Abdelkader Zebda

• PHD
• Associated professor at Grenoble university Alpes-INSERM

Abiotic 3D-printed cathodes for biofuel cells were manufactured using chitosan-cellulose nanofibres-iron doped graphene hydrogels and the cold material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing technique. The subsequent pyrolysis under ammoniac flux and in-situ n-doping of 3D cathodes led to the generation of conductive 3D electrodes with macroporosity that can...

Controlling redox enzyme adsorption on an electrode surface is a key feature for designing efficient and stable bioelectrodes for biofuel cell applications. Here, we report an analysis of the adsorption mechanism of laccase, which catalyzes the 4-electron reduction reaction of oxygen, on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The adsorption of lac...

3D printing has recently triggered huge attention in several fields such as construction, artificial tissue engineering, food fabrication, wearable electronics, and electrochemical energy storage. This work investigates the fabrication of a 3D-printed abiotic cathode for implantable glucose/oxygen biofuel cells. The ink formulation was optimized t...

Biofuel cells (BFCs) with enzymatic electrocatalysts have attracted significant attention, especially as power sources for wearable and implantable devices; however, the applications of BFCs are limited owing to the limited O2 supply. This can be addressed by using air-diffusion-type bilirubin oxidase (BOD) cathodes, and thus the further developmen...

Genipin is known to polymerize under basic conditions, and the obtained genipin oligomers might have an impact on the chemical and physical properties of the crosslinked materials. In this study, we intend to mimic the experimental condition in which genipin is used as a chemical crosslinker. We focus on the degradation of genipin at neutral and sl...

According to the latest statistics, more than 537 million people around the world struggle with diabetes and its adverse consequences. As well as acute risks of hypo- or hyper- glycemia, long-term vascular complications may occur, including coronary heart disease or stroke, as well as diabetic nephropathy leading to end-stage disease, neuropathy or...

It is essential to construct a biofuel cell-based sensor and develop an effective strategy to detect glucose without any potentiostat circuitry in order to create a simple and miniaturized device. In this report, an enzymatic biofuel cell (EBFC) is fabricated by the facile design of an anode and cathode on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE)....

Implantable devices powered by batteries have been used for sixty years. In recent devices, lithium-based batteries are the most widely used power source. However, lithium batteries have many disadvantages in terms of safety, reliability, and longevity and require regular monitoring and substitution. Implantable glucose biofuel cells (BFCs) are inc...

In this study, we designed a new biosensing membrane for the development of an electrochemical glucose biosensor. To proceed, we used a chitosan-based hydrogel that entraps glucose oxidase enzyme (GOx), and we crosslinked the whole matrix using glutaraldehyde, which is known for its quick and reactive crosslinking behavior. Then, the stability of t...

In this study, we designed a new biosensing membrane for the development of an electrochemical glucose biosensor. To proceed, we used a chitosan-based hydrogel that entraps glucose oxidase enzyme (GOx) and we crosslinked the whole matrix using glutaraldehyde, which is known for its quick and reactive crosslinking behavior. Then, the stability of th...

Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide that has a growing interest in several biomedical applications. Due to its poor solubility in water, aqueous organic acids are required to dissolve chitosan. Chitosan-based materials have been widely investigated for several industrial and biomedical applications. It becomes crucial to study the effect of the add...

In this study we propose the use of an iron/nitrogen co-doped reduced graphene oxide (Fe/N-rGO) based electrode as a cathode for a future glucose biofuel cell application. We used a mechanical compression process to fabricate cathodes in the form of pellets. We studied electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen reduction of the cathode under physiolog...

In this work, the enzyme aldehyde reductase, also known as aldose reductase, was synthesized and cloned from a human gene. Spectrophotometric measurements show that in presence of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate cofactor (NADPH), the aldehyde reductase catalyzed the reduction of glucose to sorbitol. Electrochemical measurements perf...

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is widely accepted as an effective and non-destructive method to assess cell health during cell-culture. However, there is a lack of compact devices compatible with microfluidic integration and microscopy that could provide the real-time and non-invasive monitoring of cell-cultures using EIS. In this pap...

