A. P. Zhevlakov

• PhD
• Group Leader at State Optical Institute named after SI Vavilov

This paper presents a brief review of the developed laser technologies and lidars with hyperspectral resolution and extremely high sensitivity for the diagnosis of complex impurities in the atmosphere and hydrosphere via Raman spectra. The technological foundations of the research, exploratory, and ecological studies of hydrocarbons are developed u...

We have developed a spectral module for the selection of narrow characteristic spectral lines of isotopes in the ultraviolet Raman spectral channel. To allow resolving closely spaced isotope lines in the continuous input radiation spectrum, extremely high resolution λ / Δλ = 1000 is implemented. The total inverse linear dispersion at the output of...

SRS-sensor was developed for measuring absolute amount ratios of ¹³ C/ ¹² C isotopes for medical application. Measuring absolute amount ratios of ¹³ C/ ¹² C isotopes allows detection of Helicobacter pylori for medical diagnostics of human health. SRS method is used to measure the amount of carbon dioxide isotopes in exhaled air to detect Helicobact...

Application of CCD array photodetector technology is shown to provide record synchronously hundreds of spectral intervals, increase essentially the relative aperture and intensity of echo-signals in the input optical path as well as to reduce the mass – dimension parameters of hyperspectral Raman LIDAR as a whole for geoecological monitoring by aer...

This paper describes a laser system that provides dual-pulse bispectral excitation of a laser plasma in an extreme- UV source for nanolithography in this spectral region. The radiation converter is based on a low-power YAG:Nd laser and a powerful CO2 laser. A saturating signal is injected into the power stage of a CO2 amplifier by subnanosecond pul...

Implementation of hybrid scanning system in wide and narrow angle fields provide high precision positioning of the laser beam in space, fraught with difficulties. Scanning attachment for SRS - lidar system has been developed to perform automated scanning of the test area in the angular field of ± 50. The module performs automated scan of the test a...

Subject of Research. The results of lidar combined scanning unit development for locating leaks of hydrocarbons are presented The unit enables to perform high-speed scanning of the investigated space in wide and narrow angle fields. Method. Scanning in a wide angular field is produced by one-line scanning path by means of the movable aluminum mirro...

Identifying methane anomalies responsible for the temperature increase, by hiking trails in the Arctic requires great human labor. It is necessary to use lidar methods for search and identification of methane from permafrost. Necessary to create a Raman lidar for monitoring of emissions of methane hydrate from the permafrost. Hyperspectral resoluti...

The experimental results presented in this study focused on the study of biological processes caused by exposure to the coating layers of the laser green light seed (λ = 532 nm) range for the larch, violet (λ = 405 nm) and red (λ = 640 nm) for spruce. Spend a series of experiments to study the dependence of crop seed quality (spruce and larch from...

Experimental results presented in this study tends to explore viruses in the water for their further decontamination under the influence of laser radiation (λ=220-390 nm). Conducted a series of experiments to study the dependence of water quality from the effects of laser radiation. Correlation between degree of survival of viruses and power densit...

The lenses with coaxial mirrors allow obtain NA values up to of 0.8 and demagnification β ≥10. The larger β value leads to the mask cost reducing, as in this case, the elements of the IC pattern template can be made bigger and, therefore, with fewer defects. Сoaxial schemes can engender a problem of the image plane shift beyond the projection lens...

The power consumption in the two-pulse bispectral primary source could be substantially decreased by replacing the SRS converters from 1.06 μm into 10.6 μm wavelength as the preamplifier cascades in СО2 laser channel at the same efficiency radiation of EUV source. The creation of high volume manufacturing lithography facilities with the technologic...

The optical attachment for transformation the spatial characteristics of excimer laser has been experimentally investigated. The laser beam of rectangular section with sizes of 3 x 20 mm and divergence of 2 x 5 mrad after passage of an optical attachment got the square form 20 х 20 mm and equal divergence of 5 х 5 mrad orthogonal directions. It is...

