A. Balasubramanian

University of Mysore | mysore · Department of Earth Science

The main objective of presenting this technical document is to provide an overview of the job potential available for geologists in various sectors. About 29 designated job roles are explained for a general understanding. The roles and responsibilities of geologists vary depending upon the sector in which their specialization is required. The mostl...

Freedom of the media is the fundamental right of various forms of media—including print, radio, television, and online media—to operate freely in society without government control, restriction, or censorship. People understand the importance of press and the freedom of press; the press that is the medium of direct communication between the governm...

Climate Change will have very serious effects on water, soil and land resources. These will further affect our human life and food security. The sustainable development goals focus on protecting these natural resources. Food security depends on soil productivity, soil fertility and stability. An indepth study on various dimensions of soils is neede...

Learning management systems require lesson-wise e-contents. Preparation of E-content requires a lot of hoe work to be done by teachers and technical staff. E-contents are not just video recording of lectures. It involves proper adoption of Instructional design, pedagaogy, teacfhing resources and assessment related aspects. Script writing for e-cont...

Groundwater quality assessment is essentialin the present scenario. The main objective of the present study is assessing the groundwater quality for drinking purpose and identify them.Fourteen (14) different physiochemical parameters were analyzed to evaluate the subsurface water in the study area and values were compared to Bureau of Indian standa...

Open universities are institutions of higher learning. They offer degrees with varying entry requirements. They are the ideal study options for students who have some other engagements (employed) or unable to stay and study on traditional campuses or may want to continue their higher education. Today distance education institutions have developed m...

This presentation highlights the sequential growth of Digital Governance from office automation and e-governance. The Recommendations of NEP 2020 in India and the initiatives taken by the Govt. of India on the extensive use of technology in education are shown with details. The massive ITES architecture adopted by the country on the Digital Governa...

The subjects of Hydrology and Hydrogeology are very essential for engineers, scientists and administrators. The modern trends in hydrogeology include various dimensions. a thorough understanding of those aspects will certainly help people to solve some problems of water resources. It is a very vast field with several facets for research and develop...

World Water Day is an annual United Nations observance day held on 22 March that highlights the importance of fresh water. The day is used to advocate for the sustainable management of freshwater resources. The World Water Day celebrates water and raises awareness of the global water crisis, and a core focus of the observance is to support the achi...

Natural disasters are never ending occurrences. They result from natural causes like floods, volcanoes, earthquakes, etc. Disaster management is a general term used to stand for processes involved in strategic planning and procedures administered in controlling occurrences of natural disasters. Remote sensing(RS) techniques can be effective in redu...

Global climate change is reflected in the form of climatic extremes. It is a fact that an increase in average atmosphere temperature will increase the moisture capacity of the atmosphere. This will likely lead to altered precipitation patterns, changed atmospheric circulation and storm tracks, a more unstable hydrological cycle. It is exposed with...

Microplastics, as the name implies, are tiny plastic particles. Officially, they are defined as plastics less than five millimeters (0.2 inches) in diameter—smaller in diameter than the standard pearl used in jewelry. Microplastics are small plastic pieces less than five millimeters long which can be harmful to our ocean and aquatic life. Microplas...

Water plays many complex roles in human activities and natural systems. Freshwater is one of the most essential of the elements that support human life and economic growth and development. It is irreplaceable for the purposes of drinking, hygiene, food production, fisheries, industry, hydropower generation, navigation, recreation and many other act...

Ocean deposits are the unconsolidated sediments containing Inorganic or Organic substances derived from various sources deposited on the oceanic floor. Ocean deposits are occurring as a blanket of sediments on the ocean floors. Their depositional patterns differ from one area to another area. These marine deposits are of two types as material deriv...

The Indian food industry is growing in importance, providing numerous employment opportunities and increasing the relevance of Food Technology for the individual and society. There are increasing concerns about food related issues, including hygiene and safety, nutritional claims and the nutritional quality of food, genetic engineering, functional...

