Abu-Hussein Muhamad

Congenitally missing anterior teeth alters the patient's physiognomy and diction in a big way. Maxillary incisor agenesis, prominently the lateral incisor is the most common congenitally missing permanent tooth, in the anterior maxillary region, which is the esthetic zone, representing approximately 20% of all dental anomalies.[1,2] Treatment plann...

Abstract Craniofacial anomalies (CFA) are a highly diverse group of complex congenital anomalies. Collectively they affect a significant proportion of the global society. Cleft lip and palate (CL±P) is one of the most common congenital deformities of craniofacial malformation leads to various dental anomalies in early childhood. .[1-4] The defects...

Congenitally missing teeth are frequently presented to the dentist. Interdisciplinary approach may be needed for the proper treatment plan.[1,2] The available treatment modalities to replace congenitally missing teeth include prosthodontic fixed and removable prostheses, resin bonded retainers, orthodontic movement of maxillary canine to the latera...

Traumatic dental injuries are very common and mainly affect children and adolescents. Maxillary incisors are more prone to fracture and affect the facial appearance of the patient. Reattachment of fractured fragment provides immediate treatment with better esthetics in a short time by preserving dental tissues and conserves sound tooth structure, m...

Artificial Intelligence tools in Orthodontics advance the role and facilitate the analyses of imaging phenotypes in patients that need to orthodontic, orthopedic and/or surgical correction. That includes automated procedures for image anonymization, segmentation, landmark identification, standardized orientation, registration and quantification/cla...

Hormones have an important influence on the rate of tooth movement, and information on their consumption is essential to adequately discuss treatment planning with patients. Orthodontic tooth movement results from the response of the periodontal tissue to orthodontic force, which leads to modeling and remodeling of the surrounding alveolar bone. Th...

Diastema is described as space more than 0.5 mm between the teeth. Spacing of upper or lower central incisors is commonly known as midline diastema. It is the most usual forms of incomplete occlusion present usually between the maxillary incisors than the mandibular incisors. It's a dark space between adjacent teeth that are separated from each oth...

Both the primary and permanent dentitions may be affected by variations in the number, size, and form of the teeth, as well as the structure of the dental hard tissues.These variations may be caused by local or systemically acting environmental factors and genetically determined, or possibly from a combination of both two factors.[1-4] Dental anoma...

Ectopic teeth can be supernumerary, deciduous or permanent, and can occur in a wide variety of locations outside of the cavity of the mouth.[1-3] While supernumerary teeth are rare, supernumerary intranasal teeth are rarer.[1-5] It is not clear what causes the eruption of teeth intranasally; however, trauma, infection, radiation, and developmental...

Ectopic teeth can be supernumerary, deciduous or permanent, and can occur in a wide variety of locations outside of the cavity of the mouth.[1-3] While supernumerary teeth are rare, supernumerary intranasal teeth are rarer.[1-5] It is not clear what causes the eruption of teeth intranasally; however, trauma, infection, radiation, and developmental...

The presentation describes a method for fabrication of anterior class IV composite restoration.[1,2] The case presented here deals with direct restoration of fractured maxillary central incisors with composite resin using „Silicone Index Technique‟. [3-7]This method reduces the chair side time and provides superior control of restoration contours a...

Diastema is described as space more than 0.5 mm between the teeth. It is the most usual forms of incomplete occlusion present usually between the maxillary incisors than the mandibular incisors. It's a dark space between adjacent teeth that are separated from each other, with no presence of a contact area. Causes for this defect may be an extremely...

Due to the importance of aesthetics in human life, the number of people seeking dental treatment has significantly increased. Diastema between the teeth negatively affects the patients' smile, psychology and daily activities by creating disharmony in the patients' faces. Diastema, which refers to the space between two teeth, can occur for a variety...

Background: Patients undergoing tooth movement in orthodontics often utilize non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) to alleviate inflammation and discomfort.[1-3] On the other hand, the orthodontic profession is still debating whether or not NSAIDs slow down or hinder tooth mobility.[1-5] Materials and Methods: About 60 mouths that ne...

