A. Karabarbounis

• PhD
• Institute of Accelerating Systems and Applications

We describe a biophysical mechanism for animal magnetoreception, orientation and navigation in the geomagnetic field (GMF), based on the ion forced oscillation (IFO) mechanism in animal cell membrane voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs) (IFO-VGIC mechanism). We review previously suggested hypotheses. We describe the structure and function of VGICs an...

All types of man-made electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and corresponding non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (EMR) produced by electric/electronic circuits and antennas – in contrast to natural EMFs/EMR – are totally polarized and coherent. Polarized/coherent EMFs/waves can produce constructive interference and amplify their intensities at certain...

Exposure of animals/biological samples to human‑made electromagnetic fields (EMFs), especially in the extremely low frequency (ELF) band, and the microwave/radio frequency (RF) band which is always combined with ELF, may lead to DNA damage. DNA damage is connected with cell death, infertility and other pathologies, including cancer. ELF exposure fr...

The paper by Geronikolou, et al. (2014) “Diverse Radiofrequency Sensitivity and Radiofrequency Effects of Mobile or Cordless Phone near Fields Exposure in Drosophila melanogaster” [1] published in Plos One supposedly presents original work on the effects of mobile and cordless phones electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on Drosophila melanogaster reproduc...

Novel sources of radiation using relativistic electrons in periodic structures are being briefly discussed based on different mechanisms and producing radiation of very different characteristic.In this article we will focus among others on the Smith-Purcell effect and the many efforts made since their discovery 55 years ago. Especially Smith-Purcel...

Studies of the spatial- and energy-resolution of a small field, high resolution γ-Camera system currently being developed in our laboratory are presented here. The system is based on a cylindrical Position Sensitive Photo-Multiplier Tube (HAMAMATSU R2486) with 32 crossed-wired anodes, arranged in two orthogonal groups. The anode outputs are connect...

A small field, high resolution γ-Camera system dedicated to radiopharmaceutical research and other clinical SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) applications is currently being developed in our group. The system is equipped with the 3” HAMAMATSU R2486 Position Sensitive PhotoMultiplier Tube (PSPMT) with a 16X+16Y-crossed wire anode an...

A Continuous Wave Cascade Racetrack Microtron (RTM) is being built at the Institute of Accelerating Systems and Applications (IASA). Making optimal use of the available equipment (obtained from NIST and the University of Illi-nois), a two-stage = 1 Cascade scheme with optics simi-lar to those of the Mainz RTM was adopted. The IASA CW RTM will provi...

A progress report on the architectural design and implementation of the Control System for the Racetrack Microtron at the Institute of Accelerating Systems and Applications (IASA) in Athens, Greece is presented. The Control System for the IASA CW Microtron is being developed on the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) environm...

The Institute of Accelerating Systems and Applications (IASA) is pursuing research and facilitates postgraduate studies in traditional and cross-disciplinary areas where accelerators play an important role. The first major facility of IASA, now under construction, is a 246 MeV two-stage CW Cascade microtron. The planned experimental programs and fa...

Channeling of 10 MeV protons in various types of point and area radially compressed chiral carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is considered. Monte Carlo simulation program is used for the calculation of the trajectories, energy losses and angular distributions of protons in (6,4) and (11,9) CNTs of 2000 nm length, where the potential in Doyle-Turner approxima...

Channeling of 10 MeV protons in various types of radially compressed chiral carbon nanotubes is considered. Monte Carlo simulation program is used for the calculation of the trajectories, energy losses and angular distributions of protons in nanotubes of various lengths, where the potential in Doyle-Turner approximation is used to describe the inte...

Channeling of 10 MeV protons in radially compressed chiral carbon nanotubes is considered. Monte Carlo simulation program is used for the calculation of the trajectories, energy losses and angular distributions of protons in nanotubes of various lengths, where the potential in Doyle-Turner approximation is used to describe the interaction between a...

Channeling of 10 MeV protons in straight chiral single carbon nanotubes (6, 4) and (11, 9), as well as in corresponding nanotube bundles is considered. Monte Carlo simulation program is used for the calculation of the trajectories, energy losses and angular distributions of protons in nanotubes and bundles of various lengths and different incident...