Identifying methane anomalies responsible for the temperature increase, by hiking trails in the Arctic requires great human labor .According to the tentative forecast by the year 2100 Arctic permafrost will greatly deteriorate, which will have numerous consequences. Indeed, release of less than 0.1% of the organic carbon stored in the upper 100-met...

New concept of EUV radiation power scaling in the intermediate focus of the illumination system is proposed. The multiplex source scheme based on combination of several sources with acceptable level power allows to concentrate EUV light on the total power level of 1kW and more have been developed. The experimental results showed that the power cons...

Currently there is a situation that makes it difficult to provide the population with quality drinking water for the sanitary-hygienic requirements. One of the urgent problems is the need for water disinfection. Since the emergence of microorganisms that are pathogens transmitted through water such as typhoid, cholera, etc. requires constant cleans...

The optical attachment for transformation the spatial characteristics of excimer laser has been experimentally investigated. The laser beam of rectangular section with sizes of 3 x 20 mm and divergence of 2 x 5 mrad after passage of an optical attachment got the square form 20 х 20 mm and equal divergence of 5 х 5 mrad orthogonal directions. It is...

The experimental results presented in this study are the early studies of germination on the example of Picea abies and were aimed at testing the germination of seeds and the development of morphology, caused a therapeutic effect on the laser radiation field in the early stages of development under the action of ultraviolet and red light in the spe...

One of the highly effective methods of operative remote environmental monitoring on land and water surfaces is laser sensing. It knew that the Raman scattering cross section is very small (10⁻²⁵-10⁻²⁷), so in some cases radiation back into captivity to the target could be a few tens of photons. For high-speed sensing, speed of processing and ease o...

There are already significant amounts of hazardous radioactive substances in the world. It, potentially, leads to a major damage and contamination of large areas. Laser sensing can serve as a highly effective method of searching and monitoring of radioactive contamination. We developed a laser system to detect accidental leakage of radioactive mate...

Over the past 100 years, the rate of temperature in the Arctic increases almost twice higher than the average rate of warming of the planet. Identifying methane anomalies responsible for the temperature increase, by hiking trails in the Arctic requires great human labor. It is necessary to use lidar methods for search and identification of methane...

We have demonstrated airborne lidar possessing spectral resolution λ/Δλ ≥ 1000. Its ultraspectral resolution is provided by the dual polychromator based on large-sized stigmatic holographic gratings. The lidar was tested in a real-life flight conditions at the transcontinental gas pipeline. It has performed aero search of leaks and measurements of...

The results of experimental and theoretical modeling of multistage Raman conversion in compressed hydrogen with a buffer gas under using the lasing of neodymium-crystalline mediums to obtain the seed radiation for CO2 power amplifier in the double-pulse and bispectral primary laser while maintaining efficiency of LPP EUV source are presented. This...

It is shown that the power consumption in the double-pulse bi-spectral primary source for EUV lithography can be substantially decrease by replacing pre-amplifiers in power CO2 laser with the SRS converters wavelength 1.06 μm to 10.6 μm while maintaining efficiency of EUV radiation output of illuminated plasma.

We have developed airborn lidar system to detect pipeline leakage and explore oil and gas deposits. Test flights indicate that a sensitivity of 6 ppm for methane and 3 ppm for hydrogen sulfide has been reached for leakage detection. As estimations have shown the reliability of HHG detection can exceed 80% at the integration method of seismic prospe...

Remote laser spectroscopy availability for airborne search of radionuclides polution has been examined. Experiments were carried out under the CARS circuit. The method of remote detection a radionuclide in atmosphere from container burial places and in places of recycling the fuel waste of the atomic power station is elaborated. Preliminary results...

We developed a Raman lidar with ultraspectral resolution for automatic airborne monitoring of pipeline leaks and for oil and gas exploration. Experiments were carried out under the CARS circuit. Minimal concentrations of 200 ppb of heavy hydrocarbon gas have been remotely measured in laboratory tests. Test flights indicate that a sensitivity of 6 p...