Esthetic treatment of maxillary lateral incisor agenesis with osseointegrated implants: a 10 years prospective clinical study DR. ABU-HUSSEIN MUHAMAD DDS,MSc,MScD,Cert.Ped.,PGCert, FPFA,FICD Private practice limited to PEDIATRIC DENTISREY in Athens,Greece. ORCID iD0000-0002-4961-5044 abuhusseinmuhamad@gmail.com ABSTRACT Congenitally missing teeth a...

Congenitally missing teeth are frequently presented to the dentist. Interdisciplinary approach may be needed for the proper treatment plan.[1,2] The available treatment modalities to replace congenitally missing teeth include prosthodontic fixed and removable prostheses, resin bonded retainers, orthodontic movement of maxillary canine to the latera...

Congenitally missing teeth are frequently presented to the dentist. Interdisciplinary approach may be needed for the proper treatment plan.[1,2] The available treatment modalities to replace congenitally missing teeth include prosthodontic fixed and removable prostheses, resin bonded retainers, orthodontic movement of maxillary canine to the latera...

Diastema is described as space more than 0.5 mm between the teeth. It is the most usual forms of incomplete occlusion present usually between the maxillary incisors than the mandibular incisors.[1-3] It's a dark space between adjacent teeth that are separated from each other, [4]with no presence of a contact area.[5,6] Correction of diastema withou...

Orthodontic tooth movement, a fundamental aspect of orthodontic treatment, involves the controlled application of mechanical forces to induce desired changes in tooth position and alignment.[1-2]Pain and inflammation are common occurrences during orthodontic treatment due to activating inflammatory pathways and remodeling bone and periodontal tissu...

Background: Patients undergoing tooth movement in orthodontics often utilize non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) to alleviate inflammation and discomfort.[1-3] On the other hand, the orthodontic profession is still debating whether or not NSAIDs slow down or hinder tooth mobility.[1-5] Materials and Methods: About 60 mouths that ne...

Orthodontic tooth movement, a fundamental aspect of orthodontic treatment, involves the controlled application of mechanical forces to induce desired changes in tooth position and alignment.[1-2]Pain and inflammation are common occurrences during orthodontic treatment due to activating inflammatory pathways and remodeling bone and periodontal tissu...

Abstract Cleft Lip and Palate is severe birth defect occurring one in 700-1000 newborn infants. Cleft lip and palate together account for 50% of all cases whereas isolated cleft lip and palate occur in about 25% of cases[`1-4]. Management of Cleft Lip and Palate is carried out by multi disciplinary team approach. When ever a child is born with clef...

The presentation describes a method for fabrication of anterior class IV composite restoration.[1] The case presented here deals with direct restoration of fractured maxillary central incisors with composite resin using "Silicone Index Technique". [2,3]This method reduces the chair side time and provides superior control of restoration contours as...

15-16, 2016 Volume 5, Issue 3(Suppl) Page 40 Cleft Lip and Palate: The Multidisciplinary Management Abu-Hussein Muhamad DDS, MScD, MSc, M DentSci (Paed Dent), FICD Athens Greece Cleft lip and/or palate are the most common craniofacial anomalies, occurring disproportionately across the world.[1,2] Cleft anomalies affect several organs and functions...

Abstract Detecting impaction of the maxillary permanent central incisor early is crucial as it's a rare occurrence in dental practice. Its treatment poses challenges due to its significant role in facial aesthetics. [1-5]Timely identification of these teeth is crucial for preventing complications. [1-4]The clinical case involves a 12-year old male...

Composite resins can be effectively recycled to progress the patient's esthetics concluded minimally invasive, low cost and high clinical presentation managements.[1-6] The layering techniques of composite resins in different thicknesses, with varying grades of opacity and translucency, permit to create esthetic restorations with dental structures...

The phrase “biomimetic” was coined by biophysicist/biomedical engineer Otto Schmitt in the and refers to the study of multi-disciplinary mechanisms and biologically produced materials to design novel products to mimic nature.[1,2] Biomimetic is derived from Latin word “bio” meaning life, and “mimetic” is related to the imitation or mimicking bioche...

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) comprise of a group of diseases of the heart and vascular system affecting majority of individuals worldwide. Relation between oral health and cardiac diseases has been well established. Common cardiac disorders encountered in a dental practice include arterial hypertension, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, cardi...

