of which three, O. austroa-mericana (Räsänen) Räsänen, O. subpallescens f. Verseghy uruguayensis Verseghy and O. upsaliensis (L.) A. Massai., are new for the country. Ochrolechia subpallescens f. uruguayensis is shown to differ chemically from O. subpallescens s.st...

. This paper presents new records of 180 lichen species from Bolivia; 103 are new national records. Three species, Bryonora curvescens (Mudd) Poelt (also from Ecuador), Lepraria elobata Tønsberg and Pyrenula laetior Müll. Arg., are reported for the first time from the Southern Hemisphere, and five, Bathelium aff. sphaericum (C. W. Dodge) R. C. Harr...

Carbacanthographis violaceospora Kukwa & Flakus, Graphis boliviana Kukwa & Flakus and G. seawardii Flakus & Kukwa are described as new to science from Bolivia. In addition 56 corticolous and muscicolous species of Graphidaceae are reported for the first time from Bolivia, of which four, Graphis pinicola, G. urandrae, Phaeographis dendroides and P....

Recently, molecular phylogenetic studies have revolutionized the generic concepts in Parmeliaceae and in lichen forming fungi in general. In the present study, the generic delimitation in the Hypotrachyna clade is revised using a molecular phylogeny of nuclear ITS, LSU and mitochondrial SSU rDNA sequences of 88 hypotrachynoid taxa. Morphological an...

The new lichenicolous Capronia paranectrioides Etayo, Flakus & Kukwa, inhabiting thalli of Erioderma leylandii, is described from Bolivia. The species is characterized by pale brown, submuriform and bicaudate ascospores, subglobose to barrel-shaped perithecia and I+ red, K/I+ pale blue hymenial gelatine. It is the first known Capronia species produ...

Lichenochora tertia is a new lichenicolous fungus described from Peruvian Andes. The species is characterized by small perithecia deeply immersed in the thallus of Xanthoria elegans and small, narrowly ellipsoidal ascospores with subtle torus along the septum; the fungus does not induce gall formation.

The paper presents a new concept of conidial-ascosporic relationship in the foliicolous lichenized genus Lyromma and a revised key to species determination. Lyromma coronatum sp. nov. (Bolivia) is characterized by reduced perithecial appendages composed of clavate hyphae that form a crown around the ostiole. Lyromma multisetulatum sp. nov. (Bolivia...

Niesslia echinoides Etayo, Flakus & Kukwa sp. nov. is described from Bolivia from the corticolous thallus of Erioderma barbellatum. The fungus is characterized by large ascospores usually breaking into halves within the asci, strongly setose and aggregated ascomata, usually simple setae, and no damage caused to the host thallus.

Four new species of lichenicolous fungi are described from Bolivia: Capronia etayoi Flakus & Kukwa sp. nov. (on Dictyonema minus), Lichenosticta jurgae Kukwa & Flakus sp. nov. (on Lecanora sp.), Phaeosporobolus trypethelii Flakus & Kukwa sp. nov. (on Trypethelium ochroleucum; the host lichen new to Bolivia) and Spirographa usneae Flakus, Kukwa & Et...

A new gall-inducing lichenicolous fungus, Plectocarpon stereocaulicola Kukwa, Etayo and Flakus, is described from Bolivia from the thalli of Stereocaulon sp. The new species is characterized by black, epruinose rounded ascomata with a carbonized surface and a thalline pseudo-margin, as well as a non-carbonized, light brown sterile stromatic tissue...

The foliicolous lichenized fungus Calopadia erythrocephala Farkas, Elix & Flakus, is described as new to science from the Atlantic submontane rainforests in Brazil. The species is very similar to C. puiggarii, but is distinguished by the presence of a red pigment in the campylidia, the darker apothecial discs and larger conidia. Fusarubin, the red...

Remototrachyna sipmaniana is described as new to science, and three new combinations, R. aguirrei, R. consimilis, and R. singularis, are proposed. Ten Hypotrachyna and two Remototrachyna species are reported as new to Bolivia, including the southernmost localities of H. halei and H. partita, the first record of H. primitiva from the southern hemisp...