We report new p$(\vec{e},e^\prime p)\pi^\circ$ measurements in the $\Delta^{+}(1232)$ resonance at the low momentum transfer region utilizing the magnetic spectrometers of the A1 Collaboration at MAMI. The mesonic cloud dynamics are predicted to be dominant and appreciably changing in this region while the momentum transfer is sufficiently low to b...

In the present experiments, the effect of 50-Hz alternating magnetic field on Drosophila melanogaster reproduction was studied. Newly eclosed insects were separated into identical groups of ten males and ten females and exposed to three different intensities of the ELF magnetic field (1, 11, and 21 G) continuously during the first 5 days of their a...

Experimental details of a virtual Compton scattering (VCS) experiment performed on the proton at the MIT-Bates out-of-plane scattering facility are presented. The VCS response functions PLL−PTT/PTTɛɛ and PLT have been measured at Q2=0.057 GeV2/c2. The generalized electric and magnetic polarizabilities, α(Q2) and β(Q2), and the mean-square electric...

We report precision 1H(e, e′π+)n measurements in the Δ(1232) resonance at Q2=0.127(GeV/c)2 obtained at the MIT-Bates out-of-plane scattering facility. These are the lowest, but nonzero, Q2 measurements in the π+ channel. The data offer tests of the theoretical calculations, particularly of the background amplitude contributions. The chiral effectiv...

The charge limitation for peripheral Field Of View (FOV) events detected by the most commonly used Position Sensitive Photomultiplier Tubes (PSPMTs) results to spatial distortions and non-uniformities of the obtained planar images. These effects can be corrected with newly developed sophisticated techniques operating on the charge signals from the...

The principal goal of this study is to characterize the width of the light distribution for a given number of initial optical photons and to try to express it as a function of the Depth of Interaction (DOI) in the crystal, where the initial optical photons are produced, the size of the initial volume the optical photons occupy before starting the t...

The installation of a 10 MeV electron injector as a Project for the RaceTrack Microtron at the Institute of Accelerat- ing Systems & Applications (IASA) 1 is presented. This Maquette line is composed by a 5 MeV injector linac with RF structures of the side-coupled type, followed by a 4m-booster section of the same type. This system will provide a r...

A methodology for correcting spatial distortions in planar images for small Field Of View (FOV) gamma -Camera systems based on Position Sensitive Photomultiplier Tubes (PSPMT) and pixelated scintillation crystals is described. The process utilizes a correction matrix whose elements are derived from a prototyped planar image obtained through irradia...

A new position reconstruction method for position sensitive photomultiplier tubes is proposed in this work. The algorithm is based on a mathematical model operating on the charge signals recorded from the anode wires of a multi-wired anode system. This method overcomes the usual irregularities produced by the center of gravity algorithm near the ed...

In this work a correction method for the spatial distortion and non-uniformity of planar images is presented. It is based on an event-by-event correction algorithm suitable for images obtained from small Field of View (FOV) γ-Camera systems which are equipped with a Position Sensitive PhotoMultiplier Tube (PSPMT). In our study, the γ-Camera system...

The determination of nonspherical angular momentum amplitudes in nucleons at long ranges (low Q2) was accomplished through the p(e⃗,e'p)π0 reaction in the Δ region at Q2=0.060, 0.127, and 0.200 (GeV/c)2 at the Mainz Microtron with an accuracy for the cross sections of 4%. The results for the dominant transition magnetic dipole amplitude and the qua...

We report on new H(e,e'p)γ measurements in the Δ(1232) resonance at Q2=0.06 (GeV/c)2 carried out simultaneously with H(e,e'p)π0. It is the lowest Q2 for which the virtual Compton scattering (VCS) reaction has been studied in the first resonance region. The VCS measured cross sections are well described by dispersion-relation calculations in which t...

We report on new H$(e,e^\prime p)\gamma$ measurements in the $\Delta(1232)$ resonance at $Q^2=0.06$ (GeV/c) carried out simultaneously with H$(e,e^\prime p)\pi^0$. It is the lowest $Q^2$ for which the virtual Compton scattering (VCS) reaction has been studied in the first resonance region. The VCS measured cross sections are well described by dispe...

We report new precise measurements at the peak of the Δ+(1232) resonance at performed at the Mainz Microtron (MAMI). The new data are sensitive to both the electric (E2) and the Coulomb (C2) quadrupole amplitudes of the γ∗N→Δ transition. They yield precise quadrupole to dipole amplitude ratios: CMR=(−5.09±0.28stat+sys±model0.30)% and EMR=(−1.96±0.6...