We present the results of theoretical and experimental studies demonstrating the possibility of developing an oxygen-iodine laser (OIL) with direct optical pumping of molecular oxygen involving inter-molecular interaction with charge transfer from donor molecule (buffer gas) to acceptor molecule (oxygen). This interaction lifts degeneracy of the lo...

We developed a Raman lidar with ultraspectral resolution for automatic airborne monitoring of pipeline leaks and for oil and gas exploration. Test flights indicate that a sensitivity of 6 ppm for methane and 2 ppm for hydrogen sulfide has been reached for leakage detection. The lidar is based on the CARS method with a Ti:Sapphire pump laser and a f...

Features processing and registration of lidar signals in the GHz frequency range have been studies. Model of the interaction between the components of the system with the required level of performance and accuracy was developed.

We present the results of theoretical and experimental researches [1-7], showing the possibility of the development of oxygen-iodine laser with a direct optical pumping of molecular oxygen by realization of molecule-donor (buffer gas) to molecule-acceptor (oxygen) intermolecular charge-transfer interaction.

The structural scheme of underwater laser spectroscopic system for hydrocarbon deposits exploration was considered. This equipment can be used to scan from the ship in aqueous environments with limited visibility, and spectral-temporal analysis of the Raman scattering of the hydrocarbons in these environments.

The migration of oil and gas and other molecules such as H2S, CO, CO2, H2, He leads to a change in the physical properties of the rocks above the deposit and the formation of halos of methane, propane, and other hydrocarbons in the surface sediments and the atmospheric boundary layer with anomalous concentrations of hydrocarbon gases. We have devel...

Over the past 100 years, the rate of the temperature change in the Arctic increased almost twice compared to the average rate of warming on the Earth. (IPCC, 2007). It is necessary to use lidar methods for search and identification of methane from permafrost. We are developing Raman lidar for monitoring of methane hydrate emissions from the permafr...

Upgraded Raman Lidar with spectral resolution of dλ / λ<;10-3 have been design and elaborated for the aerosearch of leaks on the main gas pipelines. The sensing is carried out by 7ns - pulses of DPSS laser with energy of 10 mJ at 300Hz frequency and wavelength of 261,7 nm. Polycromator have been implemented on base of the concave grating (N=1200 mm...

There are already significant amounts of hazardous radioactive substances in the world. It, potentially, leads to a major damage and contamination of large areas. Long-lived isotopes of cesium and strontium, as well as compounds of transuranic elements define a long-term radioactive contamination.Lidars can be effective for monitoring of the radioa...

The principles of transformation of a Foucault shadowgram into a quantitative map of wave-front deformation based on creation of a system of isophotes are unveiled. The presented studies and their results prove that there is a high degree of correspondence between a Foucault shadowgram and the geometrical model of a shear interferogram with respect...

Detailed description of stages of computer processing of the shadowgrams during implementation of a modern quantitative Foucault knife-edge method is presented. The map of wave-front aberrations introduced by errors of an optical surface or a system, along with the results of calculation of the set of required characteristics of image quality, are...

Laser sensing can serve as a highly effective method of searching and monitoring of radioactive contamination. The first method is essence consists in definition the Sr90 and Сs137 concentration by excitation and registration of fluorescence at wavelength of λ = 0.347÷7.0 μm at laser sounding. The second method experiments were carried out under th...

We developed a Raman lidar with ultraspectral resolution for automatic airborne monitoring of pipeline leaks and for oil and gas exploration. Test flights indicate that a sensitivity of 6 ppm for methane and 2 ppm for hydrogen sulfide has been reached for leakage detection.

The behavior of two lines P 1-0(11) and P 2-1(8) weakly absorbed by the atmosphere is experimentally investigated in the spectra of cw chemical multikilowatt HF lasers of five types that differ in size and construction scheme of the nozzle array. It is shown that the intensity of these lines can be controlled within certain limits by varying the ga...