GIS Technology is the 21st Century’s Mega Technology. Scholars and administrators use Spatial information in scientific research, commercial applications and also for general purpose utilities. Remote Sensing, GIS,GPS, PKI-GSDI,NSDI, Surveying, mapping, modelling and simulation are the major tasks of these professionals. Spatial Relationships, res...

Outcome Based Education(OBE) is an old but refined concept of education today. The NEP 2020 emphasize this concept to be adopted in all sections of Education in India. Everybody should focus on this concept for really getting the fruits of OBE. This presentation is technically provides some basic steps and models to be kept in mind for attaining su...

The major source of irrigation is groundwater. A multitude of factors, including soil composition, soil texture, the geology of the area and agricultural activity, impacts the water’s suitability. The Permeability Index, Salinity and Sodium hazard classification, Sodium Adsorption Ratio, Residual Sodium Carbonate, Sodium ratio, Adjusted Sodium Adso...

Economic geology is a branch of geology . It deals with the occurrence, composition, structure, and origin of various geological formations and their economic mineral deposits which can be technically utilized. Economic geology is concerned with all the natural mineral resources of the earth’s that can be used for economic and/or industrial purpose...

The quality of airport infrastructure, which is a vital component of the overall transportation network, contributes directly to a country's international competitiveness and the flow of foreign investment. Airports also represent a country's window on the world. Passengers form their first impressions about a nation from the state of its airports....

Botanical gardens provide an excellent medium for communication between the world of botanical science and the general public. Botanical gardens are often established and maintained by universities or other scientific research organizations. These often have associated herbaria and research programmes in plant taxonomy or some other aspect of botan...

The transportation sector is a strong factor for balanced development of the economy of a region having coastal zones. Ports constitute an important economic activity in coastal areas. A vast majority of industries in the world are located in the coastal belts, in the vicinity of major ports. Seaports are important interfaces in the supply chain be...

In this study, we present a detailed characterization of weathering profile and groundwater over a hard rock terrain showing the formation of kaolinite, groundwater quality assessment, and hydrogeochemistry. The crystal structure, chemical composition, and spectral characteristics of a weathering profile collected from Thiruvananthapuram district,...

Technology has changed the possibilities within teaching and learning. Classes, which prior to the digital era were restricted to lectures, talks, and physical objects, no longer have to be designed in that manner. Training in a synchronous virtual classroom can only be successful with the active participation and engagement of the learners. Explor...

Pedagogy is the most commonly understood approach to teaching. It refers to the theory and practice of learning. Pedagogy is often described as the act of teaching. Pedagogy has little variations between traditional teaching and online teaching. Online teaching pedagogy is a method of effective teaching practice specifically developed for teaching...

E-content is a Comprehensive package of teaching material put into hypermedia format. Hypermedia is multimedia with internet deplorability. E-content can not be created by a teaching faculty alone . It needs the role of teacher, Video editor, production assistants, web developers (HTML 5 or Adobe captivate, etc). Analyze the learner needs and goals...

Assessment of irrigation suitability of groundwater in Varada basin, Karnataka was out. Total 164 samples were analyzed using WATCH software. Groundwater quality was examined by various physio-chemical parameters like electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), calcium(Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potas...

An environmental indicator helps to provide an insight into the state of the environment or human health. Indicators are developed based on quantitative measurements or statistics of environmental condition that are tracked over time. Environmental indicators can be developed and used at a wide variety of geographic scales, from local to regional t...

The primary focus of this study lies on future sustainable technologies (FST), such as renewable energies and energy efficient technologies, which will make use of indium (In), germanium (Ge), tantalum (Ta), PGM [platinum group metals, such as ruthenium (Ru), platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd)], tellurium (Te), cobalt (Co), lithium (Li), gallium (Ga)...

• The monitoring and evaluation of the institutional processes require a carefully structured system of internal and external review. The NAAC expects the Institutions to undertake continuous Academic and Administrative Audits (AAA). This presentation is intended to serve as advisory to all accredited HEIs who volunteer to undertake AAA. The pros a...

