Question
Asked 5 May 2017
  • Home research office for gravity studies.

The meaning about energy influence ?

Dear antoine J.H.Acke
The main question and reason for all evolution is to find out what energy means.Everything is dynamic, to my opinion it must be the basic element in nature.
You have some very good points.
 Kurt Wraae

All Answers (1)

Antoine J.H. Acke
Katholieke Hogeschool Sint-lieven, Ghent, Belgium
Dear Kurt,
The fundamental hypothesis of the theory of informatons is that a material object manifests itself in space by the emission of mass- and energy less entities. These enities are called “informatons” because they are carriers of nothing else but information about the position and the velocity (and the electric status) of their emitter. Informatons are the constituent elements of the gravitional (and electric) field of an object.
According to the theory of informatons, the rate  dN/dt  at which an object emits informatons is proportional to its rest mass m0 , what implies that it is determined by the energy   E0 = m0.c2   of that object.   Indeed according to the postulate of the emission of informatons ( “Theory of Informatons" - § 4. 3):   dN/dt=E0 /h.
So, in the context of the theory of informatons, the mass/energy is a fundamental characteristic of an object;  it is  the source of its gravitational (and electric) field.

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I am simulating the crack propagation on ANSYS APDL using a cohesive zone model. How can illustrate how hydrogen embrittlement affect the material?
Question
Be the first to answer
  • Abdulsamad AdeniranAbdulsamad Adeniran
Question:
I am simulating the propagation of cracks on ANSYS APDL using a cohesive zone model. My goal is to effectively illustrate how hydrogen diffusion affects this material.
To illustrate the influence of hydrogen, I proposed emphasizing its material properties. An experiment involving a tensile test was conducted on a pipeline sample both with and without hydrogen influence. For both the charged and uncharged pipeline samples, a stress-strain graph was created. Using the supplied stress-strain data, I was able to conduct a linear test and determine the young modulus, which allowed me to obtain a reasonable Traction Separation Law result. But when I attempted to apply the nonlinear route, I changed the Material properties by incorporating the stress-strain data into my analysis, and the outcome I got did not resemble any kind of traction separation law graph. I have included the code I used to accomplish this below. Does anyone know how to depict the influence of hydrogen on a metal sample in ANSYS APDL?
Code for Linear orthotopic material
/PREP7
ET,1,182 !* 2D 4-NODE STRUCTURAL SOLID ELEMENT
KEYOPT,1,1,2 !* ENHANCE STRAIN FORMULATION
KEYOPT,1,3,2 !* PLANE STRAIN
ET,2,182
KEYOPT,2,1,2
KEYOPT,2,3,2
ET,3,202 !* 2D 4-NODE COHESIVE ZONE ELEMENT
