Question
Asked 24 December 2017

What are the advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence?

From your point of view, what are the benefits and risks of robots, artificial intelligence, and machine learning? What worries you about the arriving era of artificial intelligence?
Dear reader, your opinion is very much appreciated.
Thank you

Most recent answer

Ljubomir Jacić
Technical College Požarevac
With the rapid growth of AI, does it adequately reflect society? How do we create responsible innovation? In a new chapter for our Artificial Intelligence program, we reach out to experts about the need for a concerted effort to address systemic bias issues, especially regarding gender and race and how we can work together to create ethical frameworks for AI...
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All Answers (259)

Ljubomir Jacić
Technical College Požarevac
BENEFITS & RISKS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Everything we love about civilization is a product of intelligence, so amplifying our human intelligence with artificial intelligence has the potential of helping civilization flourish like never before – as long as we manage to keep the technology beneficial.“ - Max Tegmark
7 Recommendations
Hazim Hashim Tahir
Ministry of Science and Technology, Iraq
Dear Colleagues, Good Day,
Please, see the slide...
see the source:
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See the source:
Advantages:
  • AI would have a low error rate compared to humans, if coded properly. They would have incredible precision, accuracy, and speed.
  • They won't be affected by hostile environments, thus able to complete dangerous tasks, explore in space, and endure problems that would injure or kill us.
    • This can even mean mining and digging fuels that would otherwise be hostile for humans.
  • Replace humans in repetitive, tedious tasks and in many laborious places of work.
  • Predict what a user will type, ask, search, and do. They can easily act as assitants and cna recommend or direct various actions.
    • An example of this can be found in the smartphone.
  • Can detect fraud in card-based systems, and possibly other systems in the future.
  • Organized and manages records.
  • Interact with humans for entertainment or a task as avatars or robots.
    • An example of this is AI for playing many videogames.
    • Robotic pets can interact with humans. Can help w/ depression and inactivity.
    • Can fulfill sexual pleasure.
  • They can think logically without emotions, making rational decisions with less or no mistakes.
  • Can assess people.
    • This can be for medical purposes, such as health risks and emotional state. Can simulate medical procedures and give info on side effects.
      • Robotic radiosurgery, and other types of surgery in the future, can achieve precision that humans can't.
  • They don't need to sleep, rest, take breaks, or get entertained, as they don't get bored or tired.
Now let's go and see the disadvantages:
Disadvantages:
  • Can cost a lot of money and time to build, rebuild, and repair. Robotic repair can occur to reduce time and humans needing to fix it, but that'll cost more money and resources.
  • It's questionable: is it ethically and morally correct to have androids, human-like robots, or recreate intelligence, a gift of nature that shouldn't be recreated? This is a discussion about AI that's popular in the days.
  • Storage is expansive, but access and retrieval may not lead to connections in memory as well as humans could.
    • They can learn and get better with tasks if coded to, but it's questionable as to if this can ever become as good as humans can do such.
      • They cannot work outside of what they were programmed for.
    • They could never, or, at least, seemingly never with our technological perceptions, recieve creativity that humans have.
      • This can prevent sympathizing with emotions for human contact, such as in being nurses. This can also reduce wisdom can understanding.
      • This can prevent common sense occuring. Even if coded with common sense and to learn, it seems hard for them to get as much common sense that humans could.
  • Robots, with them replacing jobs, can lead to severe unemployment, unless if humans can fix the unemployment with jobs AI can't do or severly change the government to communism.
  • As seen partially with smartphones and other technology already, humans can become too dependent on AI and lose their mental capacities.
  • Machines can easily lead to destruction, if put in the wrong hands. That is, at least a fear of many humans.
    • AI as robots can supercede humans, enslaving us.
4 Recommendations
Tatsuo Tabata
Institute for Data Evaluation and Analysis
To say simply, the advantages of artificial intelligence (AI) would be achieving what is too difficult for human beings and doing tedious things in place of human beings. The disadvantage of AI would be the possibility of making human beings rather idle.
6 Recommendations
Ljubomir Jacić
Technical College Požarevac
Dear @ K. Karthik , you must cite the origin of your answer. Here is the link!
Otherwise, it is plagiarism!
6 Recommendations
Emmanuel V Murray
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
Artificial Intelligence is an over-hyped concept. It has more to do with the ability of a machine to handle large volumes of data. It can never replace human intelligence.
5 Recommendations
Leonardo Cannizzaro
Italian National Research Council
I do not see any notable disadvantages in AI. Concerning the advantages, I agree with all the colleagues who have already answered on this point. But the name AI seems to me completely inappropriate. In fact, as I have already said, answering other questions similar to this, I do not think we can talk about AI. This technology is not at all intelligent but at best it behaves like Ivan Petrovič Pavlov's dog, ie classical conditioning. To be able to say that machines equipped with AI technology are actually intelligent, they must write at least one philosophy treatise or to conceive, design and implementing a painting like Picasso's Guernica.
5 Recommendations
Yuji Kohno
Yokohama National University
In the future, artificial intelligence will be used in all sectors of society to greatly change the lives of mankind. However, if it comes to playing an important role in decision-making organizations of the core society of society, it may be a repetition of a rather tedious history for mankind. Because artificial intelligence is made up of huge historical data until the system is constructed.
4 Recommendations
Dear Emmanuel Vijayanand Murray,
I fully support your opinion about "Artificial Intelligence is an over-hyped concept". Artificial Intelligence is not able to develop as a person and this is the most important difference. Artificial Intelligence is a frozen knowledge and algorithms at that time that were laid by man. Artificial Intelligence does not have intuition as a person. Artificial Intelligence will never create a genius music, like a person. And what we now see in reality: there is more of the Intelligent Intelligence, the more the degradation of the human brain, which of course is the creator of the Intelligent Intelligence. Thus, Artificial Intelligence will never do what a person could do. And we really should never overestimate the possibilities of the Intelligent Intelligence.
6 Recommendations
Ljubomir Jacić
Technical College Požarevac
Dear @Darko has had an excellent research question in this topic.
There are almost 300 answers and many resources available!