An increasing number of studies find that pulsed Radio Frequency (RF), electromagnetic radiation of both systems of digital mobile telephony, established and commonly used in Europe during the last years, GSM 900 MHz (Global System for Mobile telecommunications) and DCS 1800 MHz (Digital Cellular System), exert intense biological action on differen...

To determine nonspherical angular-momentum amplitudes in hadrons at long ranges (low Q2), data were taken for the p(¯e, e'p)π0 reaction in the Δ region at Q 2 = 0.060 (GeV/c)2 utilizing the magnetic spectrometers of the A1 Collaboration at MAMI. The results for the dominant transition magnetic dipole amplitude and the quadrupole to dipole ratios at...

Dedicated systems based on Position Sensitive Photomultiplier Tubes (PSPMTs) coupled to scintillators, have been used over the past years for the construction of compact systems, suitable for applications such as small animal imaging and small organs imaging. Most of the proposed systems are based on fully pixelized scintillators. Previous studies...

The mean square polarizability radii of the proton have been measured for the first time in a virtual-Compton-scattering experiment performed at the MIT-Bates out-of-plane scattering facility. Response functions and polarizabilities obtained from a dispersion analysis of the data at Q2 = 0.057 GeV2/c2 are in agreement with O(p3) heavy baryon chiral...

Partially slotted crystals have been designed and constructed and have been used to evaluate the performance with respect to the spatial resolution of a γ-camera based on a position-sensitive photomultiplier. It is shown that the resolution obtained with such a crystal is only slightly worse than the one obtained with a fully pixelized one whose co...

We report new precise H(e,e(')p)pi(0) measurements at the Delta(1232) resonance at Q(2)=0.127 (GeV/c)(2) obtained at the MIT-Bates out-of-plane scattering facility which are particularly sensitive to the transverse electric amplitude (E2) of the gamma(*)N-->Delta transition. The new data have been analyzed together with those of earlier measurement...

A small field of view gamma camera based on a Position Sensitive Photomultiplier Tube has been used for tomoscintigraphic imaging of breast phantoms. The breast phantoms consist of small hot quantities of 99mTc placed in a plastic pot filled with a lower concentration 99mTc solution. The volume of the hot quantities varied from 0.5 to 0.25 ml and t...

Pulsed radio frequency, (RF), electromagnetic radiation from common GSM mobile phones, (Global System for Mobile Telecommunications) with a carrier frequency at 900 MHz, “modulated” by human voice, (speaking emission) decreases the reproductive capacity of the insect Drosophila melanogaster by 50%–60%, whereas the corresponding “nonmodulated” field...

A new image reconstruction technique based on the usage of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is presented. The most crucial factor in designing such a reconstruction system is the network architecture and the number of the input projections needed to reconstruct the image. Although the training phase requires a large amount of input samples and a...

A position-sensitive γ-camera is being currently designed at IASA. This camera will be used experimentally (development mode) in order to obtain an integrated knowledge of its function and perhaps to improve its performance in parallel with an existing one, which has shown a very good performance in phantom, small animal, SPECT technique and is cur...

Studies have been performed in order to optimize the collimator and the crystal of a γ-camera based on a position sensitive photomultiplier with respect its efficiency, its spatial resolution and its cost. Several parallel hole collimators of different thicknesses have been tested and compared to each other. The homogeneous crystals’ performance ha...

Quadrupole amplitudes in the γ*N⃗Δ transition are associated with the issue of nucleon deformation. A search for these small amplitudes has been the focus of a series of measurements undertaken at Bates/MIT by the OOPS Collaboration. We report on results from H(e,e′p)π0 data obtained at Q2=0.070(GeV/c)2 and invariant mass of W=1155MeV using the out...

The results of studies conducted with a small field of view gamma camera based on a Position Sensitive Photomultiplier Tube (PSPMT) and a pixelized scintillator crystal, made of CsI(Tl), are reported. Using a computer-controlled step motor allowing object rotation, projection data from several angles are acquired. Images of slices of the object are...

Quadrupole amplitudes in the $\gamma^{*}N\to\Delta$ transition are associated with the issue of nucleon deformation. A search for these small amplitudes has been the focus of a series of measurements undertaken at Bates/MIT by the OOPS collaboration. We report on results from H$(e,e^\prime p)\pi^0$ data obtained at $Q^2= 0.070$ (GeV/c)$^2$ and inva...

