Adam A. Ambroziak

SGH Warsaw School of Economics | SGH

The risks and uncertainties shaping and conditioning the economic climate in recent times bring with them the prospect of many changes. In putting this book in the hands of the reader, however, we want to look back, recognizing the most important opportunities and risks that the Polish economy faced before the outbreak of war in Ukraine. This colle...

The European single market was launched on 1 st January 1993. Presumably, it is at that time that three fundamental barriers (physical control at the border, various technical requirements, and differing systems of indirect taxation) were formally removed to ensure four treaty-based freedoms: free movement of goods, freedom to provide services, fre...

Jednolity rynek europejski jest zdecydowanie jednym z najważniejszych osiągnięć integracji gospodarczej w ramach Unii Europejskiej (UE). Przedsięwzięcie to stanowiło olbrzymie wyzwanie dla gospodarek państw członkowskich. O jego istotności świadczą odniesienia w dokumentach programowych instytucji unijnych, a o atrakcyjności – zainteresowanie wielu...

This monograph, entitled Poland in the European Union. Report 2023, is the third edition of a cyclical report dealing with Poland’s membership in the EU, published by the Warsaw School of Economics and prepared by the employees of the Department of European Integration and Legal Studies. The report was funded by a grant received by the Department a...

This study is an annual update of the report on state aid granted in Poland in the light of changes in other EU member states [Ambroziak, 2021; 2022, Annex, pp. 72–78]. The goal is to identify changes in the value, intensity and directions of state aid granted in Poland year-to-year. The study mainly relies on original calculations based on the Eur...

Like any market intervention, regional state aid is a competitive threat that takes on a European dimension on the European Single Market. Hence, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) includes an explicit ban on providing any state aid that may distort competition by selectively supporting entrepreneurs and their products, whic...

This study is an annual update of the report on state aid granted in Poland due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The goal is to identify changes in the value, intensity and directions of state aid granted in Poland year-to-year in 2020–2022. The study relies mainly on the author’s own calculations based on data from the Polish Office for Competition and C...

https://dbc.wroc.pl/dlibra/publication/161904/edition/123612#

Celem niniejszego rozdziału jest zdefiniowanie koncepcji udzielania pomocy na B+R w Polsce w świetle zmian unijnej legislacji w latach 2005-2021. Dokonano krótkiej analizy zarówno ewolucji przepisów prawa unijnego w odniesieniu do warunków udzielania pomocy publicznej, jak i zmiany polskich programów pomocowych. W oparciu o tak zdefiniowane ramy pr...

Lockdowns imposed by governments of the EU member states produced significant consequences in the form of losses to companies which is why the member states decided to assist businesses from public funds. This paper aims to identify and initially assess the implementation of schemes under which COVID-19 related state aid was granted in Poland in 20...

The aim of this article is to identify legislative-programmatic changes, as well as the scope and directions of research & development (R&D) aid granted in Poland after the accession to the European Union, in the context of Multiannual Financial Perspectives. The changes introduced into relevant legislation in the EU and Poland, and aid programmes...

State aid is one of the financial instruments available to EU member states for intervention in domestic markets. On the one hand its use is prohibited by Article 107(1) TFEU, but on the other hand there are many exemptions,including regional and horizontal state aid. Given the centralised system for State aid in the EU, one could expect that the v...

Agresja Rosji na Ukrainę doprowadziła m.in. do zakłóceń w handlu unijno-ukraińskim. Ich znaczenie dla gospodarek poszczególnych państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej będzie jednak zróżnicowane z uwagi na różny stopień zaangażowania we współpracę z Ukrainą. Dla Polski wymiana handlowa z tym krajem ma mniejsze znaczenie niż dla kilku innych państw U...

Przedmiotem badania prezentowanego w niniejszej monografii są wybrane implikacje ekonomiczne i prawne inwazji Rosji na Ukrainę dla Unii Europejskiej, w tym dla Polski, i dla świata. Wymiar ekonomiczny obejmuje przede wszystkim aspekty handlowe, a wymiar prawny – zagadnienie reakcji na inwazję na forum organów głównych Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczon...

Inwazja na Ukrainę z 24 lutego 2022 r. stała się kluczowym czynnikiem utrudniającym współpracę gospodarczą między Unią Europejską a Rosją. Kolejne sankcje wprowadzane przez stronę unijną w celu powstrzymania wojny, a także decyzje władz rosyjskich mające na celu m.in. przeciwdziałanie skutkom wprowadzanych sankcji (np. spadkom wartości rosyjskiej w...