6 Recommendations
Hom Nath Chalise
Tribhuvan University
Some concept related with AI is given in the following link
What is Artificial Intelligence
5 Recommendations
Hom Nath Chalise
Tribhuvan University
Dear every one, I hope your holidays will be filled with joy and laughter through the New Year 2018. I wish you Merry Christmas and Happy New Year 2018 With Warm Regards Hom Nath Chalise
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Ljubomir Jacić
Technical College Požarevac
More optimistic about the solutions that AI could provide than the disruption...!
8 Recommendations
Iping Supriana
Bandung Institute of Technology
Artificial Intelligence will be advantageous for a non-deterministic problem class, and harmful when used for deterministic problems.
4 Recommendations
Rohit Manilal Parikh
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
There is nothing like artificial intelligence .Intelligence is nothing but to use our mind & brain in the direction for which we needed .It is thru intelligence we find the individuals of various categories who are making our society & life interesting & also sometime inspiring in our action in our life .
Artificial intelligence ,individual have a feeling that just as other individual they do not have the advantages of the memory or using of the brain power .This becomes the practice of their mind with the result they create a different impression regarding their intelligence their by whether it may be a school ,college or even in their service position they do not create a landmark & also the necessary impression among their surroundings .
This is my personal opinion
5 Recommendations
Salam Jassim Hmood
Al Muthanna University
I will talk here about disadvantage of artificial intelligence because the advantage are known.
Artificial intelligence represents Indirect challenge to individual creativity of employees, and even working on it, because it makes them rely on it to accomplish the tasks of work without thinking about alternatives in person
this in turn will lead to heavy mental restlessness.
6 Recommendations
Dickson Adom
Kwame Nkrumah University Of Science and Technology
Prof. Karthik's comprehensive comment says it all. I am in unison with his explicit thoughts. Best regards
5 Recommendations
Ahmed Saeed Hassanien
Benha University
Artificial intelligence, A.L. is defined as intelligence exhibited by machines, has many applications in today's society. More specifically, it is Weak A.I., the form of A.I. where programs are developed to perform specific tasks, that is being utilized for a wide range of activities including medical diagnosis, electronic trading, robot control, and remote sensing. A.I. has been used to develop and advance numerous fields and industries, including finance, healthcare, education, transportation, and more.
Good luck
7 Recommendations
Karobi Borah
Dibrugarh University
I agree with Prof. Karthik.
4 Recommendations
Hazim Hashim Tahir
Ministry of Science and Technology, Iraq
Dear Colleagues, Good Day,
"The Future Of Work: How Artificial Intelligence Will Transform The Employee Experience
Artificial Intelligence is on the verge of penetrating every major industry from healthcare to advertising, transportation, finance, legal, education, and now inside the workplace. Many of us may have already interacted with a chatbot (defined as an automated, yet personalized, conversation between software and human users) whether it’s on Facebook Messenger to book a hotel room or ordering flowers through 1-800 flowers. According to Facebook Vice President, David Marcus, there are now more than 100,000 chatbots on the Facebook Messenger platform, up from 33,000 in 2016.
As we increase the usage of chatbots in our personal lives, we will expect to use them in the workplace to assist us with things like finding new jobs, answering frequently asked HR related questions or even receiving coaching and mentoring.  Chatbots digitize HR processes and enable employees to access HR solutions from anywhere. Using artificial intelligence in HR will create a more seamless employee experience, one that is nimbler and more user driven.",...
Please, see the website link to read the rest of the interesting article,...
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Rajan Iyer
ENGINEERINGINC TEKNET GLOBAL INTERNATIONAL PLATFORM
I have a metric measurement standard's aspect evaluating everything automating, called the %IT which provides what isn't manual or vice versa. In terms through this measure, artificial intelligence will increase %IT. However, it will depend on deployment, that per many articles above, much below what should have happened by now. Typically %IT is <1%, while it should have value of 10% or more. This is particularly because we have to duplicate much paper work and other processes that should been all by now really taken care of by efficient network apps. Myself I am designing input throughput output network app that will increase %IT greatly. My company people will help to convert to real app in a few years, although myself only a materials research scientist and my company people have to operate on a no-financing basis - i.e. credit basis.
It is great to see people are more perhaps all becoming committed to asking right type of questions, without being afraid of dysfunctional past. Myself a promoter of philosophical discussions, future of human existence will depend how we can address deeper questions, without being meaninglessly practical. Hopefully, AI will go beyond "over-hyped concept".
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Maysam Toghraee
Computer Software Engineering (CSE)
hi?
Artificial intelligence and the science of robotics can be put to use in mining and other fuel exploration processes. Not only that, these complex machines can be used for exploring the ocean floor and hence overcoming the human limitations. Due to the programming of the robots, they can perform more laborious and hard work with greater responsibility. They do not wear out easily.
5 Recommendations
Mahmoud Omid
University of Tehran
AI benefits and risks should be carefully weighed before employing it for human convenience. Why do we need research to ensure that AI remains safe and beneficial? What are the benefits and risks of AI? Please refer to the attached link for some answers.
8 Recommendations
Mahmoud Omid
University of Tehran
A very interesting talk by Dr. Fei-Fei Li ...A must be watched video
When a very young child looks at a picture, she can identify simple elements: "cat," "book," "chair." Now, computers are getting smart enough to do that too. What's next? In a thrilling talk, computer vision expert Fei-Fei Li describes the state of the art -- including the database of 15 million photos her team built to "teach" a computer to understand pictures -- and the key insights yet to come. This talk was presented at an official TED conference, and was featured by our editors on the home page.
As Director of Stanford’s Artificial Intelligence Lab and Vision Lab, Fei-Fei Li is working to solve AI’s trickiest problems — including image recognition, learning and language processing.
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Arezu Bizhani
University of Kurdistan
Is there a day when the intelligent intelligence will be removed from human control.
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Ljubomir Jacić
Technical College Požarevac
The Pros And Cons Of Artificial Intelligence!
Both visionaries agree that while AI technology can be harnessed to help humans in areas such as medicine and care for the aged, AI’s ability to self-learn and act on that new knowledge is a real and present threat and needs immediate and tough governmental regulatory oversight...
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Yurii Prokopchuk
Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies
Who knows what AI is? ... A real AI must generate a "Subjective Reality" ... there is no such AI ...
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Ljubomir Jacić
Technical College Požarevac
Dear @Yurii, visit the following thread in order to find some excellent resources about your dilemmas on AI.
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Yurii Prokopchuk
Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies
Dear Ljubomir Jacić
AI should be able to sit in a barrel and at the same time self-develop ....
