Discussion
Started 10th Jun, 2023
  • University of Alicante Spain

Source of Major Flaws in Cosmological Theories: Mathematics-to-Physics Application Discrepency

SOURCE OF MAJOR FLAWS IN COSMOLOGICAL THEORIES:
MATHEMATICS-TO-PHYSICS APPLICATION DISCREPENCY
Raphael Neelamkavil, Ph.D., Dr. phil.
The big bang theory has many limitations. These are,
(1) the uncertainty regarding the causes / triggers of the big bang,
(2) the need to trace the determination of certain physical constants to the big bang moments and not further backwards,
(3) the necessity to explain the notion of what scientists and philosophers call “time” in terms of the original bang of the universe,
(4) the compulsion to define the notion of “space” with respect to the inner and outer regions of the big bang universe,
(5) the possibility of and the uncertainty about there being other finite or infinite number of universes,
(6) the choice between an infinite number of oscillations between big bangs and big crunches in the big bang universe (in case of there being only our finite-content universe in existence), in every big hang universe (if there are an infinite number of universes),
(7) the question whether energy will be lost from the universe during each phase of the oscillation, and in that case how an infinite number of oscillations can be the whole process of the finite-content universe,
(8) the difficulty involved in mathematizing these cases, etc.
These have given rise to many other cosmological and cosmogenetic theories – mythical, religious, philosophical, physical, and even purely mathematical. It must also be mentioned that the thermodynamic laws created primarily for earth-based physical systems have played a big role in determining the nature of these theories.
The big bang is already a cosmogenetic theory regarding a finite-content universe. The consideration of an INFINITE-CONTENT universe has always been taken as an alternative source of theories to the big bang model. Here, in the absence of conceptual clarity on the physically permissible meaning of infinite content and without attempting such clarity, cosmologists have been accessing the various mathematical tools available to explain the meaning of infinite content. They do not also seem to keep themselves aware that locally possible mathematical definitions of infinity cannot apply to physical localities at all.
The result has been the acceptance of temporal eternality to the infinite-content universe without fixing physically possible varieties of eternality. For example, pre-existence from the past eternity is already an eternality. Continuance from any arbitrary point of time with respect to any cluster of universes is also an eternality. But models of an infinite-content cosmos and even of a finite-content universe have been suggested in the past one century, which never took care of the fact that mathematical infinity of content or action within a finite locality has nothing to do with physical feasibility. This, for example, is the source of the quantum-cosmological quick-fix that a quantum vacuum can go on create new universes.
But due to their obsession with our access to observational details merely from our local big bang universe, and the obsession to keep the big bang universe as an infinite-content universe and as temporally eternal by using the mathematical tools found, a mathematically automatic recycling of the content of the universe was conceived. Here they naturally found it safe to accommodate the big universe, and clearly maintain a sort of eternality for the local big bang universe and its content, without recourse to external creation.
Quantum-cosmological and superstrings-cosmological gimmicks like considering each universe as a membrane and the “space” between them as vacuum have given rise to the consideration that it is these vacua that just create other membranes or at least supplies new matter-energy to the membranes to continue to give rise to other universes. (1) The ubiquitous sensationalized science journalism with rating motivation and (2) the physicists’ and cosmologists’ need to stick to mathematical mystification in the absence of clarity concurring physical feasibility in their infinities – these give fame to the originators of such universes as great and original scientists.
I suggest that the need to justify an eternal recycling of the big bang universe with no energy loss at the fringes of the finite-content big bang universe was fulfilled by cosmologists with the automatically working mathematical tools like the Lambda term and its equivalents. This in my opinion is the origin of the concepts of the almighty versions of dark energy, virtual quantum soup, quantum vacuum, ether, etc., for cosmological applications. Here too the physical feasibility of these concepts by comparing them with the maximal-medial-minimal possibilities of existence of dark energy, virtual quantum soup, quantum vacuum, ether, etc. within the finite-content and infinite-content cosmos, has not been considered. Their almighty versions were required because they had to justify an eternal pre-existence and an eternal future for the universe from a crass physicalist viewpoint, of which most scientists are prey even today. (See: Minimal Metaphysical Physicalism (MMP) vs. Panpsychisms and Monisms: Beyond Mind-Body Dualism: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Minimal_Metaphysical_Physicalism_MMP_vs_Panpsychisms_and_Monisms_Beyond_Mind-Body_Dualism)
I believe that the inconsistencies present in the mathematically artificialized notions and in the various cosmogenetic theories in general are due to the blind acceptance of available mathematical tools to explain an infinite-content and eternally existent universe.
What should in fact have been done? We know that physics is not mathematics. In mathematics all sorts of predefined continuities and discretenesses may be created without recourse to solutions as to whether they are sufficiently applicable to be genuinely physics-justifying by reason of the general compulsions of physical existence. I CONTINUE TO ATTEMPT TO DISCOVER WHERE THE DISCREPENCIES LIE. History is on the side of sanity.
One clear example for the partial incompatibility between physics and mathematics is where the so-called black hole singularity is being mathematized by use of asymptotic approach. I admit that we have only this tool. But we do not have to blindly accept it without setting rationally limiting boundaries between the physics of the black hole and the mathematics applied here. It must be recognized that the definition of any fundamental notion of mathematics is absolute and exact only in the definition, and not in the physical counterparts. (See: Mathematics and Causality: A Systemic Reconciliation, https://www.researchgate.net/post/Mathematics_and_Causality_A_Systemic_Reconciliation)
I shall continue to add material here on the asymptotic approach in cosmology and other similar theoretical and application-level concepts.
Bibliography
(1) Gravitational Coalescence Paradox and Cosmogenetic Causality in Quantum Astrophysical Cosmology, 647 pp., Berlin, 2018.
(2) Physics without Metaphysics? Categories of Second Generation Scientific Ontology, 386 pp., Frankfurt, 2015.
(3) Causal Ubiquity in Quantum Physics: A Superluminal and Local-Causal Physical Ontology, 361 pp., Frankfurt, 2014.
(4) Essential Cosmology and Philosophy for All: Gravitational Coalescence Cosmology, 92 pp., KDP Amazon, 2022, 2nd Edition.
(5) Essenzielle Kosmologie und Philosophie für alle: Gravitational-Koaleszenz-Kosmologie, 104 pp., KDP Amazon, 2022, 1st Edition.