A biophysical model for the action of oscillating electric fields on cells, presented by us before [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 272(3) (2000) 634-640], is extended now to include oscillating magnetic fields as well, extended to include the most active biological conditions, and also to explain why pulsed electromagnetic fields can be more active...

We report on the design and performance of compact detector packages currently installed in the four magnetic out-of-plane spectrometers for electron scattering experiments at the MIT-Bates Linear Accelerator Center. The detector packages have been designed to meet the mechanical requirements arising from out-of-plane particle detection. They offer...

Measurements of the (2)H((-->)e,e(')p)n reaction were performed with the out-of-plane magnetic spectrometers (OOPS) at the MIT-Bates Linear Accelerator. The longitudinal-transverse, f(LT) and f(')(LT), and the transverse-transverse, f(TT), interference responses at a missing momentum of 210 MeV/c were simultaneously extracted in the dip region at Q...

High-precision 1H(e,e'p)pi(0) measurements at Q2 = 0.126 (GeV/c)2 are reported, which allow the determination of quadrupole amplitudes in the gamma*N-->Delta transition; they simultaneously test the reliability of electroproduction models. The derived quadrupole-to-dipole ( I = 3/2) amplitude ratios, R(SM) = (-6.5+/-0.2(stat+sys)+/-2.5(mod))% and R...

In this paper, we present the “point matching method” (PMM) adapted for the calculation of Smith–Purcell (SP) radiation parameters in H-polarization, generated by relativistic electron beams (REB) passing close to a triangular metal grating. A truncated expression Hdy,n(N;β,ω) was used in order to find the coefficients Hdy,n(β,ω) in the infinite Ra...

A study of energy spectra (Smith–Purcell power, energy peaks, and shape of the spectra) is performed using a Monte Carlo simulation method. This was done in order to examine the dependence from the experimental parameters. The setup for an experiment looking for Smith–Purcell radiation in the IR and FIR region is also presented. Experiment is takin...

Panagopoulos DJ, Messini N, Karabarbounis A, Philippetis AL, Margaritis LH.

The biological effects of electromagnetic fields have seriously concerned the scientific community and the public as well in the past decades as more and more evidence has accumulated about the hazardous consequences of so-called “electromagnetic pollution.” This theoretical model is based on the simple hypothesis that an oscillating external elect...

The results of studies conducted with a small field of view camera based on a position sensitive photomultiplier tube (PSPMT) and a pixelized scintillator crystal made of CsI(Tl), are reported. Using a computer-controlled step motor allowing object rotation, projection data from several angles are acquired. With the use of a filtered backprojection...

This paper presents the efficiency of Smith-Purcell radiation generation for lamellar and triangular metal gratings (MG) in H-polarization. The efficiency was calculated by the modal expansion method for lamellar MG and the improved point matching method for triangular MG, respectively. Most important MG parameters involved in the calculation were:...

The design of the 240 MeV two-stage CW RaceTrack Microtron of the Institute of Accelerating Systems & Applications (IASA) is presented. The present status on the performance of the already installed 100 keV line, the diagnostic line for measuring the transverse beam emittance and the on-going installation of the complete injector is discussed. Plan...

A high-power CW (continuous-wave) source, at 2380 MHz, for the IASA (Institute of Accelerating Systems and Applications), (Athens, Greece), Microtron is based on the CPI (Communications and Power Industries) type VKS-8270 multi-cavity klystron. The high-level DC power conditioning for the klystron uses an existing high-voltage transformer-rectifier...

The pi K scattering lengths are obtained from a dispersion relation analysis of recent phenomenological pi K phase-shifts, and the results are compared with the predictions of current algebra.

We present a measurement of the induced proton polarization Pn in π0 electroproduction on the proton around the Δ resonance. The measurement was made at a central invariant mass and a squared four-momentum transfer of W = 1231 MeV and Q2 = 0.126 GeV2/c2, respectively. We measured a large induced polarization, Pn = -0.397±0.055±0.009. The data sugge...

A set of three out-of-plane magnetic spectrometers (OOPS) has recently been deployed and commissioned at the Bates Linear Accelerator. Measurements of the 2H(e, e'p)n reaction have been performed using an 800 MeV polarized-electron beam and the OOOPS to detect protons in coincidence with an electron spectrometer in kinematics of either quasielastic...