• The monitoring and evaluation of the institutional processes require a carefully structured system of internal and external review. The NAAC expects the Institutions to undertake continuous Academic and Administrative Audits (AAA). This presentation is intended to serve as advisory to all accredited HEIs who volunteer to undertake AAA. The pros a...

Applications for electronic and mobile commerce are, however, developed sufficiently to cover all aspects of the market. Smartphone applications are implemented on different operating systems on the basis of the installation of a Spree application which allows partial web services to function because not all applications may work with these web ser...

Development of audio-video based lectures for common understanding of functional English involves the process as like content mapping, instructional design, selection of illustrative examples and the method of delivering the content, with a variety of learning styles, and multimedia applications. The present study evaluate the application of multim...

Natural Disasters will have both direct and indirect impacts. Developed countries have better disaster management and advanced disaster warning systems to prevent the post and pre disaster impact compared to developing nations. India is one of the ten worst disaster prone countries of the world. Natural disasters in India, are related to the climat...

This preprint deals about the milestones in the growth and development of the subject of ecology.

The subject of ecology is become very vast and include wide range of concepts derived from various disciplines and involves new and new dimensions. This Preprint highlights the 50+ branches of Ecology.

Every water tells a story. Water is a universal solvent. Water invariably contains both natural constituents and contaminants, that arise from the geological formations through which it flows and due to the anthropogenic polluting sources, which get into it. The chemistry of water is an essential aspect, in most of the study of aquatic surface ecos...

The total number of parameters computed by WATCHIT are 108. The software generates several hundred pages of output including graphs, tables and details for every water sample data given as input with reference to the major ion chemistry. It is a potential research tool for scientists, engineers and decision makers at all levels. Only a few ionic co...

Water conservation refers to reducing the usage of water and recycling of waste water for different purposes like domestic usage, industries, agriculture etc. This presentation highlights about the purpose, scope and methods of water conservation practices. It also gives some details of rainwater harvesting, as well.

Climate Extreme (extreme weather or climate event) refers to the occurrence of a value of a weather or climate variable above (or below) a threshold value near the upper (or lower) ends of the range of observed values of the variable. Extreme weather and climate events, interacting with exposed and vulnerable human and natural systems, can lead to...

The Engineering sector in India is relatively less fragmented at the top, as the competencies required are high, while it is highly fragmented at the lower end and is dominated by smaller players. Comparative advantage vis-à-vis peers in terms of manufacturing costs, market knowledge, technology and creativity has been a driving force for engineeri...

In broad terms, cultural geography examines the cultural values, practices, discursive and material expressions and artefacts of people, the cultural diversity and plurality of society. It also emphasizes on how cultures are distributed over space, how places and identities are produced, how people make sense of places and build senses of place, an...

Any unplanned development and utilization of water resources with result in water scarcity. In many parts of the developing world. Such a situation exists. In order to do proper planning and management of water resources, it is necessary to conduct detailed analyses of the factors, which influence the water availability and its uses. In the present...

Geography is an inter-disciplinary subject. It is an essential academic field, which is needed for all walks of human life and a nation’s development. By definition, Geography is the study of locational and spatial variation in both physical and human phenomena on earth. Over a period of time, geography have included a lot of aspects into it domain...

Geology is the scientific study of the all constituents of planets, their internal and external forms and processes. More precisely, it is the study of nature, structure and history of the planet. Earth is the home to all life, well known to the humankind. Geology, itself, is a major part of THE Earth and atmospheric sciences, which were born as tw...

Water quality assessment is essential to ensure viable, safe use of the resource for drinking or domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes. Forty two groundwater samples were collected systematically during pre and post monsoon seasons in and around Mangalore, Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka state in order to understand the geochemistry...

. Arunachal Pradesh appears as a giant patch of green on the country’s map. India’s wildest and least explored state, Arunachal (literally the ‘land of dawn-lit mountains’) rises abruptly from the Assam plains as a mass of densely forested and impossibly steep hills. Arunachal Pradesh occupies the largest area (83.743 Sq. Km) in the northeastern re...