KEYOPT,3,3,2 !* PLANE STRAIN
MP,EX,4,1.353E5 !* E11 = 135.3 GPA
MP,EY,4,9.0E3 !* E22 = 9.0 GPA
MP,EZ,4,9.0E3 !* E33 = 9.0 GPA
MP,GXY,4,5.2E3 !* G12 = 5.2 GPA
!MP,GYZ,4,5.2E3
!MP,GXZ,4,3.08E3
MP,PRXY,4,0.24
MP,PRXZ,4,0.24
MP,PRYZ,4,0.46
GMAX = 0.004
TNMAX = 25 !* TENSILE STRENGTH
TB,CZM,5,,,EXPO !* COHESIVE ZONE MATERIAL
TBDATA,1,TNMAX,GMAX,1000.0
RECTNG,0,100,0,1.5 !* DEFINE AREAS
RECTNG,0,100,0,-1.5
LSEL,S,LINE,,2,8,2 !* DEFINE LINE DIVISION
LESIZE,ALL,0.75
LSEL,INVE
LESIZE,ALL, , ,200
ALLSEL,ALL
TYPE,1 !* MESH AREA 2
MAT,4
LOCAL,11,0,0,0,0
ESYS,11
AMESH,2
CSYS,0
TYPE,2 !* MESH AREA 1
ESYS,11
AMESH,1
CSYS,0
NSEL,S,LOC,X,30,100
NUMMRG,NODES
ESLN
TYPE,3
MAT,5
CZMESH,,,1,Y,0, !* GENERATE INTERFACE ELEMENTS
ALLSEL,ALL
NSEL,S,LOC,X,100 !* APPLY CONSTRAINTS
D,ALL,ALL
NSEL,ALL
FINISH
/SOLU
ESEL,S,TYPE,,2
NSLE,S
NSEL,R,LOC,X
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,1.5 !* APPLY DISPLACEMENT LOADING ON TOP
D,ALL,UY,10
NSEL,ALL
ESEL,ALL
ESEL,S,TYPE,,1
NSLE,S
NSEL,R,LOC,X
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,-1.5 !* APPLY DISPLACEMENT LOADING ON BOTTOM
D,ALL,UY,-10
NSEL,ALL
ESEL,ALL
NLGEOM,ON
AUTOTS,ON
TIME,1
NSUBST,40,40,40
OUTRES,ALL,ALL
SOLVE !* PERFORM SOLUTION
Linear Isotropic
FINISH
/PREP7
ET,1,182 !* 2D 4-NODE STRUCTURAL SOLID ELEMENT
KEYOPT,1,1,2 !* ENHANCE STRAIN FORMULATION
KEYOPT,1,3,2 !* PLANE STRAIN
ET,2,182
KEYOPT,2,1,2
KEYOPT,2,3,2
ET,3,202 !* 2D 4-NODE COHESIVE ZONE ELEMENT
KEYOPT,3,3,2 !* PLANE STRAIN
MP,EX,1,2E5
MP,NUXY,1,0.3
GMAX = 0.004
TNMAX = 25 !* TENSILE STRENGTH
TB,CZM,5,,,EXPO !* COHESIVE ZONE MATERIAL
TBDATA,1,TNMAX,GMAX,1000.0
RECTNG,0,100,0,1.5 !* DEFINE AREAS
RECTNG,0,100,0,-1.5
LSEL,S,LINE,,2,8,2 !* DEFINE LINE DIVISION
LESIZE,ALL,0.75
LSEL,INVE
LESIZE,ALL, , ,200
ALLSEL,ALL
TYPE,1 !* MESH AREA 2
MAT,1
LOCAL,11,0,0,0,0
ESYS,11
AMESH,2
CSYS,0
TYPE,2 !* MESH AREA 1
ESYS,11
AMESH,1
CSYS,0
NSEL,S,LOC,X,30,100
NUMMRG,NODES
ESLN
TYPE,3
MAT,5
CZMESH,,,1,Y,0, !* GENERATE INTERFACE ELEMENTS
ALLSEL,ALL
NSEL,S,LOC,X,100 !* APPLY CONSTRAINTS
D,ALL,ALL
NSEL,ALL
FINISH
/SOLU
ESEL,S,TYPE,,2
NSLE,S
NSEL,R,LOC,X
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,1.5 !* APPLY DISPLACEMENT LOADING ON TOP
D,ALL,UY,10
NSEL,ALL
ESEL,ALL
ESEL,S,TYPE,,1
NSLE,S
NSEL,R,LOC,X
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,-1.5 !* APPLY DISPLACEMENT LOADING ON BOTTOM
D,ALL,UY,-10
NSEL,ALL
ESEL,ALL
NLGEOM,ON
AUTOTS,ON
TIME,1
NSUBST,40,40,40
OUTRES,ALL,ALL
Non linear : Multilinear isotropic hardening
/PREP7
ET,1,182 !* 2D 4-NODE STRUCTURAL SOLID ELEMENT
KEYOPT,1,1,2 !* ENHANCE STRAIN FORMULATION
KEYOPT,1,3,2 !* PLANE STRAIN
ET,2,182
KEYOPT,2,1,2
KEYOPT,2,3,2
ET,3,202 !* 2D 4-NODE COHESIVE ZONE ELEMENT
KEYOPT,3,3,2 !* PLANE STRAIN
MP,EX,1,1e7
MP,NUXY,1,0.3
TBDE,MISO,1,,,
TB,MISO,1,1,20,0
TBTEMP,0
TBPT,,0.00300,30000
TBPT,,0.00350,33041
TBPT,,0.00400,34300
TBPT,,0.00450,35267
TBPT,,0.00500,36082
TBPT,,0.00550,36800