Niniejsza część zawiera podstawowe wnioski płynące z badania skutków obecnej wojny w Ukrainie zarówno dla Polski i Unii Europejskiej, jak też dla pozostałych państw w świecie, przeprowadzonego w rozdziałach I–III. Wskazano w niej, że wojna w Ukrainie ma daleko idące konsekwencje dla wszystkich partnerów handlowych, a zatem zarówno dla państw członk...

‘Poland in the European Union. Report 2022’ is now the second annual report prepared by the Department of European Integration and Legal Studies at the Collegium of World Economy, the SGH Warsaw School of Economics. It covers selected issues related to economic and legal dimensions of Poland’s membership in the European Union. The Report was prepar...

The COVID-19 pandemic hit the European Union (EU) at the end of the first quarter of 2020. The lack of knowledge about the disease’s ichthyology, prevention, and treatment, meant that virtually all governments worldwide, including those of the EU Member States, introduced numerous restrictions on the movement and close contacts of people. In additi...

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic governments of all the EU Member States have put in place a series of instruments designed to contain the spread of the coronavirus and reduce health problems of the population. In most cases, these instruments have led to business restrictions or even shutdowns in selected sectors. They also distorted supply and produc...

Research background: In recent decades, services in international trade have been growing steadily in importance, and there has been strong growth in China?s trade in services as a result of the ?opening up? policy. China has become the European Union?s second biggest trading partner in services with the European Union (EU), being China?s largest t...

Before the EU accession state aid structure in candidate countries varied substantially compared to that in the EU. One would expect that eighteen years of EU membership should have bridged the gap between the Visegrad group countries and the EU average. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to assess the degree of similarity between state aid granted...

Lockdowns imposed by the European Union (EU) Member States produced significant consequences in the form of losses to companies, which is why the Member States decided to assist businesses from public funds. This paper aims to identify and initially assess the implementation of schemes under which coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)-related state a...

When Poland joined the European Union (EU) on May 1, 2004, it transferred its national competences in the field ofexternal trade policy to the EU institutions. As a result, on the one hand, as of that date Poland may neither changeduties on goods imported from outside of the EU, nor may it conclude trade agreements with third countries. Nowadays,Po...

The digital market has already become a reality in the world. Internet platforms, including so-called gatekeepers, are becoming the primary managers of both the social, scientific, and political content they deliver and the places where providers of goods and services connect with consumers (including other economic operators). Gatekeepers are big...

Research background: The developed economies are perceived as the main players in trade in services, however, some fast-growing emerging markets, including China, have also become prominent actors. The growth that the Chinese economy experienced over recent years brought it to the position of the EU’s second-biggest trading partner with the EU bein...

In 2020 notable Polish professors and experts researching topics related to Poland’s accession to the European Union participated in a common project, which resulted in a book entitled Polska w Unii Europejskiej. Od stowarzyszenia do piętnastolecia członkostwa [Poland in the European Union. From Association to Fifteen Years of Membership], with an...

Taking into consideration all changes in the EU law after Poland’s accession, one can assume, that directions and scope of public interventions should be similar among the EU Member States. At the same time, it is obvious, that they should take account of financial constraints, starting points and national/government preferences. Therefore, the pri...

In July 2020 the EU leaders agreed on a record-high EUR 1.82 trillion financial package. The final budgetary deal was reached in December 2020. It combines the standard 7-year budget for 2021-2027 (Multiannual Financial Framework) and an emergency recovery program, Next Generation EU. This stimulus package is intended to foster quicker recovery fro...

Research background: In last decades, the importance of services in international trade was growing steadily. Until quite recently, the developed economies were perceived as the main players in trade in services. However, last years witnessed a change as a result of which some fast-growing emerging markets, including China, have also become promine...

The aim of the study was to identify changes in the EU state aid rules triggered by COVID-19, as well as to assess state aid measures offered by Poland from the perspective of their potential impact on competition within the Internal Market of the EU. To this end, an analysis was carried out of not only changes in the EU legislation but also of aid...

Bearing in mind recent challenges and opportunities faced by the EU, the paper is aimed at finding and evaluating common and conflicting interests of Poland and Germany, as two countries heaving different needs but looking for common solutions, towards new industrial policy of the EU. To this end, we set a scene analysing some statistics on a posit...

The COVID-19 pandemic has been an extraordinary event for the EU Member States and a period wherein EU legislation and the efficiency of EU institutions have been put to the test. The crisis triggered by the decisions made by governments in Europe (which were motivated by their wishes to protect the health and lives of their peoples and to satisfy...