The Institute of Accelerating Systems and Applications (IASA) is pursuing research and facilitates postgraduate studies in traditional and cross-disciplinary areas where accelerators play an important role. The first major facility of IASA, now under construction, is a 242 MeV two-stage CW cascade microtron. During the ongoing period of civil const...

A set of three out--of--plane magnetic spectrometers (OOPS) has recently been commissioned at the Bates Linear Accelerator. We have studied the ^2H(e,e'p) reaction using two OOPS modules to detect protons in coincidence with an electron spectrometer in quasielastic kinematics at Q^2=0.22 (GeV/c)^2. The experiment was performed with a 40% polarized,...

We have measured the interference structure functions R_LT and R_LT^' in quasi-elastic kinematics for the reaction ^12C(e,e'p) at Q^2=0.13 (GeV/c)^2. R_LT and R_LT^' are constructed from the same component of the hadronic tensor. While R_LT is sensitive to the details of the nuclear structure, a nonvanishing R_LT^' is entirely due to the effects of...

A progress report on the architectural design and implemen-tation of the Control System for the Racetrack Microtron at the Institute of Accelerating Systems and Applications (IASA) in Athens, Greece is presented. The Control Sys-tem for the IASA CW Microtron is being developed on the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) enviro...

Product of charged kaons in central S + S and O + Au collisions at 200 GeV/nucleon has been studied in the NA 35 Streamer Chamber experiment. Mean multiplicities and transverse mass distributions were obtained. They were compared with nucleon-nucleon data and with model predictions.

Pion interferometry is the unique tool to study the space-time evolution of the systems created in the ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions. Five different data sets have been analyzed in terms of cylindrical coordinates, and all yield consistent results. We conclude that the system expands longitudinally, the decoupling proper time is ∼5 fm/c, the...

Enhanced strange particle production, nonstatistical multiplicity fluctuations and two-pion Bose-Einstein correlations were measured in O, S-nucleus reactions at 60 and 200 GeV/nucleon. The results indicate significant collective effects in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions.

Data on multiplicities of charged particles produced in proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at 200 GeV per nucleon are presented. It is shown that the mean multiplicity of negative particles is proportional to the mean number of nucleons participating in the collision both for nucleus-nucleus and proton-nucleus collisions. The apparent co...

We report on a systematic study of midrapidity transverse energy production and forward energy flow in interactions of16O and32S projectiles with S, Cu, Ag and Au targets at 60 and 200 GeV/nucleon. The variation of the shape of theE T distributions with target and projectile mass can be understood from collision geometry. AverageE T values determin...

A 50 × 50 cm2 RICH detector was tested with hadron beams of 200 GeV/c to determine the resolution and efficiency of the system. Single photon detection has been achieved with a multistep avalanche chamber in conjunction with a CCD camera equipped with a 35 mm f/1.4 lens coupled to a two stage image intensifier. The results show that for the number...

Rapidity spectra of pions and participant protons in S + S collisions at 200 GeV/nucleon are compared with N + N data. The average energy loss of the participating nucleons increases by 23% and is balanced by the energy of the final state particles, through a twofold increase of strange particle production and a similar enhancement, assumed for bar...

Results from the analysis of Bose-Einstein correlations of negative pions produced in central collisions of S + S, S + Ag, S + Au and O + Au at 200 GeV/N in a wide rapidity range 0.5 < y < 4.0 are presented. At mid-rapidity a transverse source size significantly larger than the projectile radius is observed in central S + Ag and O + Au collisions....

The production of [`(L)]\bar \Lambda andK s 0 has been studied in 200 GeV/nucleonp+S and S+S collisions in the streamer chamber of the NA35 experiment at the CERN SPS. Significant enhancement of the multiplicities of all observed strange particles relative to negative hadrons was observed in central S+S collisions, as compared top+p andp+S collis...

Results from the NA35 experiment at the CERN SPS are described in the context of possible formation and identification of a quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Evidence is presented that the initial energy density and temperature are sufficient for the QGP to be produced, and that hydrodynamic flow occurs in the expansion stage. Evidence for an unexpectedly...