Acarospora dissecta (Bolivia) and Sarcogyne brunnea (Bolivia, Ecuador) are described as new to science. Acarospora trachyticola, a common effigurate species in Peru, is revised and reported as new for Argentina, Bolivia and Venezuela. Acarospora brasiliensis is considered as a later synonym of A. lorentzii, which is reported new for Peru. Sarcogyne...

This paper presents information on 36 species of the lichenized genus Parmotrema A. Massal. new to Bolivia. Par-motrema sorediiferum Hale, P. soredioaliphaticum Estrabou & Adler and P. wrightii L. I. Ferraro & Elix are reported here from their second localities worldwide. Parmotrema brasiliense Hale and P. nylanderi (Lynge) Hale were discovered for...

Fifty-five new records of lichenicolous fungi from Bolivia are presented. Ten species are new to the Southern Hemisphere: Buelliella lecanorae, Cornutispora pyramidalis, Dactylospora tegularum, Epigloea urosperma, Marchandiobasidium aurantiacum, Monodictys epilepraria, Polycoccum aff. rubellianae, Roselliniella euparmeliicola, Rosellinula frustulos...

This paper presents the results of studies on the lichen biota of the Wdzydzki Landscape Park. Altogether 276 lichens, 38 lichenicolous fungi, 5 sapro- trophic fungi traditionally placed into the lichen checklists as well as 1 lichenico- lous myxomycete were found in the studied area. Roselliniella microthelia is re- ported as a new to Poland, wher...

This paper presents new records of 144 lichen species from Bolivia, of which 38 are new to the country, namely Aspidothelium fugiens (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant., Astrothelium galbineum Kremp., Baeomyces rufus (Huds.) Rebent., Bulbothrix apophysata (Hale & Kurok.) Hale, Canoparmelia caroliniana (Nyl.) Elix & Hale, Cladonia caespiticia (Pers.) Flörke, C. c...

Acarospora dissecta (Bolivia) and Sarcogyne brunnea (Bolivia, Ecuador) are described as new to science. Acarospora trachyticola, a common effigurate species in Peru, is revised and reported as new for Argentina, Bolivia and Venezuela. Acarospora brasiliensis is considered as a later synonym of A. lorentzii, which is reported new for Peru. Sarcogyne...

http://www.lichenology.org/Publications/ILN/ILN45_1.pdf

Lecanora cavicola, L. laxa, L. stenotropa, and L. subaurea are reported as new to South America, and L. flowersiana and L. semipallida as new to Bolivia. Distributions of the species are discussed and information on their chemistry and diagnostic characters are provided.

Lepraria maderensis Kukwa & Flakus, a new lichen species, is characterized by the production of atranorin (major), lecanoric (major), gyrophoric (minor), angardianic/roccellic (major) acids and an unidentified anthraquinone (minor), as well as a distinctly lobate thallus with large granules produced in the central part. It is only the second specie...

This paper presents new distribution records for 80 lichen taxa from Bolivia, including 14 new national records: Bulbothrix thomasiana Benatti & Marcelli, Dirinaria confluens (Fr.) Awasthi var. coccinea (Lynge) Awasthi, D. melanocarpa (Müll. Arg.) C. W. Dodge, Gyalideopsis lambinonii Vězda, Malmidea sulphureosorediata M. Cáceres, D. A. Mota & Aptro...

Two new corticolous lichen species are described, Lepraria nothofagi Elix & Kukwa (atranorin, strepsilin, porphyrilic acid) from Argentina and L. stephaniana Elix, Flakus & Kukwa (4-O-methylleprolomin, zeorin, salazinic acid, unknown terpenoid) from pre-Andean Amazon forest of Bolivia. In addition, the paper presents new records of 16 species of Le...

A new lichenized fungus, Lecanora microloba Śliwa & Flakus, is described from the subnival belt of the Polish Tatra Mountains. It is characterized by small, saxicolous thalli with minutely lobulate marginal areoles and mostly broadly sessile and constantly pale coloured apothecia that are grouped predominantly in the centre of the thallus. Anatomic...

Fourteen species of the genus Umbilicaria are presented based on recent collections from the Bolivian Andes. Of these, two species are reported for the first time from South America (U. indica, U. freyi) and five species are new to Bolivia (U. freyi, U. hirsuta, U. indica, U. soralifera, U. subcalvescens). Altogether, 18 species are currently known...