I looked at your link, but did not find the answer to the question "What is AI?"
5 Recommendations
Adel Ben Lakhdhar Oueslati
University of Monastir
Hi dear,
Thanks for the question. I agree with Dr. K.Khardhik.
Regards!
Adel
5 Recommendations
Saad Kariem Shather
University of Technology, Iraq
I also agree with Dr.Ahmed Saeed Hassanien about the link
thanks
6 Recommendations
Hassan Alshamsi
University of Al-Qadisiyah
Excellent answers by Drs.Barbara K.Karthik,Ljubomir,Mahmoud,Ahmed and other colleagues.
8 Recommendations
Hassan Rashed Yassein
University of Al-Qadisiyah
I agree with Barbara Sawicka
3 Recommendations
Arvind Singh
Banaras Hindu University
Artificial intelligence is an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines that work and react like humans, Its main advantages include:
  • reduces human involvement in selected jobs,
  • minimal or no errors,
  • advantageous in medical field; and
  • decision making cannot be influenced
The main disadvantages of artificial intelligence include:
  • cannot fully replace humans
  • creates unemployment in certain sectors
  • cost involved is too much; and
  • can do more bad than good.
Please have a look at these useful ResearchGate links for more details.
6 Recommendations
Hazim Hashim Tahir
Ministry of Science and Technology, Iraq
Dear Colleagues, Good Day,
"The Pros and Cons of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence is a scorching hot topic right now. If you’re a consumer, you’re excited to try out all the cool new apps. If you’re a business leader or an engineer, you’re ready to get your hands dirty building AI enhanced products.
Most new technologies come with a bit of hype, but with AI it’s getting crazy. The internet and our social media channels are packed with people, even experts, making wild predictions and preaching about how AI might one day take over the world or turn evil. This can be distracting from what’s really going on.
Today we’re going to take a different approach. We’re going to talk about AI in a much more realistic way, looking at the AI that’s already making its way into our lives, the advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence, and how you can start profiting from it.",...
Please, see the attached website link for further read:
6 Recommendations
Mahmoud Omid
University of Tehran
Artificial Intelligence is designing machines that have the ability to think. It is the intelligence of machines.
Let us look into the pros and cons of artificial intelligence.
The Pros of AI
Most of the pros about AI revolve around how it cuts costs and saves time. Here are a few of them:
  • A good AI can handle a lot of the menial tasks that often take enormous amounts of time. We can see this in the manufacturing industry. AIs can handle repetitive tasks, which frees people up to focus their energy on things that require a lot of creativity.
  • AIs have the capacity to handle Big Data. As Big Data becomes more important in business, we’re going to rely on AI to help us to analyse and find patterns in the data that we collect about people.
  • An AI never sleeps. That’s what makes it so useful in customer service. A global company can use AI to keep talking to its customers, even when they’re physical representatives are all tucked up in bed. The IBM Watson chatbot stays active on your website 24 hours per day, for example.
  • A properly programmed AI is very unlikely to make mistakes. Simple human errors, such as copying a number incorrectly, just don’t happen with an AI. Moreover, this means that you don’t have to focus so much energy on redundant tasks, such as copying data from a spreadsheet into a CRM.
The Cons of AI
There are several possible cons of AI, some of which reach further than you may think:
  • Many argue that the rise of AI will lead to widespread job losses. Those in the manufacturing industry look likely to suffer the most in this respect. But any task that requires repetition and a simple set of instructions may soon find itself done by machine, rather than man.
  • For all of its talents, an AI cannot emulate the creativity of the human brain. It’s limited to handling tasks based on the information that you provide to it.
  • An AI can’t make decisions for you. It can provide useful information, but that responsibility still falls down to you.
The Final Word
AI will become increasingly prevalent in business in the coming years. As it does, the technology will improve and the costs related to it will come down.
There are pros and cons to every new technology that comes along. But we can see AI doing more good than harm.
Reference:
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Mahmoud Bayat
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands
One of the biggest disadvantages of the ANN is the memorization of the system. It can memorize by establishing a relationship between disconnected events given to it.
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Bestman Odeh
University of Nigeria
Artificial intelligence is of great advantage to man as it is applied in different fields which include: healthcare, advertisement, playing games, automotives etc.
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Ljubomir Jacić
Technical College Požarevac
Advantages of artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence can work  24*7 with no pay, This is the greatest benefit ofartificial intelligence over humans, These machines can work without break & rest, they do not need to be paid, This feature attracts the employers as they can save on the monthly payment, Artificial intelligence is the future of our technology, and it is really a blessing...
....
Disadvantages of artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence can’t fully replace humans, Machines can’t act like human brains, They are capable of doing what they are programmed for but nothing more than that, There is a limit to their creativity, understanding, thinking ability and so on, So, artificial intelligence is not a complete replacement for humans, but some fear that robots will dominate humans in the future...
7 Recommendations
Shahab Uddin
CARE Bangladesh
there is no risk from AI.
but, a faulty designed Aeroplane can kill many people. Similarly, a faulty designed algorithm for AI can bring similar risk.
the way we imagine that AI will take control over human will never happen. Faulty designed AI can definitely harm, we can call them accident, not attack
9 Recommendations
Dmytro Leshchenko
Odessa State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence:
1. Error Reduction:
2. Difficult Exploration:
3. Daily Application:
4. Medical Applications:
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence:
1. High Cost:
2. No Improvement with Experience:
3. No Original Creativity:
7 Recommendations
Shahab Uddin
CARE Bangladesh
Dear Mahmoud Omid " Artificial Intelligenceis designing machines that have the ability to think. " what do mean by "Ability to think" ... can machine do (not think) out of boundary ?
9 Recommendations
Rizwan Asif
Aalto University
The advantages are certainly countless when we talk about automation.
The disadvantages are that we might not be able to control the ethical perspective of these decisions. A group of scientists are working om teaching these ethics using story telling.
4 Recommendations
Sakshi Shah
Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
Everything has its advantages and disadvantages. All of us know advantages of AI LIKE AI would have a low error rate compared to humans, if coded properly. They would have incredible precision, accuracy, and speed. They won't be affected by hostile environments, thus able to complete dangerous tasks, explore in space, and endure problems that would injure or kill us.