Congenital tooth agenesis and tooth loss due to dental traumatism are some of the most common causes leading to rehabilitation of young patients with dental implants. [1,2]The success of treating congenitally missing teeth with implant-supported prosthesis is no more guided only by osseointegration criteria. Nowadays the successful rehabilitation o...

Congenital tooth agenesis and tooth loss due to dental traumatism are some of the most common causes leading to rehabilitation of young patients with dental implants. [1,2]The success of treating congenitally missing teeth with implant-supported prosthesis is no more guided only by osseointegration criteria. Nowadays the successful rehabilitation o...

Impaction refers to the complete or partial failure of a tooth to erupt beyond the typical age of eruption. In mixed dentition, permanent tooth impaction is uncommon; nonetheless, central incisor impaction is typically identified when the tooth fails to emerge Impaction of maxillary central incisors is frequent in dental practice. However its manag...

Minimally intervention dentistry (MID) adopts a philosophy that integrates prevention, remineralisation and minimal intervention for the placement and replacement of restorations. The objective is tissue preservation (preferably by preventing disease and intercepting its progress), this means performing treatment with as little tissue loss as possi...

Certificate for reviewing the manuscript: Ms/IJRRD/130112

The presentation describes a method for fabrication of anterior class IV composite restoration.[1,2] The case presented here deals with direct restoration of fractured maxillary central incisors with composite resin using "Silicone Index Technique". [3-7]This method reduces the chair side time and provides superior control of restoration contours a...

This course will cover both anterior and posterior restoration techniques, blending artistic approaches with clinical skills. Participants will engage in practical workshops and case discussions, enhancing their ability to achieve optimal aesthetic results in restorative dentistry.[1-10] By the End, Here’s What You’ll Be Able to Do: • Master anteri...

SUPERNUMERARY TEETH AND SYNDROMIC ASSOCIATION ABU-HUSSEIN MUHAMAD Limited to Pediatric Dentistry DDS,MSc,MScD,Cert.Ped.,PGCert, FPFA Athens-Greece *Corresponding Author E-mail: abuhusseinmuhamad@gmail.com ________________________________________ ABSTRACT Both the primary and permanent dentitions may be affected by variations in the number, size...

A fractured tooth, especially in the anterior segment of the mouth, is an eyesore that can create painful self-consciousness depending on the individual’s personality. The patient could shy away from regular activities because of his or her appearance. For a dentist it is a great advertisement for the practice if these fractures can be fixed quickl...

Sciences provide different approaches to the study of man: man can be scrutinized in terms of molecules, tissues and organs, as a living creature, and as a social and a spiritual person.Correspondingly,philosophy of science investigates the philosophical assumptions, foundations, and implications of the sciences. It is an enormous field, covering s...

Trauma affected tooth structure and malocclusions such as midline diastema pose a serious esthetic problem and stagnant a person confidence. Apart from its esthetic font, other problems associated could be impaired phonetics and hindered oral hygiene maintenance. Composite resin material provided the required esthetic and strength value, along with...

Direct composite resins have the potential to offer a reasonably predictable alternative to amalgam and other metal-based restoratives. This assumes they are utilized in the appropriate clinical situation and are properly placed. In fact, the increasing demand for tooth-colored restorations, conservation of tooth structure, and cosmetic dental proc...

Oro-facial trauma is quite common cause of tooth loss with crown fracture accounting to 92% of all traumatic injuries to the permanent dentition [1]. Coronal fracture requires urgent functional and esthetic repair as along with physical it tends the person’s confidence [2]. Coronal fractures of permanent incisors represent 18-22% being simple (enam...

Direct composite resins have the potential to offer a reasonably predictable alternative to amalgam and other metal-based restoratives. This assumes they are utilized in the appropriate clinical situation and are properly placed. In fact, the increasing demand for tooth-colored restorations, conservation of tooth structure, and cosmetic dental proc...

Direct composite resins have the potential to offer a reasonably predictable alternative to amalgam and other metal-based restoratives. This assumes they are utilized in the appropriate clinical situation and are properly placed. In fact, the increasing demand for tooth-colored restorations, conservation of tooth structure, and cosmetic dental proc...

Congenitally missing teeth are frequently presented to the dentist. Interdisciplinary approach may be needed for the proper treatment plan.[1,2] The available treatment modalities to replace congenitally missing teeth include prosthodontic fixed and removable prostheses, resin bonded retainers, orthodontic movement of maxillary canine to the latera...