Tourism is a very promising industry in India. India is a country with a large number of tourist spots and attractive features. India is a country known for its culture, heritage, history and natural resources. All the states and union territories have a good number of locations catering to the domestic and international tourists. Nagaland is a mou...

India is one of the mostly preferred destinations for international tourists. Tourism is a very promising industry in India. India is a country with a large number of tourist spots and attractive features. India is a country known for its culture, heritage, history and natural resources. All the states and union territories have a good number of lo...

Tourism is a very promising industry in India. India is a country with a large number of tourist spots and attractive features. India is a country known for its culture, heritage, history and natural resources. All the states and union territories have a good number of locations catering to the domestic and international tourists. Dadra and Nagar H...

India is one of the mostly preferred destinations for international tourists. Tourism is a very promising industry in India. India is a country with a large number of tourist spots and attractive features. India is a country known for its culture, heritage, history and natural resources. All the states and union territories have a good number of lo...

India is one of the mostly preferred destinations for international tourists. Tourism is a very promising industry in India. India is a country with a large number of tourist spots and attractive features. India is a country known for its culture, heritage, history and natural resources. All the states and union territories have a good number of lo...

India is one of the mostly preferred destinations for international tourists. Tourism is a very promising industry in India. India is a country with a large number of tourist spots and attractive features. India is a country known for its culture, heritage, history and natural resources. All the states and union territories have a good number of lo...

India is one of the mostly preferred destinations for international tourists. Tourism is a very promising industry in India. India is a country with a large number of tourist spots and attractive features. India is a country known for its culture, heritage, history and natural resources. All the states and union territories have a good number of lo...

Tourism is a very promising industry in India. India is a country with a large number of tourist spots and attractive features. India is a country known for its culture, heritage, history and natural resources. All the states and union territories have a good number of locations catering to the domestic and international tourists. Bihar is a beauti...

India is one of the mostly preferred destinations for international tourists. Tourism is a very promising industry in India. India is a country with a large number of tourist spots and attractive features. India is a country known for its culture, heritage, history and natural resources. All the states and union territories have a good number of lo...

India is one of the mostly preferred destinations for international tourists. Tourism is a very promising industry in India. India is a country with a large number of tourist spots and attractive features. India is a country known for its culture, heritage, history and natural resources. All the states and union territories have a good number of lo...

India is one of the mostly preferred destinations for international tourists. Tourism is a very promising industry in India. India is a country with a large number of tourist spots and attractive features. India is a country known for its culture, heritage, history and natural resources. All the states and union territories have a good number of lo...

India is one of the mostly preferred destinations for international tourists. Tourism is a very promising industry in India. India is a country with a large number of tourist spots and attractive features. India is a country known for its culture, heritage, history and natural resources. All the states and union territories have a good number of lo...

India is one of the mostly preferred destinations for international tourists. Tourism is a very promising industry in India. India is a country with a large number of tourist spots and attractive features. India is a country known for its culture, heritage, history and natural resources. All the states and union territories have a good number of lo...

India is one of the mostly preferred destinations for international tourists. Tourism is a very promising industry in India. India is a country with a large number of tourist spots and attractive features. India is a country known for its culture, heritage, history and natural resources. All the states and union territories have a good number of lo...

India is one of the mostly preferred destinations for international tourists. Tourism is a very promising industry in India. India is a country with a large number of tourist spots and attractive features. India is a country known for its culture, heritage, history and natural resources. All the states and union territories have a good number of lo...

Cosmology is the study of nature and origin of the Universe. The scientific aspects of composition, motion, and other related facts of the universe are studied under a multidisciplinay subject called Astronomy. It is not an experimental science but an observational science. Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences having practical importance. It may...

This report highlights the classification of the engineering materials and their processing techniques. The engineering materials can broadly be classified as: a) Ferrous Metals b) Non-ferrous Metals (aluminum, magnesium, copper, nickel, titanium) c) Plastics (thermoplastics, thermosets) d) Ceramics and Diamond e) Composite Materials & f) Nano-...