In this study, magnesium oxide (MgO)-templated mesoporous carbon (MgOC) and chitosan cross-linked with genipin (chitosan-genipin) were considered bio-composite inks for screen-printed bioanodes. The fabrication processes were optimized using rheological and structural data, and a bioanode ink containing glucose oxidase (GOx) and 1,2-naphthoquinone...

We have developed paper-based screen-printed biofuel cells using MgO-templated carbon (MgOC) as an electrode material ¹⁾ in which a mediator and an enzyme were immobilized by dropping the solutions on the MgOC surface. However, the immobilization scheme should be shortened for practical applications. In this study, we newly prepare an enzyme-modifi...

In 1968 Wolfson et al. published the concept for producing energy inside the body using catalytic electrodes exposed to the body fluid as an electrolyte and utilising naturally occurring fuels such as glucose. Since then, the technology has advanced to enhance the levels of power using enzymes immobilised within three-dimensional bioelectrodes that...

We discuss the perspectives of designing implantable medical devices that have the criterion of being symbiotic. Our starting point was whether the implanted device is intended to have any two-way (“duplex”) communication of energy or materials with the body. Such duplex communication extends the existing concepts of a biomaterial and biocompatibil...

Electrochemically polymerized phenothiazines (thionine, methylene green, methylene blue, and toluidine blue) on carbon electrodes were investigated as electron transfer mediators of glucose oxidation by flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) for biosensor and biofuel cell applications. Among the tested polyphenothiazi...

Quartz crystal microbalance studies have been carried out to monitor the fusion of lipid vesicles (pure 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, DMPC) and mixed vesicles (DMPC and 4-decylaniline). In order to increase the stability of the lipid deposits onto the electrodes, we have developed an original approach involving electrografting of ads...

The direct electrical connection of laccase on the electrode surface is a key feature in the design of efficient and stable biocathodes. However, laccase can perform a direct electron transfer only when it is in the preferred orientation toward the electrode. Here we report the investigation of the orientation of laccase from white rot fungus on mu...

We designed a supported lipid bilayer (SLB) biomimetic membrane system that comprised polyaniline (PANI) to support a lipid bilayer membrane that incorporated Na⁺/H⁺ transporter proteins (NhaA) to give the system the capability of controllable electrogenic ion transport. The high turnover rate of NhaA (∽ 10⁵ per min) provides the basis for this PAN...

We report enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs)based on MgO-templated carbon (MgOC)-carbon textile composite electrodes, which are lightweight, flexible, and used as liquid containers. MgOC particles with a pore size of 40 nm were modified on a carbon cloth substrate using poly(vinylidenedifluoride)as an anodic binder and polytetrafluoroethylene as a cat...

We report a new approach to fabricate an efficient 3D glucose bioanode based on the co-immobilization of the enzyme glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), its cofactor NADP, and Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) coated with poly (methylene green) (PMG). The MWCNT-PMG composite was obtained by chemical polymerization of methylene green (MG) monomer on the M...

For practical outcomes, to avoid cumbersome and undesirable sample preparation, biosensors require engineered sample interfacing control the dynamics of exchange at the sensing surface. This is a particular priority for biomedical biosensors, given the diversity of cellular and macromolecular sample constituents capable of disrupting not only the t...

There is a growing interest in the design and engineering of operational biofuel cells that can be implanted. This review highlights the recent progress in the electrochemistry of biofuel cell technologies, but with a particular emphasis on the medical and physiological aspects that impact the biocompatibility of biofuel cells operating inside a li...

A bioelectronic device comprising an enzymatic biofuel cell (GBFC) connected to a wireless tele-transmission system was implanted in a rabbit and its function was monitored and controlled in vivo for a period of 2 months. After the 18th day of implantation, the tele-transmission system was used to wirelessly charge and discharge the operational GBF...

A three-dimensional biocathode structure was fabricated by compacting chitosan, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and laccase from Trametes versicolor in a mechanical press. The effect of functionalizing the MWCNTs with amine groups on the morphology, the electrocatalytic activity and the stability of the biocathode were evaluated for the direct...

Chitosan and Nafion® are both reported as interesting polymers to be integrated into the structure of 3D electrodes for biofuel cells. Their advantage is mainly related to their chemical properties, which have a positive impact on the stability of electrodes such as the laccase-based biocathode. For optimal function in implantable applications the...