Composite resin bonding is the quickest, most conservative and affordable method to repair minor tooth fractures and replace old anterior fillings. Thanks to improvements in color and strength, the dentist has ultimate control over the final outcome of this transformation. Layering of different colors and opacities allows the composite to mimic nat...

Cleft lip with or while not congenital abnormality [CL(P)] is that the commonest innate malformation within the head and neck. The birth of a baby with a cleft may be a tough and showing emotion charged time for the child's family.[1] Evaluation and treatment of the child with cleft lip and/or cleft palate requires a long-term comprehensive and mul...

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a technology which is quickly advancing and has captivated the minds of researchers across the globe. The adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare is developing while profoundly changing the face of healthcare delivery. There is a marked increase in the evolution of AI from the last decade, which has be...

Introduction: Hyperdontia is the condition of having supernumerary teeth, or teeth which appear inaddition to the regular number of teeth. The prevalence rates of supernumerary teeth in the permanent dentition amounts 0.1-6.9%, and in deciduous dentition 0.4-0.8%. The presence of supernumerary teeth can be found in everyday dental practice. This st...

Midline diastema is a space between the maxillary and/or mandibular central incisors. Midline diastema can be due to various causes such as genetic, environmental, and so on. Proper history taking and correct diagnosis of the etiology of the diastema is essential to ensure that the orthodontic correction is successful, and no future relapse takes p...

Composite resin bonding is the quickest, most conservative and affordable method to repair minor tooth fractures and replace old anterior fillings. Thanks to improvements in color and strength, the dentist has ultimate control over the final outcome of this transformation. Layering of different colors and opacities allows the composite to mimic nat...

Congenitally missing teeth (CMT), or as usually called hypodontia, is a highly prevalent and costly dental anomaly.[1,2] Besides an unfavorable appearance, patients with missing teeth may suffer from malocclusion, periodontal damage,insuffcient alveolar bone growth, reduced chewing ability, inarticulate pronunciation and other problems. Treatment m...

Missing maxillary lateral incisors is a common developmental anomaly and often creates a major esthetic problem due to their position in the dental arch.[1-9] Treatment in such cases depends on either creation of space followed by prosthetic replacement or closing the space and replacing the missing lateral incisors by canines.[1-12] In this report...

Erythema multiforme (EM) is an acute, immune-mediated mucocutaneous disease, which may be related to herpes simplex virus, use of certain medications, autoimmune disease, radiation, immunization, pregnancy, period, and food additives or chemicals. It is a condition that occurs predominantly in young adults, with a slight female preponderance and no...

Corticosteroids are one of the extensively used drugs in dentistry. It is regarded as a double-edged sword. On one side it is extensively used because of its excellent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties whereas on the other side it has certain contraindications. The current review gives an insight view of its diverse usages, side-ef...

Diastema, defined as a space between teeth, may occur due to genetic reasons such as size and shape anomalies of the teeth, Bolton mismatch, impacted teeth or labial frenulum connections. The aim of this case report is to treat the diastema -seen between the maxillary central teeth with direct composite resin restoration. As a result of intraoral...

Treatment of tooth wear has increased over the last two decades. However, the treatments involved have not been satisfactory to most patients, nor have they achieved the expected goal on some worn teeth.[1,2] New approaches have emerged to reconstruct full arches in a minimally invasive way that take advantage of developments in the field of adhesi...

The Golden Proportion of dentistry is a mathematical analysis tool for assessing the widths and the dominance of the maxillary anterior teeth. It is done from a frontal photographic view of the patient.The simplest description of the golden proportion is that if we take the lateral incisor as a factor of 1, then the central incisor would be 1.6. Th...

Diastema is described as space more than 0.5 mm between the teeth. It is the most usual forms of incomplete occlusion present usually between the maxillary incisors than the mandibular incisors. It's a dark space between adjacent teeth that are separated from each other, with no presence of a contact area. Causes for this defect may be an extremely...

The term hypodontia is used when one to six teeth, excluding third molars, are missing, and oligodontia when more than six teeth are absent (excluding the third molars). The long-term management of hypodontia in the aesthetic zone is a particularly challenging situation. Although there are essentially two distinct approaches to manage this problem,...