Quartz is found in almost every geological environment. It is a common constituent in most of the rock types and soil groups. Granite, sandstone, limestone, and most of the igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks contain quartz. Quartz contains mainly oxygen and silicon. These two constituents make upto 75 % of the earth’s crust. An alternate n...

Earth is our home planet. It is the only planet in the solar system known to harbor life. It is also called as a Blue planet. The World we live in, is in this wonderful planet It has a wonderful world with continents, oceans, islands and icecaps. This wonderful world is for those who have eyes to see the beauty and its great variety, its dynamism,...

Estuaries are coastal ecological niche, receiving importance in recent years due to industrialization, urbanization, and construction of harbors along their bank. The estuaries have also gained importance and attracted the attention of scientists, administrators and ecologists in view of their biodiversity. Most of the estuarine areas are put into...

There are many different means of investigating the landslide-prone areas. Two types of landslide hazard evaluation methods are available. One is the direct observation and the other one is the use of technological tools. One of the guiding principles of geology is that the past is the key to the future. In evaluating landslide hazards, the future...

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is the digital representation of the land surface elevation with respect to any reference datum. DEM is frequently used to refer to any digital representation of a topographic surface. DEM is the simplest form of digital representation of topography .DEMs are used to determine terrain attributes such as elevation at an...

Perhaps the most important component of a GIS is in the part of data used in GIS. The data for using in GIS can be derived from various sources. A wide variety of data sources exist for both spatial and attribute data. This report highlights them in a nutshell.

The physical and chemical properties of the clay minerals determine their utilization in the process industries. The three most commonly used clay bodies are earthenware clay bodies, mid-fire stoneware clay bodies, and high-fire stoneware clay bodies. Pottery and ceramics are made by forming and firing raw materials including clay and pottery stone...

Stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic origin. Most of the rocks are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or made into various shapes and blocks or slabs to be used walling, paving or roofing materials. Rocks are mostly used in the construction of buildings and hundreds of structures. Stones are ca...

The climate of a region is ultimately determined by the radiation energy of the sun, and its distribution and temporal fluctuations. The long-term state of the atmosphere is a function of a variety of interacting elements. They are: Solar radiation, Air masses, Pressure systems (and cyclone belts),Ocean Currents, Topography.

Engineering geology is the application of the geological sciences to engineering projects. It is aimed at studying the geology of an area for the purpose of assuring that the geological factors regarding the location, design, construction, operation and maintenance of engineering works, are perfect for the project implementation. It is also done du...

Climatology is the science of studying the average atmospheric conditions of a region in long-term perspective. The primary goal of Climatology is to study the unique characteristics of atmosphere in controlling the global climate, origin, types of climates, causes and processes influencing the climatic variations, elements of weather and the impac...

Data models are a set of rules and/or constructs used to describe and represent aspects of the real world in a computer. In GIS, a set of data models are used for various applications. Four of them are explained in this module.

Wastes may be solid wastes or liquid sewage. In this episode, the details of Solid wastes and their environmental concern are highlighted.

The subject of geography is divided into two main branches as physical geography and human geography. Human geography is the study of human use and understanding of the whole world and the processes which have affected it. Human geography broadly differs from physical geography in that it focuses on the built environment and how the space is create...

Runoff gathers sediment and pollutants, which can wind up in natural waterways. Water that doesn’t soak into soil can’t recharge local groundwater sources. The goal of managing storm water runoff includes: Decreasing the volume and Minimizing the pollutants.

The economy of the world is fast changing during the recent years. The changes in primary, secondary and tertiary stages are dynamic in nature. In view of this, the objectives of studying economic geography are to integrate several factors of economic development to acquaint with the dynamic aspects of the Scenario.

Soil is the uppermost part of the Earth’s crust. It is formed due to the weathering of rock under the influence of climate, vegetation, relief and parent rock. Indian soils reflects the above said combination of factors that has gone behind in making it.

The patterns of cycling nutrients in the biosphere involves not only metabolism by living organisms, but also a series of strictly abiotic chemical reactions. Understanding the circulation of a single element requires the knowledge of a process that depends jointly on the biology of all organisms that utilize the element, its geological availabilit...