DISADVANTAGES of AI are few but yeah they exist. AI can be used for destructive purpose by destructive people. AI will lead to a large number of unemployment. Each and every work will be done by machines which will lead to comfort zone for humans which will make generations weaker and weaker not only physically but mentally. Many labourers will be out of their job and cannot do anything for their living. DEVELOPMENT will lead to destruction in near future.
3 Recommendations
Ljubomir Jacić
Technical College Požarevac
Solving the Millennial Skill Gap with Artificial Intelligence
Retiring baby boomers are causing a talent crisis in the industrial space. Service leaders are struggling to impart the wisdom of their departing experts to the next generation.
This e-book explores how artificial intelligence can fill the knowledge gap. Get practical ideas to:
  • Uncover your company's untapped data with the most advanced AI techniques
  • Capture the hidden wisdom of your most tenured experts
  • Make this knowledge accessible and actionable for all levels of your team
5 Recommendations
Houda Kawas
Damascus University
Artificial intelligence is the various computer programs of learning and teaching. Its design was designed to simulate human mental abilities in different types of business and reactions, including the ability of the machine to teach, understand, analyze, plan, perceive, discriminate, define, make logical and respond to variables, flexibility and method of linking data and variables, At the right speed, including the ability of these machines to redesign themselves in the long term. With the modernization of the techniques of "deep learning", the emergence of the term artificial neural networks simulated in the way the work method of the human brain, that is capable of experimentation and learning and self-development without human intervention, characterized by the ability to identify the images and understanding of modern and translation from one language to another, Invested in many US companies in the Silicon Valley as in Facebook and Google. In 2014, renowned physicist Stephen Hawking noted that the development of full artificial intelligence could pave the way for human annihilation, warning that machines could redesign themselves. The use of artificial intelligence techniques and mechanisms does not negate the risk of unintended human biases in the design and management of artificial intelligence. In general, artificial intelligence is tested to ensure that the results reflect the original goal, that the outputs are subject to legal and ethical responsibility, that all data and data are transparent and do not add complexities to what is originally complex data. The production of integrated artificial intelligence systems still requires the development of existing science and the creation of new science.
5 Recommendations
Maitham Ghaly Yousif
University of Al-Qadisiyah
According to use
3 Recommendations
Maysam Toghraee
Computer Software Engineering (CSE)
With the modernization of the techniques of "deep learning", the emergence of the term artificial neural networks simulated in the way the work method of the human brain, that is capable of experimentation and learning and self-development without human intervention, characterized by the ability to identify the images and understanding of modern and translation from one language to another, Invested in many US companies in the Silicon Valley as in Facebook and Google. In 2014, renowned physicist Stephen Hawking noted that the development of full artificial intelligence could pave the way for human annihilation, warning that machines could redesign themselves.
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Osmar Antonio Bonzanini
RGS Academy of Accounting Sciences
Good contribution. I agree with you!
4 Recommendations
Peter Kaaya
Arusha Technical College
exceptional contributions, seconded!
3 Recommendations
Ljubomir Jacić
Technical College Požarevac
Maybe, someone would say it is not so important application. I do think it is! Many advantages of AI application in wine industry!
How The 4th Industrial Revolution And Artificial Intelligence Is Changing The Winemaking Industry
Could the Fourth Industrial Revolution change the wine industry? It already has and will continue to just like it has changed just about every other sector from healthcare to manufacturing to retail. Artificial intelligence touches everything in winemaking from the soil analysis at the vineyards to how consumers select the right vintage to go with dinner. Let's explore a few of the ways artificial intelligence will alter winemaking...
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Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta
You can check this PDF for further information:
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Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
1. Artificial Intelligence would have a low error rate compared to humans, if coded properly.
2. They would have incredible precision, accuracy, and speed.
3. They won't be affected by hostile environments, thus able to complete dangerous tasks, explore in space, and endure problems that would injure or kill us.
8 Recommendations
Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta
7 Recommendations
Madhusudhana Kamath
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Am agree with Maysam Toghraee
Dr Kamath Madhusudhana.
5 Recommendations
Claire Su-Yeon Park
Center for Econometric Optimization in the Nursing Workforce
"The Google DeepMind has developed the ‘AI Ophthalmologist,’ which can diagnose complicated eye diseases in real time (within 30 seconds) (Fauw et al., 2018; see Figure 1) and is currently undergoing commercialization. In the arena of pathology, AI has already shown its potential for cancer detection in differentiating from the precancerous lesion through an improved grading of tumors based on machine learning technology in breast, lung, prostate, and stomach cancers (Niazi, Parwani, & Gurcan, 2019; Chang et al., 2019)." ...
"Accordingly, there is a growing sense of debate that medical AI could cause human doctors to lose their jobs (Lee, 2019). Since the doctoral function that can be replaced by AI is mainly limited to diagnoses at this stage, the opinion that doctors who make good use of AI would have a better chance of surviving seems to be a likely outcome (Lee, 2019). However, a considerable adjustment to the healthcare workforce also seems to be inevitable because healthcare institutions will continue to secure a competitive advantage through an AI’s economic efficiency in the fast-paced healthcare industry, even though ethical debates related to commercial exploitation of such technological advances continues (Lee, 2019). It may be safe to say that a re-allocation of human resources is preordained in the AI-integrated healthcare system."
7 Recommendations
Azam Khan Buzdar
Virtual University of Pakistan
  1. Artificial intelligence (AI)
According to my point of view, Now a days Artificial intelligence (AI) is developing very fast, but properly known as narrow Artificial intelligence (AI) because in this areas with the help of (AI) the developers designed to perform a narrow task and requirements like facial recognition, only internet searches, and only driving a car and not really the time when Researchers of artificial intelligence will show to bring in the emotional quotient to the machines along with the general intelligence. In the AI development has begun with the intention of developing intelligence in machines similar to that of humans. It uses a very complicated mixture of computer science; mathematics and other complex all fields of sciences and with the help of these machines replicate the cognitive abilities of human beings.
6 Recommendations
Moh'D Khaled Y. Shambour
Middle East University
6 Recommendations
Ljubomir Jacić
Technical College Požarevac
Nearly every telecom uses artificial intelligence and machine learning to improve its customer service primarily by using virtual assistants and chatbots. Telecoms get a massive number of support requests for set up, installation, troubleshooting, and maintenance. Virtual assistants automate and scale responses to these support requests, which dramatically cuts business expenses and improves customer satisfaction...