New records of five lichenized fungi from Poland are provided. Hypotrachyna afrorevoluta, Lecanora quercicola, Rhizocarpon superficiale and Strigula ziziphi are new to Poland. Of these, Strigula ziziphi is reported also as new to Central Europe and Hypotrachyna afrorevoluta as new to the Carpathians. Additionally, Thelenella muscorum var. octospora...

The recently described, terricolous and corticolous, sorediate lichen Lecanora flavoleprosa (belonging to the L. symmicta group) is for the first time recorded from the Carpathians. So far, this rare European species has only been reported from a few localities in the Austrian and Swiss Alps, and Fennoscandia (Norway and Sweden). In this paper seve...

Acarospora ramosa K. Knudsen & Flakus is described as new to science from the Bolivian Andes. It is characterized by a yellow, epruinose, rugulose thallus with a distinct effigurate margin, punctiform apothecia, and thin, branching and anastomosing paraphyses. The main diagnostic substances the new species produces are rhizocarpic and gyrophoric ac...

Lepraria glaucosorediata is described as new to science from Bolivia. It is characterized by a thick, stratified thallus with external, farinose soredia bearing bluish gray pigment and by the presence of alectorialic, lecanoric, and protocetraric acids. L. zeorinica stat. et comb. nov. is raised to the species level and reported for the first time...

The corticolous lichenized fungus Aspidothelium lueckingii Flakus is described and illustrated as new to science from the montane cloud forest in Bolivia. It is characterized by pale perithecia with seta-like appendages and large, regularly muriform ascospores. The species is the sixth known member of the genus producing muriform ascospores. A key...

Records of 98 species of lichenicolous fungi and lichens are presented, mainly from Tatra Mts. Six species, Cercidospora lecidomae, Everniicola flexispora, Rhagadostoma boleae, R. rugosum, Stigmidium cladoniicola and S. leprariae, are new to Central Europe. Thirty four species are reported as new to Poland: Acremonium antarcticum berengerianus and...

The paper presents new records of 57 lichenized fungi from Bolivia collected recently from lowland and montane rain forests and from open high Andean habitats. Of the taxa, 23 species are reported for the fi rst time from the country: Calicium salicinum Pers., Cladonia aleuropoda Vain., C. lepidophora Ahti & Kashiw., C. macilentoides Ahti & Fleig,...

The paper deals with 18 species of the lichen genus Cladonia, including eight species new to Bolivia: C. cf. borbonica, C. coccifera, C. confragosa, C. dactylota, C. granulosa, C. kriegeri, C. merochlorophaea, and C. squamosa. Furthermore, C. kriegeri is recorded here from its second and third localities in the world. Also five lichenicolous fungi...

Six new species of foliicolous lichenized fungi are described as new to science from Bolivian lowland Amazon forest: Asterothyrium vezdae Flakus & Lücking (Asterothyriaceae), Keratosphaera multiseptata Flakus & Lücking (Pseudoperisporiaceae), Phylloblastia bielczykiae Flakus & Lücking (Verrucariaceae), Porina boliviana Flakus & Lücking (Porinaceae)...

New records of 15 Lepraria species from South America are presented. Two species are newly described from the Bolivian Andes: Lepraria achariana Flakus & Kukwa (major compounds: lecanoric, angardianic/roccellic acids and anthraquinones) and L. neojackii Flakus & Kukwa (major compounds: porphyrilic, angardianic/roccellic, cf. rangiformic acids and a...

Cladonia crispata var. cetrariiformis has only sporadically been reported from the Tatra Mts so far. However, undoubtedly it is common in this part of the Carpathians. New data about locations of the taxon are presented. Description and ecology of the Polish population are briefly characterized. The paper also contains a distribution map and useful...

Flakus, A. 2007: Lichenized and lichenicolous fungi from mylonitized areas of the subnival belt in the Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians). — Ann. Bot. Fennici 44: 427–449. The lichen biota of the mylonitized areas of the subnival belt in the Tatra Mts. (West-ern Carpathians) was examined. A list of 325 species, including 317 lichenized fungi, se...