An implanted biofuel cell (IBFC) is a novel device that provides the means to create electricity from glucose and oxygen, using an original architecture for the IBFC that provides efficient work inside a living organism. In the future these IBFCs will be required to power implanted devices to assist failing physiological functions in humans. The ac...

The present work demonstrates the in vivo biocompatibility and operation of a biofuel cell enclosed by a chitosan membrane. The measured power output in the range of 6.2 to 20.7 μW cm-2 (applied current from 10 to 70 μA) indicated that glucose and oxygen can reach the enzymes in the 3D matrix without any need for a buffer solution in the implant or...

A 3D nanofibrous network of compressed chitosan in the presence of genipin as the cross-linker, carbon nanotubes and laccase constitutes a new design to enhance the stability and the biocompatibility of biocathodes. The in vitro delivered current was around -0.3 mA mL-1 for 20 days under continuous discharge. A thin film made of chitosan cross-link...

We demonstrate a novel combined chitosan-carbon-nanotube-enzyme biocathode with a greatly enhanced and stable long-term current density of 0.19 mA mL−1. The fibrous microstructure of the electrode improves the performance of the biocathode by creating a protective microenvironment, preventing the loss of the electrocatalytic activity of the enzyme,...

We describe the first implanted glucose biofuel cell (GBFC) that is capable of generating sufficient power from a mammal's body fluids to act as the sole power source for electronic devices. This GBFC is based on carbon nanotube/enzyme electrodes, which utilize glucose oxidase for glucose oxidation and laccase for dioxygen reduction. The GBFC, impl...

We describe the first implanted glucose biofuel cell (GBFC) that is capable of generating sufficient power from a mammal's body fluids to act as the sole power source for electronic devices. This GBFC is based on carbon nanotube/enzyme electrodes, which utilize glucose oxidase for glucose oxidation and laccase for dioxygen reduction. The GBFC, impl...

We report the design of a novel glucose/O2 biofuel cell (GBFC) integrating carbon nanotube-based 3D bioelectrodes and using naphthoquinone-mediated oxidation of glucose by glucose oxidase and direct oxygen reduction by laccase. The GBFCs exhibit high open circuit voltages of 0.76 V, high current densities of 4.47 mA cm-2, and maximum power output o...

We describe herein the fabrication of bioelectrodes by compression of a mixture of graphite particles, enzyme and redox mediator that leads to the immobilization and electrical connection of enzymes. Bioanodes were elaborated by combining graphite with glucose oxidase and ferrocene while biocathodes resulted from the association of graphite, laccas...

We report the fabrication of a tyrosinase bioelectrode by mechanical compression of a MWCNT enzyme mixture. Cyclic voltammetry of the nanostructured bioelectrode demonstrated a Direct Electron Transfer (DET) process between tyrosinase, a copper enzyme, and MWCNT. The latter led to an enzyme redox potential of + 0.30 V vs SCE, close to the redox pot...

In this work, two layered double hydroxides, Zn2Cr–ABTS and Zn2Al–Fe(CN)6 LDH, have been synthesized and characterized by X ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy to confirm the intercalation of redox anions between inorganic layers. These redox active hybrid materials have been used to electrically connect laccase (Lac) and glucose oxidase (GOx) in...

Supplementary Figures S1-S2 and Supplementary Notes 1-3.

Enzymatic fuel cells use enzymes to produce energy from bioavailable substrates. However, such biofuel cells are limited by the difficult electrical wiring of enzymes to the electrode. Here we show the efficient wiring of enzymes in a conductive pure carbon nanotube matrix for the fabrication of a glucose biofuel cell (GBFC). Glucose oxidase and la...

Simulation and experimental data are combined to optimize the electrode geometry of a membraneless laminar flow glucose biofuel cell. The design of the cell is based on a Y-shaped microfluidic channel that exploits the laminar flow of fluids. Glucose is oxidized by the glucose oxidase enzyme at the anode whereas oxygen is reduced by the laccase enz...

The paper reports on the influence of electrical resistivity of bio-modified transparent and conductive oxide (TCO) electrodes on the sensitivity to DNA hybridization in term of impedance variation. We have deposited pure cadmium indate (CdIn2O4) film electrodes on glass substrates by aerosol pyrolysis. By adjusting the film deposition conditions,...