6 Recommendations
Maysam Toghraee
Computer Software Engineering (CSE)
Could the Fourth Industrial Revolution change the wine industry? It already has and will continue to just like it has changed just about every other sector from healthcare to manufacturing to retail. Artificial intelligence touches everything in winemaking from the soil analysis at the vineyards to how consumers select the right vintage to go with dinner. Let's explore a few of the ways artificial intelligence will alter winemaking...
5 Recommendations
Ted David Wade
Substack and Medium
Superintelligence theoretically is an existential risk for us. I have tried to summarize the positions (@nick_bostrom) on it and proposals for mitigation (@eliezer_yudkowsky) in a general readership article: https://towardsdatascience.com/your-friendly-neighborhood-superintelligence-f905ff21dfa4 . It outlines a straw-man procedure for control as a way to get the public to think about the issues.
5 Recommendations
Ljubomir Jacić
Technical College Požarevac
10 policy principles needed for artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence is an area of innovation where regulation is necessary but can't be allowed to curtail innovation...
6 Recommendations
Shakir Faris Tuleab
University of Anbar
The most important advantages of artificial intelligence is that it saves us time and effort to find real solutions to our industrial, economic, agricultural and many other problems. The most important disadvantages is the first can not match the human mind and does not have the flexibility to deal with problems as the human mind does
7 Recommendations
Muhammad ZUBAIR Awan
COMSATS University Islamabad
artificial intelligence could change the world dramatically. if you do not give your brain to the robot then nothing to worry about it. robot will replace human mind by 2040.
5 Recommendations
Ljubomir Jacić
Technical College Požarevac
With advances in machine learning – particularly deep learning and reinforcement learning – AI has conquered image recognition, language translation, and games such as Go. Will AI substitute or complement humans in the workforce? In this study, the authors build a simple model that takes a careful approach to precisely what new advances in AI have generated in a technological sense and applies this to a microeconomic model of task production. In so doing, they are able to provide some insight on the complements/substitutes question as well as where the dividing line between human and machine performance of cognitive tasks might be. They explore the consequences of recent improvements in machine learning technology that have advanced the broader field of artificial intelligence. In particular, the authors argue that these advances in the ability of machines to conduct mental tasks are driven by improvements in machine prediction. This study show that humans will delegate some decisions to machines even when the decision would be superior with human input...
6 Recommendations
Ljubomir Jacić
Technical College Požarevac
Imagine you are deaf. You communicate with other deaf people by sign language, but with hearing people? All you can do is read lips or write. Wouldn’t it be great if you could communicate with them in your language? In order to address this problem, the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme has funded the Content4All project ...
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Dariusz Prokopowicz
Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw 🏛️
Dear Colleagues and Friends from RG,
I believe that in order to objectively and scientifically formulate the answer to the question about the positive and negative effects of the development of artificial intelligence in the future, it is necessary to answer the following questions.
1.
The first important question that can help you determine the positive and negative effects of artificial intelligence in the future is the following:
Will humanity manage to develop technology in the 21st century, including artificial intelligence technology, to solve global problems?
The purpose of answering this question may be to analyze the process of artificial intelligence and robotics development. In my opinion, whether the development of artificial intelligence and robotics will lead to the creation of fully autonomous and independent of human intelligent robots is up to man. Therefore, whether it is possible for fully built intelligent human robots to rebel against man, it also depends only on how these robots are built by man. Can the catastrophic, apocalyptic vision known from the science-fiction film series "Terminator" about rebellious and warring people with cyborgs come in the future, also is a derivative of how man will lead and control the process of development of artificial intelligence technology. However, one cannot exclude the risk that this development is unlikely to get out of hand.
For a full analysis of these issues, it is important to resolve the relationship between the following issues:
The relationship between artificial intelligence, machine learning and genetic algorithms.
This relationship relies on various types of dependencies and relationships that can be briefly characterized as follows:
A. The concept of artificial intelligence in many popular scientific texts is abused because most of what is currently developing in various fields of industry and services, including information services offered via the Internet, e.g. chatbot technology and avatars simulating people advisers is not in the full sense of the word artificial intelligence only technology learning the machine also included among the key elements of the current fourth technological revolution Industry 4.0. On the other hand, machine learning technologies currently being developed through the continuation of technological progress in subsequent years can be developed to such an algorithmic level of data processing that can be determined by artificial intelligence.
B. Improving algorithms in developed technologies, learning machines can lead to the emergence of advanced artificial intelligence in the future, which will be used in many industries and services. The improvement of algorithms in developed technologies, learning machines can also lead to the approach of these increasingly advanced systems and algorithmic activities to what is called genetic / evolutionary algorithms, i.e. algorithms known from living organisms. Currently, the degree of organization of biological systems, the degree of organization of the central nervous system is considered so complex that for many years man-made artificial systems of neural networks may not match those of biological. However, despite a much lower complexity, genetic algorithms can carry out a comparable amount of data processing operations. Currently built quantum computers are capable of performing many times more and faster data processing operations compared to biological neural networks in the central nervous system with a lower level of complexity.
C. Artificial neural networks developed and developed in subsequent generations built in the formula of modeling on biological networks of genetic algorithms support the process of technology development learning machines. In the perspective of the next few years, the technological progress implemented in this way may lead to the emergence of advanced artificial intelligence. However, it will be "only" artificial intelligence devoid of awareness of its existence and feelings. It will not be possible to create artificial emotional intelligence with self-awareness. It will be possible to create autonomous androids that can be equipped with artificial intelligence with programmed algorithms of certain behaviors imitating emotional reactions and simulating thinking organisms, but they will not be equipped with consciousness that people have. Considerations remain currently functioning and presented as possible in the near future in science fiction novels and films (e.g. in the film "Transcendence", in which the main role of the scientist's hero was played by Johnny Deep) solutions consisting of uploading human memories, memory resources, knowledge and awareness with elements of feelings for artificial intelligence installed in a supercomputer with high computing power and large disk capacity. In the next few years, many current questions about the possibilities of developing learning machines, creating new generations of artificial intelligence and its applications in various spheres, branches of the economy should be answered.
2.
Another important question that can help you determine the positive and negative effects of AI in the future is the following:
What are the main directions of development of applications of artificial intelligence technologies and other advanced data processing technologies Industry 4.0 in information, financial and other services?