An optical attachment of an excimer laser beam that enables the transformation and optimization of spatial characteristics of a coherent UV beam was studied in an experimental setting. Experiments revealed that a rectangular 3 × 20 mm laser beam with the a divergence of 2 × 5 mrad attains a square shape of 20 × 20 mm and a divergence of 5 × 5 mrad...

The possibilities of using the computer isophotometry method to estimate the image quality of high-resolution projection objectives are considered. An experimental setup for measuring the point spread function is developed. A two-mirror objective of the Schwarzschild type with a numerical aperture of 0.36 designed for the use in an experimental nan...

The optical attachment for transformation the spatial characteristics of excimer laser has been experimentally investigated. The laser beam of rectangular section with sizes of 3 x 20 mm and divergence of 2 x 5 mrad after passage of an optical attachment got the square form 20 x 20 mm and equal divergence of 5 x 5 mrad orthogonal directions. It is...

This paper discusses the main components of a technique for creating lidar with ultraspectral resolution (λ/Δλ⩾1000), developed at the Institute of Laser Physics, S. I. Vavilov State Optical Institute Scientific Production Corp. Special attention is paid to the possibility of multipurpose use of spontaneous Raman scattering for aerial search for an...

A method of digital speckle photography has been developed for the remote recording and determination of the displacement parameters of objects in an aqueous medium. This method is verified in experiments with a test object under closed-tank conditions. Vector diagrams are obtained that depict the mean velocities of an object. The dependence of the...

Theoretical and experimental investigations are reported of the internal losses in an iodine photodissociation laser with pulsed flashlamp pumping. The losses caused by an induced optical inhomogeneity of the medium were found to be of local nature. The dependence of the internal loss coefficient kl on the transverse coordinate in the laser chamber...

An efficiency of ~1.8% is reported for an iodine photodissociation laser pumped with radiation from a xenon lamp operating in the z-pinch regime. The causes of the energy losses are considered.

Experiments showed that the concentration of nonexcited iodine atoms during the pyrolysis stage of the photolysis of perfluoroalkyl iodides could reach (2-5) multiplied by 10**1**7 cm** minus **3. The velocities of pyrolysis and compression waves were determined in a thick perfluoroalkly iodide layer. The pyrolysis wave was considerably faster than...

Results of research activity on development of basic technology for experimental nanolithographer with planned 10÷30 nm resolution are presented. The development circuits of illumination subsystem on base of laser produced plasma source and multimirror extreme ultraviolet reduced camera are analyzed. The manufacture technology of aspherical EUV mir...

The two-channel optical circuit for measurement and the control of divergence of laser radiation over the sizes of the prints received in a plane of registration is considered. Analytical expressions for estimation of single and a solid angles and also for definition of divergence sign are presented. Experimental results are submitted. A few advant...

Advanced techniques and scheme for testing mirror shape with an accuracy of 0.001lambda RMS in visible light by using the point diffraction interferometer and computer processing of interferogramms are presented. The shape of aspheric EUV mirror with 300 mm diameter is characterized.

Scanning Raman lidar employed for automatic remote airborne prospecting, detection and identification the impurity gas and condensed components in ground layers of an atmosphere and coastal water areas is developed. The small-sized prototype of onboard scanning Raman lidar as the gas analyzer have been manufactured and tested in real conditions of...

Methods and schemes to inspect the EUV mirror shape are developed on the basis of a point diffraction interferometer with computer processing of interferograms. A measurement accuracy to within 0.001 of a wavelength in the visual range is achieved.

Using optical "sitall" (glass-ceramic) as an example, the possibility of the shaping (aspherization) of a surface using a self-contained ion source is considered. It is shown that, when aspheric surfaces are obtained with asphericity of up to 13 µm, the optical quality of the processed surface is maintained, and the surface microrelief does not exc...

Now optical reducing systems for extreme ultraviolet projection lithography are being actively developed. Optical elements of these systems are required to be of super-high optical quality. For systems operating in the 13-nm wavelength range, their optical distortions should not exceed 1 nm in magnitude. Manufacturing of such elements with super-hi...