Most recent answer

Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Essential Reason in Physicists’ Use of Logic: And in Other Sciences Too!

Popular replies (1)

Alex Wolf III
Theory of Everything
Please see my research document on functional Grand Unified Theory either attached or on my page. Mathematical tools are an essentially function of Cosmology and the applications of mathematics to physics. This application is most largely and obviously affected by failing to account for the interplay between quantum phenomenon and relativity related phenomenon, and also by no clear-cut ability or route to perform these calculations. By manipulating tensors, and subsequently tying them to mathematical formulas which represent the relation between mathematics and physical processes, quantities and occurrences within quantum physics systems, and then subsequently appropriately setting values for relativity related phenomenon in the form of tensors, operators, and precisely calculated values, one may gain a more precise and enlightening view of Cosmological processes. Failing to account for the interplay between general relativity and quantum phenomenon in any sort of reliable way is a large source of issues in the application of mathematics-to-physics related to Cosmology. Another issue, I believe, is perception. Most scientists are content with either being willfully ignorant of the necessary need to be able to account for quantum phenomenon and relativity related phenomenon at the same time to accurately assess cosmology or they stubbornly stick their feet in the sand and claim they can arrive at fully accurate revelations without an ability to do so. Both are erroneous. Although we can come to A LOT of conclusions about those things without knowing the full quantum/relativity shebang and all it's details, we have no idea what sort of information we could be missing out on, or what false assumptions we could be arriving at. "You vant know what you cant know" The solution to the problem of mathematics-to-physics in Cosmology is most certainly accounting for what I've spoken of here in a reliable way that aligns with known mathematics and physics, but also in developing more advanced equations and discoveries which ties physical processes and quantities to quantum and relativity related phenomenon in a proven and undeniable way. Things like this have been proven by my research. I have found certain forms of complex equations accurately represents laws of physical concepts that shed light on the relation of mathematics to physical things. I am in no way claiming my theory is the only way to do this, I'm just using it as a familiar starting point to speak on this. There are lots of ways to do this without a theory such as mine, but it results in having to perform multiple complex calculations for mathematics, physics, and relativity, parsing, then integrating them separately which is far more time consuming.
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All replies (137)

Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
The source of major flaws in current cosmology is not any discrepancy between mathematics and physics. It instead is the simple fact that current cosmology does not reflect reality.
A big bang scenario embodies a one shot philosophy, a creationism scenario. But reality must be eternal.
Looking for weak points in the big bang model is not constructive. Only finding an alternative is constructive.
The alternative is the eternal big universe spanned by a cosmic field. The cosmic field is capable to collect energy from moving gravitational fields. If the cosmic field has grown strong enough it is capable to penetrate into black hole matter and to revert the phase transition from neutron gas.
The neutron gas then decays to hydrogen and a new cycle begins. The cyclic processes are:
- Generation of energy in stars
- Building black holes, squeezing out the cosmic field from a condensed neutron gas
- Recollection of the generated energy in the cosmic field
The recycling processes are:
- Re-penetration of the cosmic energy field into black hole matter
- Re-shaping the cosmic energy density profile, which implements gravity, by a flow process. The flow process is caused by the immense energy loss of the cosmic field due to the reversion of the phase transition from neutron gas to black hole matter.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
No theory can reflect external reality as such! So, the complaint that "current cosmology does not reflect reality" is too vague.
Now "a one shot philosophy, a creationism scenario" is only what experimentally characterized science can do. Some would try to obfuscate the creationism scenario therein due to their holding crass physicalism. (For clarifications, see https://www.researchgate.net/post/Minimal_Metaphysical_Physicalism_MMP_vs_Panpsychisms_and_Monisms_Beyond_Mind-Body_Dualism)
But your claim that "reality must be eternal" is too blanketing and vague too! The question that arises in any educated mind (not Pentecostal creationist minds and hardcore "rationalist" minds, both of whom -- educated or less educated -- tend to be headless in their claims) is: From where did you know this? ((Now, if you feel that I belong to any one of these groups, you may sas so! I will not be angry with you!!!!!!!!))
Do you mean that the part of reality that we can observe and experiment with is eternal? Or that all that exist (i.e., Reality) have been in existence and will be in existence on both aspects of the common notion of eternity? Or, do you mean that each part of all that exist (i.e., of Reality) will exist from the moment of its coming into existence? Etc. I can bring in even more sub-cases here. (See my book 2018, "Gravitational Coalescence Paradox and ....")
You said: "Looking for weak points in the big bang model is not constructive. Only finding an alternative is constructive." I have always held so: Fell systems by their roots, and not by their branches -- and we have a new system, which too must be felled at some time in the progress of science and and the Love of Wisdom.
And then comes a stealthily introduced statement: "The alternative is the eternal big universe spanned by a cosmic field." What proof is there to assert this? Asserting this as an empirical fact is impossible. Hence, we can only take this to be rationally probable. There can be rational arguments to prefer this. I have suggested some in my 2018. But I try to discuss there all sorts of sub-cases, that I could imagine, of a finite-content universe and of an infinite-content cosmic multiverse.
Yet another stealthily intrusive attempt is this: "The cosmic field is capable to collect (CAPABLE OF COLLECTING) energy from moving gravitational fields." If you speak of a cosmic field different from the merely mathematically posited one, you had to first show that as the only rational choice. Here, I think, you have introduced the commonly assumed almighty character of mathematics without physical justification!!! Against this is to be our common fight!
And you seem to say that the posited cosmic field is capable OF COLLECTING energy from moving gravitational fields. Are mathematically posited gravitational fields MOVING AROUND, or physically gravitational fields moving? Why should a separate cosmic field collect energy from it, if this cosmic field is a field due to the matter-energy within the physical universe? (I am sure that you are aware of how Einstein and many other field scientists have veiled the physicists' and physics students' mind with the mathematical conversion of fields into a superman.)
Are these two (cosmic fields and gravitational fields) only different conglomerations of entities, or two absolutely separate conglomerations with eternal origin and separation between them? I HOPE YOU SEE HOW PHYSICISTS ERR BY PRESUPPOSING MANY THINGS.
And then, after the half of your post, by mixing black holes, neutron stars, etc. with all these, you came to the conclusion about the GENERATION OF ENERGY IN STARS. Is this not a common practice among astrophysicists? Camouflaging unknown territories within a complexification of empirically known facts and results! How do black hole and neutron star processes become the originative sources of energy, which, as part of the cosmos, you presuppose as eternal? Why should an eternal stuff be originated from black holes and neutron stars in a miraculous manner?
As you will recognize here, the term origination is very tricky. Energy from black holes and neutron stars can at the most get converted into or displaced into being part of any other cosmic body or conglomeration of bodies.
Sir, I am not trying to accuse you of anything. This is a common practice in all sorts of physicists, astrophysicists, and cosmologists. I suggest that as much clarity as possible be brought in even before determining scientific terms, theoretical presuppositions, etc.
And let us define also very general concepts like space, time, spacetime, curvature, energy, matter, gravitation, etc. I point specifically at the notions of gravitation and cosmic fields that you have used here.
Recently I have come to know some neuroscientists or brain scientists who do this, especially by taking access to quantum non-locality and other such stuff, and camouflaging the subject matter in front of the readers. Another has converted the whole consciousness into an all-knowing holographic stuff, by use of the concept of non-locality in QM....
Thanks for this beautiful post. When I point out certain loopholes, please know that I am aware of such possibilities in my writing too. Feel free to point them out. I will not be offended. I can learn more.