In the following years, applications of Industry 4.0 technology will develop, including artificial intelligence in information, financial and other services. Below I have described the main directions of development of applications of artificial intelligence technologies and other advanced data processing technologies Industry 4.0 in information, financial and other services.
The directions of development of applications of Industry 4.0 technology, including artificial intelligence in online banking, including in the field of development of electronic internet and mobile banking are huge. Has anyone of you conducted comparative research in the field of security analysis of the use of online mobile banking on smartphones equipped with different operating systems and various security systems for data transfer via the Internet? In addition, maybe someone of you investigates the issues of managing the risk of processing and transfer of classified data in electronic banking systems, including online, mobile banking with access to bank accounts via smartphone? If so, I invite you to discuss and cooperate because I am researching this issue. Currently, I am also conducting research in the field of correlation of integrated credit, operational and technological risk management systems as well as the risk of data transfer security in online mobile banking. Some online technology companies, including, for example, antivirus software vendors are conducting cybercrime research on online mobile banking.
In principle, the financial sector belongs to those sectors in the national economy in which the possibilities of using ICT, Internet, Industry 4.0 technologies including artificial intelligence, learning machines, Internet of Things, Business Intelligence, Big Data, Data Analytics etc. are the largest. Some of the ICT, Internet and Industry 4.0 information technologies have been implemented for many years in sales systems, electronic internet and mobile banking systems, for banking analytics, for financial risk management etc. in financial institutions. However, the use of the huge opportunities offered by artificial intelligence in the field of finance is just beginning, but the potential for this use is huge.
On the other hand, large commercial banks generate high financial surpluses enabling the implementation of modern integrated IT systems, online banking, Business Intelligence data analysis systems, data processing platforms in Big Data database systems, etc. There have already been situations of unethical use of modern ICT solutions, analysis of comments contained on social media portals, during which the bank verified the customer data entered in the loan application also by scanning the information that the potential borrower enters in the social media comments. This informal verification took place without the knowledge of the potential borrower and then may be the basis for suing the bank. However, the bank's customer is not always aware that he can be monitored in such a way by public trust institutions as the bank should be. Of course, these types of cases, which we know from the media is supposedly a margin of the entire banking, which can be one of the categories of a new type of unethical practices typical of the so-called Shadow Banking. However, only part of this type of information gets into the media. Perhaps it is only so-called the "tip of the iceberg" of this problem. The situation is similar in the situation of cybercriminals' attack on banking IT systems or electronic banking platforms. If this type of event can be kept secret, customers do not find out. This is because the media only receives information about some of these types of events.
However, the development of artificial intelligence applications in the financial sector makes it possible to continue to improve the techniques of selling financial products through online and mobile banking. The development of artificial intelligence generates the building of additional tools on websites that facilitate communication with a potential customer. Electronic advisors appear on the websites of corporations providing financial, insurance, consulting services, etc. are these types of customer support tools designed to reduce personnel costs or rather to activate sales of a company's product or service offer?
Some researchers on artificial intelligence indicate that in the future many professions, including work done by people, will be replaced by artificial intelligence. It is pointed out e.g. advisors in call center departments and commentators writing comments on internet forums, etc. that they will be replaced by artificial intelligence. Apparently, Internet technology companies operating social media portals are working on artificial intelligence, which will take over part of the activities from the user of the social media portal. But some artificial intelligence researchers suggest that artificial intelligence can also replace advisors in the field of high qualifications and direct contact with people, which is highly debatable. In such theories, you can find suggestions that, for example, doctors in some specialties and general practitioners will be replaced by artificial intelligence. Sometimes, in these theories, it is also pointed out, for example, to engineers whose some specialties are to be replaced by artificial intelligence, but with regard to engineers it will depend on the specific technical specialty.
In the following years, thanks to the implementation of new ICT information technologies, Industry 4.0, including artificial intelligence, the sector of Internet information and financial services, including online banking, will significantly change significantly. An indirect but significant competition for the development of financial systems has now begun between banks and other financial sector institutions and technology companies operating mainly or exclusively on the Internet known as fintechs. one of the factors of this competition is the issue of effective implementation into its operations in the field of finance, financial services, Internet billing, information technology, ICT, Internet, Industry 4.0, including artificial intelligence, learning machines, Internet of Things, Business Intelligence, Big Data, Data Analytics , besides blockchain technology, cryptocurrency, cloud computing and other advanced data mining technologies, etc. I have discussed the problems of using artificial intelligence in the financial sector in my Questions and Discussions conducted on this discussion forum of the Research Gate portal. However, the problems of using other ICT, Internet, Industry 4.0 information technologies, including Big Data database technologies, analytical Business Intelligence and other applications in financial institutions are described in my scientific publications available on the Research Gate portal. I invite you to cooperation.
3.
Another issue that may facilitate the answer to the question about the positive and negative effects of the development of artificial intelligence in the future is as follows: In my opinion, artificial intelligence will simulate human emotions in the future but will never really have them. Therefore, it is important to determine the answer to the question:
Will artificial intelligence simulate human emotions in the future despite the fact that it will never really have them?
Research conducted in various scientific disciplines shows that human emotions, expressing human emotions and feelings are very important in human life and are what will always distinguish people from other beings and also from machines equipped with ever more perfect artificial intelligence, which are human machines builds. Artificial intelligence will simulate human emotions in the future but will never really have them. Currently, key intelligence is rapidly developing the current technological revolution of Industry 4.0 including artificial intelligence technology and learning machines. Humanity is afraid of the development and emergence of subsequent generations of artificial intelligence installed in autonomous robots and androids. However, these fears are usually unnecessary because artificial intelligence will not have human emotions. Artificial intelligence will simulate human emotions in the future but will never really have them. Therefore, she should not free herself from human control. I believe that the catastrophic visions known from many science-fiction novels and movies such as "Terminator", "AI. Artificial Intelligence", "Me, Robot" etc. will not come true.
The development of information processing technology in the era of the current technological revolution called Industry 4.0 is determined by the use of new information techniques in the field of Big Data analytics for the purposes of supporting risk management processes, financial management, and also in the field of e-commerce and e-marketing of large collections market data downloaded from the Internet, etc. The current technological revolution referred to as Industry 4.0 is motivated by the development of the following factors: Big Data database technologies, cloud computing, machine learning, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, Business Intelligence and other advanced technologies of Data Mining.
