What hormones are released during pain?

Biofeedback is a method that uses the mind to control a body function that the body normally regulates automatically, such as muscle tension, heart rate, pain perception or stability...

A client of mine is training fitness competitors. He wants to know the effects of adding testosterone to his athletes supplements are having on their heart. Looking for research on the subject as well as someone studying the effects of steroids that would like to conduct performance tests on athletes that are using testosterone

What do you think about the balance between exploring widely different designs vs. local optimization at different levels of biology (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, anatomy, etc.)? Which levels are more or less modular or plastic?

In the endocrine system, for example, one feels that having tropic hormones (i.e., those controlling the release of other signaling hormones at other glands) may offer a finer and perhaps more robust regulation, compared to a being where all hormones were non-tropic. However, the anatomic location of elements in these networks is not trivial. For example, in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, renin is produced in the kidney, and aldosterone eventually exerts its effects in the kidney as well. However, the intermediate step by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) mainly occurs in the lungs, which could introduce a delay in the regulation.

Do we have good explanations for the sites of production and action of different hormones in the body? Are there common principles to be learned as optimized by evolution in this respect? Or are happenstances/contingent evolution stronger determinants?

Thank you for sharing your thoughts!

What is the simplest or cheapest way to test for HGH?

RBC doesn't have a nucleus so is there any exception virus which can affect the RBC?

I would like to measure the levels of Orexin A, but I have samples with poor quality. Someone know any kit with high sensibility for measuring orexin A? 

manual method can be used for accurate measurement of plasma corticosterone level