TBPT,,0.00600,37449
TBPT,,0.00650,38045
TBPT,,0.00700,38601
TBPT,,0.00750,39123
TBPT,,0.00800,39616
TBPT,,0.00850,40086
TBPT,,0.00875,40312
TBPT,,0.00900,40534
TBPT,,0.00925,40751
TBPT,,0.00950,40964
TBPT,,0.00975,41173
TBPT,,0.02400,49708
TBPT,,0.04000,56160
TBPT,,0.06300,63313
GMAX = 0.004
TNMAX = 25 !* TENSILE STRENGTH
TB,CZM,5,,,EXPO !* COHESIVE ZONE MATERIAL
TBDATA,1,TNMAX,GMAX,1000.0
RECTNG,0,100,0,1.5 !* DEFINE AREAS
RECTNG,0,100,0,-1.5
LSEL,S,LINE,,2,8,2 !* DEFINE LINE DIVISION
LESIZE,ALL,0.75
LSEL,INVE
LESIZE,ALL, , ,200
ALLSEL,ALL
TYPE,1 !* MESH AREA 2
MAT,1
LOCAL,11,0,0,0,0
ESYS,11
AMESH,2
CSYS,0
TYPE,2 !* MESH AREA 1
ESYS,11
AMESH,1
CSYS,0
NSEL,S,LOC,X,30,100
NUMMRG,NODES
ESLN
TYPE,3
MAT,5
CZMESH,,,1,Y,0, !* GENERATE INTERFACE ELEMENTS
ALLSEL,ALL
NSEL,S,LOC,X,100 !* APPLY CONSTRAINTS
D,ALL,ALL
NSEL,ALL
FINISH
/SOLU
ESEL,S,TYPE,,2
NSLE,S
NSEL,R,LOC,X
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,1.5 !* APPLY DISPLACEMENT LOADING ON TOP
D,ALL,UY,10
NSEL,ALL
ESEL,ALL
ESEL,S,TYPE,,1
NSLE,S
NSEL,R,LOC,X
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,-1.5 !* APPLY DISPLACEMENT LOADING ON BOTTOM
D,ALL,UY,-10
NSEL,ALL
ESEL,ALL
NLGEOM,ON
AUTOTS,ON
TIME,1
NSUBST,40,40,40
OUTRES,ALL,ALL
Kinematic isotropic hardening
/PREP7
ET,1,182 !* 2D 4-NODE STRUCTURAL SOLID ELEMENT
KEYOPT,1,1,2 !* ENHANCE STRAIN FORMULATION
KEYOPT,1,3,2 !* PLANE STRAIN
ET,2,182
KEYOPT,2,1,2
KEYOPT,2,3,2
ET,3,202 !* 2D 4-NODE COHESIVE ZONE ELEMENT
KEYOPT,3,3,2 !* PLANE STRAIN
MP,EX,1,2e5
MP,NUXY,1,0.3
TBDE,KINH,1,,,
TB,KINH,1,1,20,0
TBTEMP,0
TBPT,,0.0297e2,63.37
TBPT,,0.048e2,99.43
TBPT,,0.0877e2,168.39
TBPT,,0.1399e2,242.14
TBPT,,0.1917e2,298.84
TBPT,,0.3498e2,337.76
TBPT,,1.0742e2,344.78
TBPT,,2.3577e2,412.14
TBPT,,3.246e2,444.29
TBPT,,4.1576e2,468.34
TBPT,,4.929e2,484.89
TBPT,,5.893e2,499.91
TBPT,,6.777e2,509.84
TBPT,,7.806e2,518.54
TBPT,,8.6465e2,523.65
TBPT,,11.1e2,532.51
TBPT,,12.269e2,534.09
TBPT,,13.533e2,536.26
TBPT,,15.098e2,536.17
GMAX = 0.004
TNMAX = 25 !* TENSILE STRENGTH
TB,CZM,5,,,EXPO !* COHESIVE ZONE MATERIAL
TBDATA,1,TNMAX,GMAX,1000.0
RECTNG,0,100,0,1.5 !* DEFINE AREAS
RECTNG,0,100,0,-1.5
LSEL,S,LINE,,2,8,2 !* DEFINE LINE DIVISION
LESIZE,ALL,0.75
LSEL,INVE
LESIZE,ALL, , ,200
ALLSEL,ALL
TYPE,1 !* MESH AREA 2
MAT,1
LOCAL,11,0,0,0,0
ESYS,11
AMESH,2
CSYS,0
TYPE,2 !* MESH AREA 1
ESYS,11
AMESH,1
CSYS,0
NSEL,S,LOC,X,30,100
NUMMRG,NODES
ESLN
TYPE,3
MAT,5
CZMESH,,,1,Y,0, !* GENERATE INTERFACE ELEMENTS
ALLSEL,ALL
NSEL,S,LOC,X,100 !* APPLY CONSTRAINTS
D,ALL,ALL
NSEL,ALL
FINISH
/SOLU
ESEL,S,TYPE,,2
NSLE,S
NSEL,R,LOC,X
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,1.5 !* APPLY DISPLACEMENT LOADING ON TOP
D,ALL,UY,20
NSEL,ALL
ESEL,ALL
ESEL,S,TYPE,,1
NSLE,S
NSEL,R,LOC,X
NSEL,R,LOC,Y,-1.5 !* APPLY DISPLACEMENT LOADING ON BOTTOM
D,ALL,UY,-20
NSEL,ALL
ESEL,ALL
NLGEOM,ON
AUTOTS,ON
TIME,1
NSUBST,40,40,40
OUTRES,ALL,ALL

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