The position of information and communication technology (ICT) services is growing in the European Union (EU) trade, however to different extend in different EU countries. The article aims to identify trade positions of the EU Member States in intra-EU trade and extra-EU trade in ICT services and to assess changes that have taken place in the years...

Studies conducted so far suggest that SEZs are not treated by local authorities as the main mechanism of job creation in a given region. The objective of this paper is to highlight potential mechanisms through which SEZs impact labour markets in poviats (counties) in Poland. To this end we conducted a comparative analysis of changes that had taken...

Studies conducted so far suggest that SEZs are not treated by local authorities as the main mechanism of job creation in a given region. The objective of this paper is to highlight potential mechanisms through which SEZs impact labour markets in poviats (counties) in Poland. To this end we conducted a comparative analysis of changes that had taken...

W książce omówiono 20 instrumentów służących pobudzaniu rozwoju przez samorządy lokalne.

Niniejsze opracowanie stanowi wynik projektu badawczego zrealizowanego w ramach Instytutu Gospodarki Światowej SGH w Warszawie, którego celem było przedstawienie chińskiej Inicjatywy Pasa i Szlaku (BRI), motywów za nią stojących, głównych jej składowych oraz obecnych i potencjalnych przyszłych skutków. Realizacja tego projektu przypadła na okres pr...

Industry 4.0-a German concept of future industry development designed to cover both manufacturing and services through the digitalization of economic relations among businesses and between businesses and customers. We have observed how the EU industry and its growth have been shaped by a number of challenges and opportunities specific to different...

A new concept of the Industry 4.0 revolution is completely different from the previous ones. At this point, it is worth reminding that mechanisation, i.e., the invention and use of the steam engine, marks the beginning of the industrial age Industry 1.0. The next step included electrification which replaced less efficient steam engines with electri...

Immediately after EU accession, Poland was not granting a lot of state aid (as % of GDP) in comparison to other EU Member States, including Central and Eastern European Countries. Poland, at the beginning of its EU membership, did not belong to the group of countries that would be willing and able to intervene in the EU Internal Market. Therefore,...

Polska, składając 30 lat temu wniosek o rozpoczęcie rozmów w sprawie Układu Europejskiego, rozpoczęła drogę ku członkostwu w Unii Europejskiej. Kolejne etapy tego procesu (związane z negocjacjami umowy stowarzyszeniowej i jej wdrażaniem, procesem dostosowywania systemu prawnego oraz gospodarki do wymagań unijnych, rokowaniami akcesyjnymi oraz akcep...

Foreign capital inflow is viewed as a driving force of economic growth and development. To a large extent, the effects it may potentially produce depend on the location choice or, in other words, on the economic advancement of the region in question, available skills on the labour market, and the quality of infrastructure. Capital flows usually lea...

Location factors of foreign direct investment (FDI) can be influenced by local authorities. This paper examines the hypothesis that local authorities’ actions have only a minor impact on location decisions made by foreign investors in Polish gminas (communes). Foreign investors are attracted to Poland, and to specific locations in gminas which offe...

The paper aimed identification of mechanisms of non-tariff barriers used by the EU Member States that affect the intra-EU exchange of agri-food products on the example of the trade between Poland and the Czech Republic. In the beginning the paper presents, the main theoretical assumptions of the free movement of goods, based on subsequent economic...

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest identyfikacja mechanizmów barier pozatary-fowych wpływających na wewnątrzunijną wymianę produktami rolno-spożywczy-mi na przykładzie handlu między Polską a Czechami. Na wstępie przedstawiono główne założenia teoretyczne swobodnego przepływu towarów w oparciu o ko-lejne etapy integracji gospodarczej według Balassa. Na...

Special economic zones (SEZs) in Poland were established explicitly to enhance regional development, crafting a series of investment incentives designed to boost investment attractiveness in particular regions. How have these incentives fared in reality? To capture the impact of SEZs upon regional development in the country, we use a counterfactual...

Tendencies in national actions against foreign products currently observed in the European Union indicate protectionism or at least discrimination. The aim of this article is to describe economic mechanisms of applying selected import-related policy instruments of Member States and to identify some potential directions of their impact on the functi...

There is a common belief that the Visegrád countries (the V4) they have benefited enormously from being part of the Internal Market. Nowadays, the EU Internal Market faces new, extraordinary challenges: the processes of servitization and digitalisation, which have exerted unquestionable impact upon the intra-EU trade. This paper is aimed at identif...