This course will cover both anterior and posterior restoration techniques, blending artistic approaches with clinical skills. Participants will engage in practical workshops and case discussions, enhancing their ability to achieve optimal aesthetic results in restorative dentistry.[1-10] By the End, Here’s What You’ll Be Able to Do: • Master anteri...

*Abstract: (175 to 275 words) Today’s composite resin systems offer the clinician various enamel and dentin shades to mimic the variations of tooth opacities and translucencies. [1,2]The clinicians must propose high aesthetics in the front part and the choice of exact treatment plan.[1-4] Repeated reconstructions are needed in many cases because of...

Today’s composite resin systems offer the clinician various enamel and dentin shades to mimic the variations of tooth opacities and translucencies. [1,2]The clinicians must propose high aesthetics in the front part and the choice of exact treatment plan.[1-4] Repeated reconstructions are needed in many cases because of compromised results as time p...

ABSTRACT In dentistry treatment of difficult cases may be accomplished using an interdisciplinary approach.[1-4] This presentation describes the orthodontic treatment in a female patient (12-years old) which was diagnosed with congenitally missing of upper left lateral incisor and Angle’s Class III malocclusion.[1-9] The treatment plan was interdis...

Introduction. Composite resins can be successfully used to improve the patient's esthetics through minimally invasive, low cost and high clinical performance treatments. The layering techniques of composite resins in different thicknesses, with varying degrees of opacity and translucency, permit to create esthetic restorations with dental structu...

Today's composite resin systems offer the clinician various enamel and dentin shades to mimic the variations of tooth opacities and translucencies.[1,2] The clinicians must propose high aesthetics in the front part and the choice of exact treatment plan.[3,4] Repeated reconstructions are needed in many cases because of compromised results as time p...

Congenitally missing teeth are frequently presented to the dentist. Interdisciplinary approachmay be needed for the proper treatment plan. The available treatment modalities to replacecongenitally missing teeth include prosthodontic fixed and removable prostheses, resinbonded retainers, orthodontic movement of maxillary canine to the lateral inciso...

Composite resin bonding is the quickest, most conservative and affordable method to repair minor tooth fractures and replace old anterior fillings . Thanks to improvements in color and strength, the dentist has ultimate control over the final outcome of this transformation. Layering of different colors and opacities allows the composite to mimic na...

It can be challenging to create a visually-pleasing anterior composite restoration.[1] The anterior teeth are, essentially, the ones you see when you smile. For obvious reasons, people want perfectly-crafted replacements. [2,3]To be successful, the clinician needs to understand proper shade selection and must be able to accurately replicate the nat...

Until recent decades, apically immature necrotic teeth were indicative of apical growth. With advances in dentistry such as improved irrigation in procedures, better visualization of the surgical field, and advanced skills of endodontists, endodontic surgery has become the focus of attention. This review article addresses the tissue engineering, pu...

The term hypodontia is used when one to six teeth, excluding third molars, are missing, and oligodontia when more than six teeth are absent (excluding the third molars). The long-term management of hypodontia in the aesthetic zone is a particularly challenging situation. Although there are essentially two distinct approaches to manage this problem,...

Esthetic restoration of the smile: directly veneering a discolored anterior tooth• Case report: Although direct composite veneering discolored anterior teeth is quite widespread, proper reproduction of their natural appearance requires much from the professional.The restoration and re-establishment of a patient's dental aesthetics is among the impo...

Dental trauma frequently results in coronal fractures of the front teeth. Root canal therapy followed by reattaching the fractured segment with fiber post reinforcement is a viable alternative in cases of complex fractures where the fractured segment is present and there is close approximation of the segment to the intact tooth. Reattaching a fract...

Minimally invasive dentistry adopts a philosophy that integrates prevention, remineralization and minimal intervention for the placement and replacement of restorations. Minimally invasive dentistry reaches the treatment objective using the least invasive surgical approach, with the removal of the minimal amount of healthy tissues.This case report...

Conical tooth anomaly" is defined as those anomalies associated with volumes and shapes of the teeth, and as the malformation in which dental crowns are similar with cone and shape bluntly and in which mesiodistal crown size is smaller than cervical size. Although many treatment options are adopted for regaining the aesthetic structure and function...

