What programming language would you suggest for researchers working in the fields of water resources?

Hi all,

I have a question regarding the relationship between evaporation and groundwater fluctuations. Does evaporation cause groundwater to fall, or does rising groundwater lead to increased evaporation?

By "evaporation," I mean actual evapotranspiration from the land surface, as defined by most evapotranspiration models (e.g., GLEAM, MERRA).

I believe this process can be described using a conceptual model:

Imagine a cup of water with green beans soaking in it, covered by a lid. When the lid is opened, water evaporates, and as the water level decreases, does the evaporation (per unit of time) also decrease? The answer is yes, indicating that groundwater (represented by the cup of water) influences evaporation.

Now, imagine the cup is topped by a sponge (representing the unsaturated zone). If we measure evaporation from the top of the sponge (which should represent actual evapotranspiration at the land surface), the evaporation will still decrease as the water in the cup (groundwater) decreases. However, there should be a time lag because groundwater evaporation reaches the sponge first.

This concept is especially relevant for soils, where soil evaporation is derived from both past groundwater evaporation and past precipitation infiltration. Similarly, for vegetation transpiration, a rising water table would lead to increased water uptake by vegetation, thereby increasing transpiration. Again, a time lag would be expected in this process.

In other words, according to this conceptual model, actual evapotranspiration at the land surface tends to lag behind groundwater evaporation.

With this in mind, is it correct that groundwater recharge analysis should subtract evapotranspiration from precipitation and then calculate recharge per unit of time? In particular, in some common response analyses, recharge is considered as the net of precipitation minus evaporation, and then the groundwater time series is fitted with a gamma function or other response functions. However, doesn't this treatment implicitly assume that higher evaporation leads to lower groundwater levels in the future?

However, shouldn't evaporation be a “sink” rather than a “source” of groundwater? Shouldn't the only components of evapotranspiration that affect recharge be vegetation indicating interception losses and soil interception?

Please let me know your answer.

How can deep learning models be integrated with physically-based models for hydrological forecasting?

systematic approach on modelling rainfall and flood frequenc

Book Theme: The rivers of India, vital lifelines that support agriculture, industry, and drinking water needs, are facing unprecedented challenges due to climate change and human activities of the Anthropocene. The impact of rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increasing frequency of extreme weather events is profoundly affecting the geomorphology, hydrology, ecology, and socioeconomic fabric associated with these waterways. This book project (edited volume) explores how climate change is influencing Indian rivers (impact) and outlines potential strategies for mitigation and adaptation (resilience). It also covers the impact of various human activities on the fluvial morphology, hydrology, and riverine environment. Yet, as we step further into the 21st century, these vital waterways face unprecedented challenges. Reviving and restoring fluvial ecosystems is essential for reviving the health of India's rivers. This involves rehabilitating wetlands, reforesting riparian zones, and restoring natural river channels that have been altered by human activity. The need to reimagine and revitalize India's rivers has never been more urgent. To ensure their sustainability and health, a comprehensive blueprint is essential—one that balances ecological preservation with socioeconomic development. Research initiatives from a range of academic perspectives, including geography, biology, hydrology, geomorphology, environmental sustainability, environmental science, water economy, sociology, and political geography, are required for the book project.

I want to know whether gravel formed in river by natural process is better than the gravel made in crusher from any perspective. Please, share your experience and knowledge.

I am working on enhancing the SWAT+ model for my PhD research and need to modify its source code. Could anyone suggest:

Any guidance would be greatly appreciated. Thank you!

There are several criterion to decide the main river and tributary,

1. length of the river

2.Volume of the water in river channel

3. Historical context

4. Catchment area

5. Direction of flow

6. other characteristics (like perennial or seasonal, depth of the channel etc,)

which is the major criterion?

it is found that there is not universal rule to decide which is main river and which is tributary.

Hello, I am currently working on my undergraduate thesis, which focuses on modeling seepage through a dam. I am exploring the use of MODFLOW for this purpose, as it is widely recognized for simulating flow through porous media (based on information from the USGS website and my advisor's suggestion). However, I have been struggling to find relevant papers, case studies, or comprehensive tutorials to guide me in this specific application, which has left me feeling a bit overwhelmed. Additionally, the numerous add-ons and plugins available for MODFLOW make it challenging to understand their differences and how they might apply to my work. I would greatly appreciate any explanations, references, or resources that could help me better understand this topic. Thank you very much!

Answer: In Arizona, there is a law against donkeys sleeping in bathtubs. This law was supposedly passed in the 1920's after a donkey was swept away after falling into a flooded bathtub and local rescuers struggled to get him out.