Present economic situation in the EU after the crisis of 2008–2010, escalating protectionism among EU Member States, voices in favour of re-industrialization of the EU economy in a traditional style of the 1970s and the 1980s, and the British leadership in services and new business models are the most important challenges for the future development...

Recently, following the period of fascination with services, we can hear more and more often about the need for reindustrialization in the European Union, as an opposition to the rapid development of the service sector. As a result of economic crisis of 2008-2010, instead of introducing new business models which implement a concept of servitization...

Streszczenie: Unijny rynek usług jest częścią rynku wewnętrznego UE, która w najwięk-szym stopniu doświadcza obecności licznych barier. Po latach zastoju, od początku nowe-go wieku podjęto działania w kierunku realizacji idei swobody świadczenia usług, jednak mimo przyjęcia dyrektywy usługowej w 2006 r. wciąż na rynku usług występuje wiele barier....

Industrial policy can be defined on the basis of various factors. On one hand, it concerns all objectives, activities, and tools and their effects on only industry per se. On the other hand, due to substantial changes in business models, consumers’ needs and expectations, and access to new techniques and technologies, including digital platforms, t...

There is no single, common agreed-upon definition of industrial policy. The nature and scope of industrial policies adopted by states has changed over time. Historically, national governments played a central role in the implementation of industrial policy by supporting infant industries, ‘picking the winners’ and investing large amounts of public...

Public financial support is often treated as one of the most important governmental instruments to boost the growth, development and competitiveness of an economy and of companies. However it can also have a negative effect on both: aforementioned economy and companies. Due to the fact that the internal market of the EU represents an area of free m...

There is no definition of a modern industrial policy. However, since the crisis period a wide-ranging discussion has been underway among politicians, entrepreneurs and researchers on the concept of industrial policy. Some are in favour of a traditional approach to it. Nonetheless, due to the globalisation process, servitization, outsourcing, offsho...

State aid is one of the most willingly-used traditional industrial policy tools. This is due to the fact that it is simple, clear and understood by politicians, society, and companies, and its effects are often very quick. On the other hand however, every financial intervention on the market should be performed only for the purpose of tackling a de...

W sierpniu 2014 r. Federacja Rosyjska nałożyła embargo na przywóz wielu artykułów rolno-spożywczych m.in. z państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej, w tym z Polski. W przypadku Polski było to drugie embargo nałożone po akcesji do Unii Europejskiej. Celem badania była ocena konsekwencji nałożenia przez Federację Rosyjską zakazów importu z Polski jedn...

The main objective of this book has been to carry out research into the definition of industrial policy and its goals; to evaluate previously-introduced policies and instruments; and to identify the future challenges for and features of a modern EU industrial policy. A modern industrial policy is seen as a non-traditional policy towards the industr...

Competitiveness involves a variety of factors, however recently special attention has been paid to innovative solutions that have become crucial for the development of fi rms and economies. Due to the fact that there are many market failures identifi ed within research and development activities, many theorists, entrepreneurs and politicians accept...

The European Commission has lately been exposed to increasing pressure from the Italian and Greek Governments to actively participate in solving the problem of growing immigration from African and Middle East countries. This surging pressure has resulted in actions aimed at redistributing immigrants among the EU Member States. The implementation of...

Inwestycje realizowane w celu prowadzenia pozarolniczej działalności gospodarczej są jednym z istotniejszych stymulatorów rozwoju i wzrostu gospodarczego w regionie. Jednakże z ich realizacją związane są nie tylko korzyści w postaci nowych miejsc pracy, aktywizacji społeczeństwa, napływu nowych technologii, czy też możliwości wejścia lokalnych firm...

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) were established to attract entrepreneurs to invest in Polish regions in order to increase their social and economic development. One of the most important incentives offered in SEZs is state aid in the form of an income tax exemption. The objective of this paper is to verify if the regional state aid granted to entrep...

State aid is one of the economic policy instruments enhancing competitiveness of national entrepreneurs at national and regional level. !ere are many types of state aid which may have an impact on the growth of companies. On the other hand, public interventions should take place only to tackle market failures. !e aim of the study is to identify the...

The aim of this chapter is a review of the literature concerning regional interventions conducted within regional policy. The first part of the chapter presents different political, social and economic arguments opting for the introduction of regional policy. This is followed by a presentation of a wide range of instruments used within regional pol...