Composi te restorations are a reality of day to day dentistry today.[1-4] They over the last two decades have revolutionized restorative and aesthetic dentistry.[5,6] It has hoverer been always a challenge to make them look and function like natural teeth.[7,8] The materials not being like tooth tissues or the inability of the practitioner to maste...

Congenital absence of maxillary lateral incisors is a frequent clinical challenge which must be solved by a multidisciplinary approach in order to obtain an esthetic and functional restorative treatment.. Fixed prosthodontic and removable prostheses, resin bonded retainers, orthodontic movement of maxillary canine to the lateral incisor site and si...

The term hypodontia is used when one to six teeth, excluding third molars, are missing, and oligodontia when more than six teeth are absent (excluding the third molars). The long-term management of hypodontia in the aesthetic zone is a particularly challenging situation. Although there are essentially two distinct approaches to manage this problem,...

The use of resin composite as a restorative material for load bearing situations in posterior teeth (termed 'posterior composite' throughout this article) has increased in recent years. However, in terms of dental history, posterior composite is relatively young, at least compared with dental amalgam, which has been the 'gold standard' for over 125...

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a technological breakthrough that is rapidly progressing all over the world. AI has a variety of uses in medicine and dentistry, ranging from data analysis to using neural networks for diagnosis. AI has received enormous attention and has gone through a transition stage from being a pure statistical tool to being one...

Orthodontics is a specialty, using biomechanical principles of physiological mechanisms that can correct dental malposition and malformations of the jaws to restore a functional and aesthetic dentition. Orthodontic treatments are limited to dental displacements, using either fixed or removable systems. Only the alveolar bone needs to be remodeled....

Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis is relatively common in orthodontic offices and requires multidisciplinary action.[1,2,3,4] While these cases are usually treated with a lateral incisor implant, a resin-modified bridge (RMB), or orthodontic space closure, littleattention has been placed in the literature on comparing these three treatments in a p...

Abstract: The goal of a responsible clinician is to provide his or her patients with functional, long lasting, and esthetically pleasing anterior and posterior restorations, in the most conservative and bio-compatible fashion; direct composite restorations fulfills the ideal requirements mentioned above. For some, direct anterior and posterior comp...

The goal of a responsible clinician is to provide his or her patients with functional, long lasting, and esthetically pleasing anterior and posterior restorations, in the most conservative and bio-compatible fashion; direct composite restorations fulfills the ideal requirements mentioned above. For some, direct anterior and posterior composites can...

300 word limit) The term hypodontia is used when one to six teeth, excluding third molars, are missing, and oligodontia when more than six teeth are absent (excluding the third molars).[1,2,3] The long-term management of hypodontia in the aesthetic zone is a particularly challenging situation. Although there are essentially two distinct approaches...

Cleft lip and/or palate are the most common craniofacial anomalies, occurring disproportionately across the world.[1,2] Cleft anomalies affect several organs and functions within the human body,[3,4] necessitating multidisciplinary treatment across various specialties.[5,6] According to the American Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Association recomme...

Diastema, which refers to the space between two teeth, can occur for a variety of reasons and is common in the front part of the upper jaw. Diastemas with several causes, such as size anomalies, congenital tooth loss, atypical swallowing, and hyper¬trophy of the labial frenulum, can be treated with minimally inva¬sive techniques. Direct prepless co...

The term hypodontia is used when one to six teeth, excluding third molars, are missing, and oligodontia when more than six teeth are absent (excluding the third molars).[1,2,3] The long-term management of hypodontia in the aesthetic zone is a particularly challenging situation. Although there are essentially two distinct approaches to manage this p...

Canine maxillary teeth are aesthetically most dominant teeth which can present a smile as either holy or evi. They define the mouth's corner, are involved in the aesthetic smile, maintain occlusal stability, and design the shape of the dental arch. As the position of the impacted canines is amidst vital anatomical structures like the nasal cavity a...

Diagnosis of malocclusion of the teeth associated with evident neuromuscular dysfunction is a specialized professional skill requiring at least a basic knowledge of the mechanisms of the brain that underlie sensation, perception, learning, memory, and motor control of muscles. A thorough analysis of these mental events is presented in this presenta...