When technology, religion, politics, or culture changes, how do we bring new words into the language to talk about these changes?

Thank you for your very interesting insights. What about hyperforeignisms (i.e., words with a foreign "coating" that are given new meanings)? Examples between the English-Italian language pairs are, notoriously, pepperoni (that has nothing to do with the italian "peperoni", peppers, but are spicy salami); confetti (which, in Italian are sugared almonds given at weddings, whereas in English they are pieces of coloured paper/plastic launched in the air at weddings, ceremonies or carnival). Janda et al (1994 - Systematic Hyperforeignisms as Maximally External Evidence for Linguistic Rules) define hyperforeignsms as "Pseudo-loanwords – which, parallel to a (wo)man without a country, are forms without a language". Some scholars make other examples of hyperforeignsms, such as phrases where foreign words are introduced, as in "hasta la vista, baby" (in the film "Terminator"); or where English words are given a foreign flavour, as in "no problemo", "fatso", "weirdo" and "diabeto" (a character in Family Guy).

Patrizia: Excellent. Check out Slide # 5 in this revised PowerPoint." Thanks for your help.