This book, entitled ‘Regional Dimension of the EU Economic Policy in Poland’, has been prepared within the framework of a research project coordinated by the Jean Monnet Chair of European Integration in the Collegium of World Economy at the Warsaw School of Economics. The main objective of the research was to assess the consequences and compatibili...

Recently we have been hearing more and more often about the need of reindustrialization in the European Union. Following the period of fascination with the development of the service sector, European politicians started seeking a way to boost economic growth through support to industry. The challenge currently facing the EU is the future of the sin...

A contribution to the discussion on the Internal Market Strategy for goods and services.

Following the period of fascination with services, European politicians started seeking ways to induce economic growth through backing the industry. The trend was launched in the times of economic crisis in the first decade of the 21st century; however, attempts to give it flesh were made in Europe 2020 Strategy. As a result of economic crisis, ins...

Pomoc regionalna, jak każde wsparcie publiczne, powinna być udzielana wyłącznie w przypadku występowania tzw. zawodności rynku. Celem pomocy regionalnej jest zwiększenie atrakcyjności inwestycyjnej słabo rozwiniętego regionu poprzez sfinansowanie dodatkowych kosztów, które muszą ponieść przedsiębiorcy w związku z inwestowaniem w słabszych i gorzej...

Regional state aid has been aimed at reducing the additional costs incurred by entrepreneurs who decide to invest in underdeveloped regions, typically with low-skilled labour force, poor transport and telecommunication infrastructure, and lack of networks of suppliers and buyers. Entrepreneurs were o ered the opportunity to induce additional inves...

Period of functioning of special economic zones in Poland (SEZ) after 10 years of membership in the European Union allows one to draw some conclusions about both the need, e"ectiveness and the results of public interventions in the form of tax breaks for businesses that invest in these areas. Of the sixteen originally created SEZ, still remain four...

After the economic crisis of 2008–2010 the Member States, instead of improving cooperation and deepening their integration within the Internal Market of the EU, began thinking about public interventions, including changes in state aid rules and the introduction of a new industrial policy. The concept of a new industrial policy is subordinated to th...

An economic crisis of the recent years contributed to the increase in state aid granted to entrepreneurs. The objective of the research was to identify possible relations between state aid granted to Polish entrepreneurs and their export. Two categories of state aid which have the highest share in the total value of public aid offered in Poland,...

Celem niniejszego podrozdziału jest analiza wpływu Polski, jako kraju sprawującego prezydencję w Radzie Unii Europejskiej, na debatę europejską w odniesieniu do kwestii gospodarczych i finansowych. W związku z tym wyróżniono dwa przykłady sfer wpływu polskiej prezydencji na postępy prac programowych i legislacyjnych w odniesieniu do dokumentów będą...

The aim of this chapter is to review the literature devoted to factors which attract or discourage entrepreneurs to invest in different locations. The first part of the chapter presents different concepts and definitions of regions. This is followed by a presentation of the classic theories concerning the location of business activities in regions,...

This chapter outlines the latest changes in the rules for granting regional state in the period of 2014–2020, with a special focus on how the new rules will directly influence the investment attractiveness of all EU regions, including those in Poland. Regional aid is supposed to contribute to achieving an “objective of common interest,” i.e. reinfo...

This section of the report aims to examine how Poland’s turn at the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union in the second half of 2011 impacted the ongoing debate on selected economic and financial issues within the European Union. We will look at how the Polish presidency influenced the progress of work on some key EU legislation...

This monograph presents the results of the latest comparative studies conducted by the World Economy Research Institute at the Warsaw School of Economics. The book aims to determine Poland’s competitive position in the European Union 10 years after the country’s entry into the bloc. The Polish economy is shown in a broader comparative perspective a...

The main objective of the book is to identify and evaluate the major changes in the Cohesion Policy of the European Union and their effects on Polish regions for the period of 2014-2020. The reader will learn how these changes result from the successful agreement on the Multiannual Financial Framework and implementation of the Europe 2020 strategy....

It is generally accepted, after Béla Balassa, that the common market is the third stage of economic integration, preceded by the free trade area and the customs union. However, from the practical point of view, it should be stressed that these stages do not necessarily have to occur in order and that not all of them have to precede the common marke...

This book presents the results of systematic comparative research conducted for more than 20 years at the World Economy Institute of the Warsaw School of Economics. This year’s edition seeks to evaluate changes in the competitiveness of the Polish economy in 2012, at both the macroeconomic and regional levels. This assessment is the basis for a fur...