Geology is the scientific study of the all constituents of planets, their internal and external forms and processes. More precisely, it is the study of nature, structure and history of the planet. Earth is the home to all life, well known to the humankind. Geology, itself, is a major part of The Earth and atmospheric sciences, which were born as tw...

Geology is the scientific study of the all constituents of planets, their internal and external forms and processes. More precisely, it is the study of nature, structure and history of the planet. Earth is the home to all life, well known to the humankind. Geology, itself, is a major part of The Earth and atmospheric sciences, which were born as tw...

This BASIC computer program has been developed to evaluate the polynomials of log-log x and y data set. The sample data given as input was a Schlumberger VES layer model with thickness and resistivities. The log-log curve evaluation was made to find out the coefficients. Using the evaluated coefficients, for the set of give x values( AB/2) spacings...

Salt water encroachment is the major hazard to the public in all coastal zones. The intrusion often results firstly in the loss of potable water resource and secondly in the need to develop costly remedial measures. For efficient planning and management of coastal aquifers, it is also essential to predict the extent of intrusion into the aquifer in...

Integrated groundwater resource Evaluation in the upper Amaravathi River Basin, Tamil Nadu The occurrence of groundwater in any crystalline formation is limited and may be available only within the weathered, fractured and structurally deformed portions. The identification and exploration of groundwater potential zones, in such terrains, involve a...

The present study was carried out in two semi-intensive brackish water shrimp culture ponds of a farm situated in the outskirts of Tuticorin, South India. Penaeus monodon and P. indicus were the two species cultured individually (mono species culture) in these two ponds covering two crops (each crop extending for a period of 140-154 days). Various...

This Fortran Computer code was developed to carryout modelling of groundwater flow systems in two-dimensions. The four major Numerical Methods adopted are Explicit, Implicit, Alternating Direction Explicit, Iterative Alternating Direction Implicit(IADI). It was initially tested & run in CDC 316, MICRO-32, CYBER8000 mainframe computers. The program...

This Fortran Computer Program was written to analyse the pumping test data of water wells. It analyses both pumping time and recovery time data as well. All important aquifer parameters are evaluated. It works in all systems. G77 or F77 fortran compilers are to be used while processing. A Basic language version is APE.BAS available in Researchgate.

This Fortran Computer Program has been developed and tested in mainframe and Desktop PCs for carrying out Factor Analysis with Rotated factor matrix. The program is versatile. It should be compiled using f77 or g77 fortran compilers. Though it was developed in 1985, it works without any code-related modifications even today. The user may change the...

This FORTRAN computer program was developed to analyse hydrochemical data of water samples. It evaluates hydrochemical facies of groundwater, mechanisms, all varieties of classifications available for interpretations. More than 100 Ph.D scholars in India have used this after is development. The Basic Version is also available as HYCH.BAS. Use Resea...

This qb64 Basic computer program MULTREG.BAS is an easy to use software for multiple regression of sample and variable data. Example input data is shown after the computer code. The results are also shown at the end. It will work in VBasic also once inserted as a code. Input data file should be RMULTDAT.TXT. The output result file will be RMULTOUT....

This program is used to evaluate the polynomials of a curved x-y data pairs. Often in Research and analytical evaluation, curve-fitting is needed to match standard curves and phase-related curves. One may not know which order of polynomial will give the best fit also. In this program, computation will go upto 12 orders. The user can select the best...

The study area covers 1026 sq km² comprising of 15 sub-watersheds, namely Saggiyam (SB-1), Mudoldoddi (SB-2), Halgapuram (SB-3), Deverabetta (SB-4) Mattugaudanadoddi (SB-5), Handgalli (SB-6), Manchepura (SB-7), Lokkanahalli (SB-8), Chinchalli (SB-9), Prakash palya (SB-10), Naripura (SB-11), Adugulpodu (SB-12), Ramayanadoddi (SB-13), Jodukara hatti...