A microfluidic glucose/O2 biofuel cell, delivering electrical power, is developped based on both laminar flow and biological enzyme strategies. The device consists of a Y-shaped microfluidic channel in which fuel and oxidant streams flow laminarly in parallel at gold electrode surfaces without convective mixing. At the anode, the glucose is oxidize...

A microfluidic glucose/O2 biofuel cell, delivering electrical power, is developed based on both laminar flow and biological enzyme strategies. The device consists of a Y-shaped microfluidic channel in which fuel and oxidant streams flow laminarly in parallel at gold electrode surfaces without convective mixing. At the anode, the glucose is oxidized...

We have designed and realized three integrated photonic families of micro-resonators (MR) on multilayer organic materials. Such so-called 2.5D-MR and 3D-MR structures show off radius values ranging from 40 to 200mum. Both first and second families are especially designed on organic multilayer materials and shaped as ring- and disk-MR organics struc...

Thermally induced (160–300 ° C ) gas phase grafting of linear alkene molecules (perfluorodecene) was performed on hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a -Si : H ) films, either nominally undoped or doped with different boron and phosphorus concentrations. Dense and smooth a -Si : H films were grown using plasma decomposition of silane. Quantitative anal...

PACS: 34.35. + a Interactions of atoms and mole-cules with surfaces 68.35.bj Amorphous semiconductors, glasses 61.05.cm X-ray reflectometry (surfaces, interfaces, films) 82.80.Pv Electron spectroscopy (XPS) Keywords: Amorphous carbon Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) Surface characterization Organic monolayer Thermally-assisted (160 °C) liquid phase gr...

A Y-shaped microfluidic channel is applied for the first time to the construction of a glucose/O2 biofuel cell, based on both laminar flow and biological enzyme strategies. During operation, the fuel and oxidant streams flow parallel at gold electrode surfaces without convective mixing. At the anode, the glucose oxidation is performed by the enzyme...

Polymer spin coating, surface plasma treatment and selective UV-lithography processes have been developed to realize 2.5D photonic micro-resonators, made of disk- or ring-shaped upper rib waveguides, using common polymers such as SU8 (biphenol A ether glycidyl), PS233 (polymeric silane) and SOG (siloxane Spin on Glass). Both oxygen and argon plasma...

Surface properties of a large number of amorphous carbon (a-C) films have been investigated using contact angle measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Dense a-C surfaces with variable sp3/(sp2 + sp3) average hybridization were grown using sputtering or pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and were further chemically modified by thermal a...

Thermally-assisted grafting of linear alkene molecules either in the liquid phase (ethyl undecylenate) or in the gas phase (perfluorodecene), has been performed on atomically flat amorphous carbon (a-C) films with variable average surface hybridization, sp3/(sp2 + sp3), as obtained from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In contrast with the sp2-ric...

We report results regarding the study of grafting and hybridization of oligonucleotide hairpin probes monolabelled with either a fluorescent dye, a fluorescein, or a 1.4 nm gold nanoparticle. These oligonucleotides were covalently grafted on two different oxide thin films. First, we have deposited a semi-conductor oxide films – Sb doped SnO2 – on g...

DNA functionalised semiconductor metallic oxide electrodes have been developed for the direct electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization, without labelling or the introduction of a redox couple. Conductive CdIn(2)O(4) thin films with controlled properties were deposited on glass substrates using an aerosol pyrolysis technique. The films exhibit...

First results are reported regarding the design, fabrication and operation of a DNA biochip based on a semiconductor oxide electrode that employs label-free electrical detection of the DNA hybridization. The same process of DNA functionalisation, including hydroxylation and silanization steps, was performed on two types of semiconductor oxide: Sb d...

DNA functionalised semiconductor metallic oxide electrodes have been developed for the direct electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization, without labelling or the introduction of a redox couple. Conductive CdIn2O4 thin films with controlled properties were deposited on glass substrates using an aerosol pyrolysis technique. The films exhibit a p...

De nouvelles électrodes d'oxydes métalliques semiconducteurs ont été étudiées pour la détection électrochimique directe de l'hybridation de l'ADN (sans marqueur ni couple redox). Ces électrodes ont été élaborées par dépôt chimique en phase vapeur de l'oxyde CdIn2O4 sur verre. Un protocole complet (hydroxylation-silanisation-greffage-hybridation) a...