On the basis of the development of these new technological solutions, the processes of innovatively organized analyzes of large information collections gathered in Big Data database systems and information processing in the cloud computing for the purposes of applications in such fields as machine learning, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence have been dynamically developing in recent years. , Business Intelligence. To this can be added other areas of advanced technologies for analyzing large data sets, such as Medical Intelligence, Life Science, Green Energy, etc. Processing and multi-criteria analysis of large data sets in Big Data database systems is carried out according to the V4 concept, i.e. Volume (meaning large number of data), Value (large values ??of specific parameters of the information analyzed), Velocity (high speed of new information appearing) and Variety (high information diversity). Artificial intelligence in the coming years will help a person primarily in the processing and analysis of large data sets as part of analytics supporting risk management processes, financial management, also in the field of e-commerce and e-marketing of large market data sets downloaded from the Internet, etc.
4.
Therefore, other important questions arise:
How can artificial intelligence evolve into artificial consciousness in the future? Will artificial intelligence evolve into artificial consciousness in the future?
On the basis of the above considerations and conclusions from the discussion on interesting issues discussed, I formulated the following thesis that the unlimited development of artificial intelligence may lead in the future to the creation of artificial awareness by combining cybernetics, ICT information technologies, bioinformatics, cyberbergetics, neuroinformatics and through the development and implementation of achievements from range of machine learning technologies and other advanced data processing technologies Industry 4.0.
For several years, artificial intelligence researchers and scientists have been discussing the axiomatic and technological implications of building artificial awareness, one of whose goals is to seek the answer to the question: Will artificial intelligence evolve into artificial consciousness in the future?
Technologies of advanced data processing Industry 4.0, including above all Learning machines and Artificial Intelligence is also used in the attempt to build machines equipped with the ability to self-improve the performed tasks and programmed activities. Perhaps in the future there will be an attempt to build artificial awareness in which supercomputers will be equipped. In my opinion, consciousness can only be mathematically modeled in theory. Even if a mathematical model of artificial consciousness were built using ICT and Industry 4.0 and in the future Industry 5.0 and based on this model artificial intelligence would be created in quantum computers installed, e.g. in autonomous robots, androids, it will still be only artificial intelligence without emotions and the essence of human consciousness. An analysis of the nature of human thoughts is necessary to distinguish between human intelligence and various artificial intelligence technologies being developed. In advanced computerized systems of neural networks, artificial intelligence systems are created, whose task will be to solve tasks consisting of complex sequences of many algorithms and self-learning systems for solving complex problems with the help of many algorithms. In these systems, man will try to create a structure that solves complex analytical tasks and learns from his mistakes. The advantage of artificial intelligence systems over their creator, i.e. man, is to rely on a much smaller number of mistakes made during repeated processes of solving complex tasks and learning new complex formulas for applying specific increasingly complex algorithms. However, after developing these artificial intelligence systems and applying them in many computerized fields of modern economies, what will be the next stage of technological progress in this field? In connection with the above, will the age of artificial intelligence and artificial consciousness come after the age of artificial intelligence? In my opinion, this is impossible.
I believe that despite the rapid progress in the development and creation of new generations of artificial intelligence, it will never be possible to create an artificial creation that will be able to be the equivalent of human intelligence taking into account human emotional intelligence and the specifics of human thoughts, human consciousness, human feelings. Therefore, the thesis can be formulated that in some respects artificial intelligence will probably never match human intelligence. The machine will be able to solve very complex problems and tasks, but it will not know why it does it, who it is, in what world it operates, it will not be able to realize its existence in the Universe etc. Machines in the form of autonomous androids can perform physically difficult works that a man cannot is able to perform. Quantum computers equipped with Big Data Analytics will be able to solve analytical tasks many times faster than the most powerful human minds. However, they will not be aware of their existence. Human awareness of its existence has been evolved in millions of years of evolution of the human mind and also of human ancestors that preceded humanity, i.e. human-like primates belonging to primates. Human consciousness was created in a process of evolution lasting millions of years, during which the process of continuous interaction of a complex biological organism with the environment has evolved. While artificial intelligence is based on systems of neural networks in a simplified way, to a small extent mimicking the human central nervous system and the computational power of performing specific elementary tasks exceeding the analytical abilities of a human being, however, the level of complexity of the living organism of mammals is still many times higher than the most advanced computers.
To sum up, I believe that the unlimited development of artificial intelligence can lead to the creation of artificial awareness in the future by combining cybernetics, ICT information technologies, bioinformatics, cyberbergetics, neuroinformatics and through the development and implementation of technology achievements in learning machine and other advanced data processing technologies Industry 4.0. Theoretically, you can consider this type of project, however, to verify it realistically, you would need to create this type of artificial neural structures. Research on the human brain shows that it is a very complex and not fully understood neural structure. The brain has various centers, areas that manage the functioning of specific organs and processes of the human body. In addition, consciousness is also complex and consists of elements of emotional, abstract, creative intelligence, etc., which also function in separate sectors of the human brain.
5.
The next issue that may facilitate the answer to the question about the positive and negative effects of the development of artificial intelligence in the future is as follows:
Impact of artificial intelligence development on future labor markets.
Therefore, another important question is:
How will artificial intelligence change labor markets in the future?
Currently, the developing technology of learning machines precedes the future development of artificial intelligence applications in various industries and services. Sometimes in the media technologies developed learning machines are defined as the initial phase of the development of artificial intelligence applications in various industries and services, which is not always appropriate. Technologies of advanced data processing Industry 4.0, including above all Learning machines and Artificial Intelligence is also used in the attempt to build machines equipped with the ability to self-improve the performed tasks and programmed activities. Technologies of advanced data processing Industry 4.0, including above all Learning machines and Artificial Intelligence is also used in the attempt to build machines equipped with the ability to self-improve the performed tasks and programmed activities. Perhaps in the future there will be an attempt to build artificial awareness in which supercomputers will be equipped. In my opinion, consciousness can only be mathematically modeled in theory. Even if a mathematical model of artificial consciousness were built using ICT and Industry 4.0 and in the future Industry 5.0 and based on this model artificial intelligence would be created in quantum computers installed, e.g. in autonomous robots, androids, it will still be only artificial intelligence without emotions and the essence of human consciousness. An analysis of the nature of human thoughts is necessary to distinguish between human intelligence and various artificial intelligence technologies being developed.
