Adam Fagan

King's College London | KCL · Department of Political Economy

Recent studies show that stoichiometric elemental ratios of marine ecosystems are not static at Redfield proportions but vary systematically between biomes. However, the wider Atlantic Ocean is undersampled for particulate organic matter (POM) elemental composition, especially when it comes to phosphorus (i.e., POP). Thus, it is uncertain how envir...

Seasonal and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warming result in similar ocean changes as predicted with climate change. Climate-driven environmental cycles have strong impacts on microbiome diversity, but impacts on microbiome function are poorly understood. We quantified changes in microbial genomic diversity and functioning over 11 years cover...

Recent scholarship on popular mobilisation and activism in Central and East Europe suggests a shift from institutionalised civil society organisations towards grassroots mobilisation. Whilst the emergence of such citizen-led activism across the region can be traced back to the anti-neoliberal urban movements that arose in the 2010s in the immediate...

Climate warming likely drives ocean deoxygenation, but models still cannot fully explain observed declines in oxygen. One unconstrained parameter is the oxygen demand per carbon respired for complete remineralization of organic matter (i.e., the total respiration quotient, rΣ‐O2:C). Here, we tested if rΣ‐O2:C declined with depth by quantifying susp...

Climate warming is likely resulting in ocean deoxygenation, but models still cannot fully explain the observed decline in oxygen. One unconstrained parameter is the oxygen demand for respiring particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (i.e., the total respiration quotient, rΣ-O2:C). It is untested if rΣ-O2:C systematically declines with depth. Here,...

The symposium is based on the premise that understanding what is motivating citizens across the region to protest about climate change or air pollution, to decipher their mobilisation strategies and particular framings, requires a nuanced analysis of domestic political opportunity structures, resource availability, transnational linkages, and parti...

Concentrations and elemental stoichiometry of suspended particulate organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and oxygen demand for respiration (C:N:P:−O2) play a vital role in characterizing and quantifying marine elemental cycles. Here, we present Version 2 of the Global Ocean Particulate Organic Phosphorus, Carbon, Oxygen for Respiration, and Nitrog...

Oceanic nutrient cycles are coupled, yet carbon-nitrogen-phosphorus (C:N:P) stoichiometry in marine ecosystems is variable through space and time, with no clear consensus on the controls on variability. Here, we analyze hydrographic, plankton genomic diversity, and particulate organic matter data from 1970 stations sampled during a global ocean obs...

This article provides a conceptual framework and introduction to the special section ‘Mobilising around Europe: pro and anti-EU politics in an era of populism and nationalism’. By means of its four articles, the special section seeks to address the ‘politicisation of Europe’ outside of the conventional party-political arena. Whilst the future of Eu...

The Don’t let Belgrade D(r)own, protest movement against the city’s controversial waterfront development, is one of the largest civil society campaigns in post-Milošević Serbia. Despite engaging an eclectic mix of activists, there has been no tangible participation by Belgrade’s well-established environmental NGOs (ENGOs). The absence of ENGOs is a...

Much of the literature on fringe political parties in post-communist Europe focused on the relationship with mainstream parties. Little is known about what happens at the fringes, what are the features of politics at the fringes and when this type of politics becomes mainstream. This special issue moves beyond the notion of the fringe versus mainst...

In this article, we extend our understanding of fringe politics to include relational and thematic elements, namely, the relationship of far-right collective actors with their broader network and the claims made within it. Locating our analysis at the intersection of protest event and social network analysis, we focus on the far-right Movement for...

This article assesses whether different types of exposure to European Union (EU) modes of socialization are associated with differences in attitudes towards corruption by using Serbia as case study. Drawing on a survey of Serbian municipal healthcare officials, the article complements existing research on the impact of EU conditionality on attitude...

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences multi-year variation in sea-surface temperature and the intensity of upwelling in many Pacific regions. However, it is currently unknown how El Niño conditions will affect the concentration and elemental ratios of particulate organic matter (POM). To investigate this, we have quantified POM weekly for...

How successful is the EU at institutionalising judicial reforms in accession countries of the Western Balkans? Does its aid and assistance deliver formal compliance and sustainable institutionalisation of new rules and processes? Using a neo-institutionalist approach, we assess the extent to which new EU-supported measures introduced to improve the...

In the framework of its enlargement policy, the EU has placed considerable emphasis on supporting civil society organisations (CSOs) both as domestic drivers of change and as a means to foster new, more participatory modes of governance. Our research examines the impact of the EU accession process on state–civil society relations in the Western Bal...

The post-conflict case of Bosnia-Herzegovina provides a challenging case for the approaches employed by the European Union to bolster state and non-state actor capacities related to environmental governance in post-socialist states. This article examines four major consultative environmental impact assessment processes in Bosnia-Herzegovina in orde...

As mentioned in the previous chapter, the pivotal institutions responsible for environmental governance for major issues lies at the entity level, since the central state is relatively weak and there is no centralized Ministry for Environment — although the state-level Ministry for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations (MOFTER) does undertake some m...

Unlike the case of Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH), there is a long and well-established institutional legacy of environmental governance, and governance more generally, in Serbia. As outlined in the previous chapter, the governmental structures in Serbia are highly centralized at the state level, with minimal responsibilities at the municipal level and n...

The research underpinning this study set out to undertake empirical and comparative analysis of a particular policy area — environmental protection and regulation — in order to interrogate the impact of Europeanization on BiH and Serbia. The aim was to identify the distribution of power amongst the various domestic and exogenous governance actors,...

This chapter will start by providing background information for the complex, post-conflict, and ethno-territorially fragmented country of BiH, which will be followed by a detailed mapping of state and nonstate capacities in multi-level environmental governance. Unlike the other republics within the federal Yugoslavia, BiH had more than one constitu...