A phenomenological method is proposed to select possible Quark matter forming events in ultra-relativistic nucleus-nucleus interactions. We compare the released photonic and hadronic energies from a Quark matter forming event and from a normal Hadronic event and derive a relation, which may be used in an event-by-event analysis to differentiate the...

Recent results from the NA35 Collaboration are presented for the reactions of 60 and 200 GeV/nucleon p and 16O, and 200 GeV/nucleon 32S with various targets ranging from S to Au. Midrapidity transverse energy distributions and forward energy flow, p⊥ spectra and rapidity distributions of hadrons are presented. Two-pion interferometry results are di...

The production of neutral strange particlesK so, Λ and\(\bar \Lambda \) has been studied in 60 and 200 GeV per nucleon OAu and pAu collisions with the streamer chamber vertex spectrometer of the NA35 experiment at the CERN-SPS accelerator. Ratios of neutral strange particle production to negatively charged particle production in selected regions of...

Inelastic cross sections at 60 and 200 GeV/nucleon are determined in a streamer chamber for 16O on several nuclear targets. Charged particle multiplicity distributions for inelastic and central collisions are studied and compared with theoretical predictions. The inelastic cross section exhibit a geometrical dependence on nuclear radii. The multipl...

We report results from a pion interferometry analysis of 200 GeV/nucleon 16O+Au collisions. Both a gaussian source model and a model based on the inside-outside cascade are used to fit the experimental correlation function, giving transverse and longitudinal shape parameters, a freeze-out time parameter, and a chaoticity parameter for the pion emit...

We report a systematic study of mid-rapidityE T production and forward energy flow in the interaction of16O projectiles on Al, Cu, Ag and Au at 60 and 200 GeV/nucleon. First results onE T production with32S projectiles are presented.

Results from a pion interferometric analysis of the system 200 GeV/nucleon16O+Au, central collisions, are reported. Both a Gaussian source model and a model based on the inside-outside cascade are used to fit to the experimental correlation function, giving transverse and longitudinal shape parameters, a freezeout time parameter, and a chaoticity p...

We present the first preliminary results on [`(L)]\bar \Lambda production on a gold target with proton and oxygen beams in the NA35 streamer chamber.

The results on spectra of negative particles produced in16O+Au andp-Au collisions at 200 GeV/nucleon and16O+Au at 60 GeV/nucleon are presented. The correlations of average rapidity and average transverse momentum with event multiplicity are studied. Spectral shapes are similar for central16O+Au andp-Au collisions. The transverse momentum and rapidi...

Direct photon and neutral-pion production have been measured inpp collisions at the CERN ISR for 30<\(\sqrt s \)<63 GeV and transverse momenta up to 12 GeV/c. The direct photon signal relative to neutral-pion production increases withp T and shows little\(\sqrt s \)-dependence. Results are reported from a variety of running conditions, and details...

Inclusive π0 production has been measured at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings in αα and αp collisions near 90°, for pT between 2 and 5 GeV/c. The differential cross sections show a slower exponential fall-off with pT than has been observed in pp collisions at the corresponding nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energies at large pT. The ratio of the...

The design and development of an automatic magnetic field mapping device as supporting equipment for the 10 MeV CW-Linac and its transport system at the Institute of Accelerating Systems & Applications (IASA) is presented. The MFM project aims to totally automate the operation of mapping room temperature magnetic field sources, reconstruct the 3D-f...

A de-ionized water cooling system for the IASA room temperature 10 MeV CW Linac has been constructed and successfully installed. Commissioning is undergoing achieving resistivity larger to 5MΩcm with a temperature accuracy of C o 1 . 0 ± for all three linacs. Three ways mixing valves with a stepping capability of one thousand different mixing steps...

A set of three out--of--plane magnetic spectrometers (OOPS) has recently been deployed and commissioned at the Bates Linear Accelerator. We have measured the ^2H(e,e'p) reaction using two OOPS to detect protons in coincidence with an electron spectrometer in quasielastic kinematics at Q^2=0.22 (GeV/c)^2. The experiment was performed with a 40% pola...

We report on measurements of charged particles associated with high P/sub T/ photons and neutral pions produced in pp collisions at ..sqrt..s = 63 GeV. The experiment was done in the Axial Field Spectrometer at the CERN ISR and used lead-liquid argon shower counters to trigger on and identify photons and ..pi../sup o/'s. We give preliminary results...