Optical limiting properties of C60 and C70-doped organic thin films (polyimide, 2-cyclooctylamino-5-nitropyridine) under a laser irradiation at wavelengths of 532, 1047, and 1315 nm have been studied. The films can be applied as laser power attenuators at a laser energy density of more than 2 J·cm and at a laser energy density up to 0.8–1 J·cm in t...

An experimental basis is provided for an optical layout for producing reflective-type UV holographic filters by means of a pulsed-periodic Xe-Cl excimer laser. To reduce the requirements on the coherence length of the laser to tenths of a millimeter, the single-beam layout proposed earlier by Yu. N. Denisyuk is used for producing the holograms, and...

The illumination system presented in the paper consists of an elliptical mirror collecting light in the solid angle over 103 and two plane mirrors (one of them is a grazing incidence mirror). The projection lens consists of two 4th-order aspherical mirrors with the diminished obscuration 0.36. The simultaneous exposure wafer area is 0.82 x 0.82 mm2...

The advantages of droplet and claster Li-contained targets for debris free EUV generation are estimated on base of analytical modeling and simulation. Conversion efficiency of laser energy into EUV energy from such targets is found to reach a few percents. The laser prepulse is proposed to enhance the laser energy conversion into emission at wavele...

The optical limit (OL) effect and holographic recording of fullerene-doped organic materials based on polydimide were analyzed. The low-power transmission of 0.8-0.85 at wavelength of 1315 nm with photosensitive polydimide 6B was used as an efficient organic matrix, Fullerenes C70, with twice electron affinity energy was applied as effective electr...

This paper discusses processes for the limiting of optical radiation and the recording of thin amplitude-phase holograms in fullerene-containing conjugated organic structures based on polyimides in the near-IR region, using the radiation of an iodine laser at 1315 nm. It is shown that these structures are promising as nonlinear absorbers in the IR...

A promising structure based on fullerene-doped polyimide has been developed and tested to create new optical limiting (OL) and holographic recording systems in the near infrared (1315 nm). From reversible holographic recording experiment data, the laser-induced change in the refractive index has been calculated. The results predict that fullerene-d...

The spectral distribution of laser radiation power generated in two (initial and final) regions of the flow of an active medium formed by a three-jet nozzle array of a supersonic cw chemical HF laser embodying the nozzle-nozzle-nozzle mixing scheme is investigated experimentally. It is demonstrated that the spectral lines can be selected by merely...

The spectral characteristics of radiation generated by supersonic cw HF lasers are experimentally investigated at different basic operating parameters. It is demonstrated that the emission spectrum substantially depends on both the degree of dilution of a fuel mixture with helium in a combustion chamber of the atomic-fluorine generator and the chem...

The process of writing thin amplitude-phase holograms in polyimide-based fullerene-containing conjugated organic media using an iodine laser operating at λ=1315 nm was studied. It is shown that such polymeric structures are promising media for reversible optical data recording in the IR spectral range.

The results of experiments on the nonlinear optical confinement of a pulsed 3.8–4.2 μm laser radiation in a composite comprising a silver-halide-based dielectric matrix containing dispersed silver nanoparticles are presented. It is shown that, for a laser pulse duration of 250 ns, the energy threshold for the laser radiation confinement is 5 mJ/cm2...

This paper presents the results of experiments on the limitation of pulsed laser radiation with wavelengths of 1.315 and 1.54 mum and in the spectral interval 3.8-4.2 mum for nano and microsecond pulses in doped gallium arsenide and zinc selenide. It shows that the self-defocusing effect of near-IR radiation under the conditions of impurity absorpt...

An optical limiting (OL) effect of the laser radiation over IR range in organic compounds based on polyimide has been studied. The non-linear transmission at a wavelength of 1315 nm as well as spectral properties of the compounds have been investigated. The results obtained have been explained by the donor–acceptor interaction mechanism that affect...

When investigating the nonlinear transmission of fullerene-doped pi-conjugate organic structures, it has been found for the first time that the broad-band light of a flashlamp has considerable impact on the optical limiting of infrared laser emission (lambda=1315 nm).