In advanced computerized systems of neural networks, artificial intelligence systems are created, whose task will be to solve tasks consisting of complex sequences of many algorithms and self-learning systems for solving complex problems with the help of many algorithms. In these systems, man will try to create a structure that solves complex analytical tasks and learns from his mistakes. The advantage of artificial intelligence systems over their creator, i.e. man, is to rely on a much smaller number of mistakes made during repeated processes of solving complex tasks and learning new complex formulas for applying specific increasingly complex algorithms. However, after developing these artificial intelligence systems and applying them in many computerized fields of modern economies, what will be the next stage of technological progress in this field? In connection with the above, will the age of artificial intelligence and artificial consciousness come after the age of artificial intelligence? In my opinion, this is impossible. In my opinion, despite the rapid progress in the development and creation of new generations of artificial intelligence, we will never be able to create an artificial creation that will be able to be the equivalent of human intelligence taking into account human emotional intelligence and the specifics of human thoughts, human consciousness, human feelings. Therefore, the thesis can be formulated that in some respects artificial intelligence will probably never match human intelligence. The machine will be able to solve very complex problems and tasks but will not know why it does it, who it is, in what world it operates, it will not be able to realize its existence in the Universe etc.
Already, machines in the form of autonomous androids can perform physically difficult works that a man is unable to perform. Quantum computers equipped with Big Data Analytics will be able to solve analytical tasks many times faster than the most powerful human minds. However, they will not be aware of their existence. Human awareness of its existence has been evolved in millions of years of evolution of the human mind and also of human ancestors that preceded humanity, i.e. human-like primates belonging to primates. Human consciousness was created in a process of evolution lasting millions of years, during which the process of continuous interaction of a complex biological organism with the environment has evolved. While artificial intelligence is based on systems of neural networks in a simplified way, to a small extent mimicking the human central nervous system and the computational power of performing specific elementary tasks exceeding the analytical abilities of a human being, however, the level of complexity of the living organism of mammals is still many times higher than the most advanced computers. However, artificial intelligence is increasingly used in the improvement and automation of analytical, production processes and many other applications in which repeatedly repetitive activities are carried out. Therefore, artificial intelligence will change labor markets in the future.
Do you agree with me on the above matter?
Please reply.
I invite you to discussion and scientific cooperation.
Thank you very much.
Best wishes.
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Setting up apparatus (Ugo Basile) for measuring startle response ?
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  • Oleg A. YakovlevOleg A. Yakovlev
Clean tubes and successful experiments, everyone!
I am setting up the equipment for studying the startle reaction. The equipment is from the manufacturer Ugo Basile. I have a few questions about the protocol:
1) What is the 65-68 dB white noise for? Is it turned off during stimulus or pre-stimulus presentation?
2) What is the difference between using a flash of white noise or sound as a stimulus?
3) What Hz values should be chosen for pre-stimulus, pulse to maximize startle amplitude?
4) What ranges of Hz, dB, ms are most effective for maximizing startle amplitude and pre-pulse inhibition?
5) In the literature it is recommended to apply white noise with different loudness (105-120 dB) as a stimulus, but in this variant on our equipment there is no possibility to set the frequency, and the sensor falsely detects the vibration from the microphone as a startle. Who has encountered such a problem? Is it meant to use white noise with modulation ("Bzzzz") and not ("beep")?
Всем чистых пробирок и удачных экспериментов!
Настраиваю аппаратуру для изучения стартл реакции. Аппаратура от производителя Ugo Basile. Есть несколько вопросов по поводу протокола:
1) Для чего нужен белый шум 65-68 дБ? Выключается ли он в время предъявления стимула или предстимула?
2) В чем разница между использованием в качестве стимула вспышки белого шума или звука?
3) Какие следует выбрать значения Гц для преимпульса, импульса для получения максимальной амплитуды стартл?
4) Какие диапазоны Гц, Дб, мс наиболее эффективны для получения максимальной амплитуды стартл и предимпульсного ингибирования?
5) В литературе рекомендуют в качестве стимула подавать белый шум с разной громкостью (105-120 дб), однако в таком варианте на нашей аппаратуре нет возможности задать частоту, а сенсор ложно детектирует вибрацию от микрофона как стартл. Кто сталкивался с такой проблемой? Подразумевается использование именно белого шума с модуляцией ("Bzzzz"), а не ("beep")?
大家试管干净,实验成功!
我正在安装研究惊吓反应的设备。这些设备来自 Ugo Basile 制造商。关于实验方案,我有几个问题:
1) 65-68 分贝的白噪声是做什么用的?是在刺激过程中关闭还是在刺激前关闭?
2) 使用闪光白噪声或声音作为刺激有什么区别?
3) 为使惊吓幅度最大化,刺激前脉冲应选择何种赫兹值?
4) 什么范围的 Hz、dB、ms 对获得最大惊吓振幅和前脉冲抑制最有效?
5) 文献中建议使用不同音量(105-120 dB)的白噪声作为刺激,但在我们设备的这种变体中,无法设置频率,传感器会错误地将麦克风的振动检测为惊吓。谁遇到过这样的问题?是否应该使用带调制的白噪声("嗞嗞")而不是("哔哔")?
Provette pulite ed esperimenti riusciti, gente!
Sto allestendo l'apparecchiatura per lo studio della reazione di spavento. L'apparecchiatura è del produttore Ugo Basile. Ho alcune domande sul protocollo:
1) A cosa serve il rumore bianco di 65-68 dB? Viene spento durante lo stimolo o prima della presentazione dello stimolo?
2) Qual è la differenza tra utilizzare come stimolo un flash di rumore bianco o un suono?
3) Quali sono i valori di Hz da scegliere per il pre-stimolo e l'impulso per massimizzare l'ampiezza dello stimolo?
4) Quali intervalli di Hz, dB, ms sono più efficaci per ottenere la massima ampiezza dello startle e l'inibizione del preimpulso?
5) In letteratura si raccomanda di applicare come stimolo un rumore bianco con volume diverso (105-120 dB), ma in questa variante sulla nostra apparecchiatura non c'è la possibilità di impostare la frequenza e il sensore rileva erroneamente la vibrazione del microfono come uno startle. Chi ha riscontrato questo problema? È necessario utilizzare un rumore bianco con modulazione ("Bzzzz") e non ("beep")?

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