This first chapter sets out to capture the theoretical and practical challenges of Europeanizing environmental governance in Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. The objective is to construct a conceptual framework for examining the impact of Europeanization on environmental governance that anticipates the type of impact that the EU is likely to exert —...

The trajectory of Serbia during the first decade of the 21st century is quite remarkable: from an authoritarian state led by Slobodan Milošević blamed for much of the violence in BiH and Kosovo,2 to a post-authoritarian state still controlled by shadowy elements of the former regime who were hiding war-crimes suspects, and finally a credible candid...

The book analyses the changing roles of international agencies, governmental bodies, non-governmental organisations, and local communities around major road-building environmental impact assessment processes in order to examine whether the influence of the European Union has transformed environmental governance in Bosnia-Herzegovina and in Serbia.

From the perspective of Kosovo, this article contributes to a growing literature focusing on the substance of donor-driven democracy promotion. Drawing on extensive empirical research between 2010 and 2012, the research provides greater insights into which donors are providing what sort of assistance; how the content and focus of aid are decided an...

The celebrations marking the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall provoked a debate on the outcomes of the transition process in the post-communist countries, including a debate on the functioning of civil society. This provided a good opportunity for researchers to collect new data and revise the discourse on collective action and the d...

International donors got involved in the Western Balkans during the last two decades, mainly through civil society organisations (CSOs), with the initial aim of providing emergency relief, and then to promote democracy and broadly support the Europeanization agenda. The intention has also been to contribute to the spread of western values and norms...

European Union assistance to the so-called potential candidate countries of the Western Balkans (Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Albania, Montenegro, and Kosovo) is designed to engage non-governmental organisations (NGOs), the private sector, civil society actors, and other formal and informal networks within the process of policymaking, implementation...

With this paper I seek to identify the conditions under which a shift occurs from hierarchical decision making towards new modes of environmental governance in a case of weak statehood (Bosnia-Herzegovina), where an external agency (the EU) exerts significant influence alongside foreign consultants and international financial institutions (the Euro...

Early analyses of the impact of donor assistance for NGOs across post-socialist Eurasia documented the extent to which the ubiquitous new NGOs were disconnected from indigenous networks, lacked sustainable resources and capacity, and were accountable to donors rather than citizens and governments. Although this article does not entirely contest suc...

EU assistance for Kosovo is the most ambitious external relations venture embarked upon by the Commission to date. Not surprisingly, much of the aid is framed in terms of ‘civil society’ and channelled through a handful of local non-governmental organizations (NGOs). But attempts by foreign donors to promote civil society exogenously across post-so...

Environmental activism across the Western Balkan successor states of the former Yugoslavia, particularly in Bosnia–Herzegovina and Serbia, remains in its infancy. Compared to the movements of central and Eastern Europe, the development of environmental non-governmental organisations (ENGOs) in these states appears to be much slower. From the empiri...

How have environmental movements and organisations evolved in the two decades since the end of state socialism? Focusing upon how the impact of external forces, the core debates concern how changing political opportunities and access to resources as a consequence of European Union accession have impacted on environmental NGOs, as well as the effect...

Both qualitative and quantitative research suggests that foreign donors (particularly the European Commission) have exerted a positive impact on environmental non-governmental organisations (NGOs) across the post-socialist, new member states of Central and Eastern Europe. Green networks have been institutionalised and the foundations for multi-leve...

The influence of the EU over environmental policy frameworks, plus the availability of project funding for ENGOs in acceding and candidate states across post-socialist Europe has significantly shaped action repertoires, issue agendas and patterns of mobilisation. It has also been claimed that EU intervention has determined the institutionalisation...

This paper looks at the impact of EU intervention on the third sector in post-Milosevic Serbia. We argue that the framing of EU pre-accession assistance to Serbia in terms of ‘developing civil society’ is a political distraction; it obfuscates the true purpose and outcomes of EU intervention by implying that the focus of aid is the empowerment and...

This article argues that efforts by international donors, in particular the EU, to build the capacity of environmental NGOs in Bosnia-Herzegovina has less to do with fostering democratic stability and civil society, and more to do with establishing a new epistemic community. Among critics, the technocratic, apolitical and rather benign term ‘capaci...

Transnational aid and assistance for the environment and civil society development is underscored by assumptions that the transfer of expertise and technical assistance will ultimately make environmental movements in new democracies more like their Northern counterparts. However, recent research on green movements across post-socialist Europe has c...

Civil society development programmes are perhaps the most tangible aspect of transnational assistance to post-socialist Europe, yet the experience of Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH) suggests that the impact, rationale and function of such assistance is problematical. Despite the specific political context of BiH, there is continuity with post-socialist Eu...

A core element of the international community's state-building efforts in Bosnia has been the development and strengthening of civil society. Since Dayton, the imperative to rebuild and refashion civil society has been identified as critical for the emergence of a democratic state. It has also been viewed as being instrumental in weakening the grip...

This article contributes to a growing literature critiquing non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as civil society in post-communist Europe. From the perspective of the Czech environmental movement, although over a decade of foreign assistance and know-how transfer has resulted in a tier of professional NGOs that have obtained political influence a...

'This volume presents an original study of the development of the environmental movement in the Czech Republic, particularly in relation to the democratic transition process. It offers a broad, historical analysis of the evolution of the movement through the 1990s to the present day, and presents rich case studies on a number of environmental organ...

The two case studies, representing distinct strands of the Czech environmental movement, challenge contemporary claims that in the age of globalisation the significance of the national context in shaping protest and agency is declining. The specific context of post-communist political reform and economic restructuring is emphasised as a key determi...