Experimental data on the nano-and microsecond pulsed laser radiation (λ=1.315 μm) confinement in compensated GaAs are reported. There are three regions of confinement, which are controlled by radiation selfdefocusing due to single-photon absorption by deep impurity levels, self-defocusing due to two-photon absorption, and self-focusing caused by th...

The optical limiting of the laser radiation over visible and IR ranges in organic material based on polyimide has been studied. The role of the donor-acceptor interaction mechanism in manifestation of organic molecules nonlinear-optical properties has been established. The fullerene-doped photosensitive polyimide structures have been determined to...

The results of theoretical and experimental studies on photodynamics and mechanism of nonlinear optical processes, responsible for optical limiting of power radiation in the wavelength range from 0.3 to 1.3 microns, are presented. Peculiarities in the mechanisms of optical limiting for different fullerene-containing matrices, including solutions, s...

A possibility of the amplification of image brightness by the active medium of the photodissociative iodine laser have been demonstrated. The brightness of the test-object image with spatial frequency of 10 mm-1 was amplified 1600 times for Q-switch lasing action and 250 times for free- running one. The contrast of amplified image was equaled 0.8 i...

Spatial-energy, spectral, and optical characteristics of kilowatt supersonic cw HF chemical lasers of self-contained type with three-jet nozzle arrays using nozzle-nozzle-injector and nozzle-nozzle-nozzle configurations were experimentally studied. It was shown that such nozzle arrays enable one to form an active medium as long as 12.5 cm with a hi...

Results of an experimental study of the effect of intense laser radiation in the mid-lR range on VO2 mirrors are presented. The damage thresholds of VO2 mirrors by single-pulse, periodically pulsed, and cw radiation are determined, and the damage mechanism is analyzed. A numerical simulation of the switching dynamics of VO2 mirrors under intense pe...

The results of an experimental research of action of the intensive mid IR-range pulse-periodic laser radiation on VO2-mirrors are represented. The damage thresholds of VO2-mirrors are defined for pulse-periodic and continuous radiation and the analysis of the mechanism of their destruction is carried out. The results of numerical simulation of dyna...

An optical limiting of the laser radiation over IR range in organic compounds based on polyimide has been studied. The non-linear transmission at a wavelength of 1315 nm as well as spectral properties of the compounds have been investigated. The result obtained have been explained by the donor-acceptor interaction mechanism that affects nonlinear-...

Results of the studies of processes of interaction of liquid-crystal space-time light modulators and their constituent construction elements with laser radiation in a spectral range of 2.6-10.6 μm are presented.

The possibility of the amplification of image brightness by active medium of the photodissociative iodine laser (PIL) is discussed with respect to experiments carried according to the master oscillator amplifier scheme. Pumping pulse duration were eight and 15 μs respectively. The control of the amplification must be to compare a blackening density...

The characteristics of the mirrors in the cavity of a cw chemical laser at the first overtone of the fundamental vibration of the HF molecule have been determined, and their radiation stability has been measured. The effect of the characteristics of the optical cavity and of the parameters of the active medium on its energy characteristics and its...

This paper describes how the fluorescence intensity of a number of petroleum products depends on the energy density of laser pumping within the limits from 10(-8) to 10 J/cm(2). It is established that, for pump energy densities of about 1 J/cm(2), the quantum yield of the fluorescence increases indefinite sections of its spectrum. This effect is tr...

Numerical and experimental investigation on dependence of the output power P and radiation efficiency (epsilon) from the active medium composition and resonator characteristics was performed for an overtone supersonic cw HF laser. The optimal parameters of the active medium and of the dichroic mirrors for the device with the nozzle array length L e...

Overtone supersonic cw HF laser with power density of about 8 kW is developed. Efficiency of the laser relative to emission of the main tone is about 40%. Coefficient of active medium gain measured by the technique of calibrated losses is (5.5 divided by 7.8)(DOT)10-4 cm-1. Designed wavelength- discriminating mirrors operated at power density of ab...