I am sure that you will not shout out bad words at me, as some greats used to do in the famous discussion forum on "What are the refutations of general relativity?", in which we both have taken part contributing our opinions. I left that discussion because of the personal insecurity, anger, and vengeance that used to play out there from the simple personalities of some of them (who perhaps continue to be starved of love and recognition)...! You have been a witness to all that.
Raphael
Stam Nicolis
University of Tours
Nobody cares about proclamations about ``flaws", major or minor, but in the mathematically consistent formulations, that agree with experiment. So it’s not enough to claim that a formulation has ``flaws"-all do. What matters is how to correct them.
The ``source of major flaws in cosmological theories'' is that theories are, necessarily, approximations.
However there's no such thing as a ``mathematics-to-physics application discrepancy''.
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Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Stam Nicolis, I agree with you.
"Agreement with experiment" can, from the viewpoint of empirical demands understood broadly, can also be understood as including agreement with the demands of physical existence.
The whole import of what I have suggested above as requiring of scientists is such an agreement with the empirical demands of physical existence in confrontation with some of the absolutely virtual, merely imaginary modes of acceptance of whatever the mathematics that happened to be applied concludes to!
If this is absent, is it not a flaw that debilitates (1) not only the theoretical requirement of maximum correspondence between the physics and the mathematics, (2) but also implying many irrational consequences at the empirical level?
But if we insist that all that 'empirical' means is just what crystallizes into experimental successes or failures, it would have been enough for physics to continue doing Newton's physics and say that everything directly experimental is being met by it for engineers and informaticians!
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
I SUGGEST A READING OF THE LEAD-TEXT OF THE FOLLOWING DISCUSSION, which I have revised today. I hope you will not accuse me of any ulterior motive in this. Let us follow reason and nothing else.
Gravitational Coalescence Paradox (GCP). Introduction to Gravitational Coalescence Cosmology (GCC).
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Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Thank you for the detailed answer. It allows detailed responses.
No theory can reflect external reality as such! So, the complaint that "current cosmology does not reflect reality" is too vague.
Theories which do not reflect reality show conflicts with observations or perceptions.
But your claim that "reality must be eternal" is too blanketing and vague too!
No, eternity is the most basic assumption, which is possible.
"The alternative is the eternal big universe spanned by a cosmic field." What proof is there to assert this?
What do you think must be proven here? Proving that what follows is an alternative? Or that the following alternative is closer to reality as the current big bang model?”
Yet another stealthily intrusive attempt is this: "The cosmic field is capable of collecting energy from moving gravitational fields."
The proposed cosmic field overcompensates the negative energy density of gravitational fields. In fact, matter suppresses the cosmic field. Gravitation is nothing else as a depression of the cosmic field.
Are mathematically posited gravitational fields MOVING AROUND, or physically gravitational fields moving? 
Moving mass including massive particles or even photons are accompanied by gravitational fields. The cosmic field reacts on this movement and ist energy density becomes adapted accordingly. This induces an intrinsic movement of the cosmic field, which contains kinetic energy.
Are these two (cosmic fields and gravitational fields) only different conglomerations of entities, or two absolutely separate conglomerations with eternal origin and separation between them?
No the gravitational field with ist negative energy density does not exist at all. It exclusively is a depression of the cosmic field. But this also means that the deepest possible depression is given, if the cosmic field has been squeezed out completely.
And then, after the half of your post, by mixing black holes, neutron stars, etc...”
Here it seems that you begin to completely misunderstand things. I want to describe a cosmic field, which has specific capabilities, and which nobody up to now has on his or her screen.
The essential capabilities of this field are:
  1. Warping the space of the universe to an S³ structure
  2. Overcompensating the negative energy density of gravitational fields. The gradient in the energy density of the cosmic field leads to gravity.
  3. Collecting kinetic energy from moving particles
  4. Reverting the phase transition from neutron gas to black hole matter with the collected energy. This only happens after the cosmic field has collected enough energy and therefor got strong enough to penetrate into black hole matter.
  5. Reverting the phase transition costs a lot of energy. The lost energy density is replaced by an inflow from the outside. This flow modifies the energy density profile and with it the gravity.
The big point is that the eternal universe needs an energy recycling mechanism. The cosmic field implements this recycling process and warps the space to an S³ configuration.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
You say: "Eternity is the most basic assumption, which is possible." But I meant the attribution of eternity (of various kinds) to the cosmos or to what you call the cosmic field.
"The alternative is the eternal big universe spanned by a cosmic field."
Arguments in favour of the statement that "the alternative is closer to reality" are necessary here!
"The proposed cosmic field overcompensates the negative energy density of gravitational fields. In fact, matter suppresses the cosmic field. Gravitation is nothing else as a depression of the cosmic field." Do u then think that the cosmic field is existent and that the gravitational field is not existent but are only real depressions in the cosmic field? That it can consist of depressions when expressed in the mathematical manner, but really out there?
But in the existent cosmic reality, if gravitation does not consist of real propagations of gravitons with attractive force (which you call negative energy), then why not say also that EM fields are just mathematical contrary-to-depression fields or whatever, and not existent propagations? If so, even matter can be mere gravitational fluctuations, and not an existent form of matter-energy. If gravitation does not exist (of course, without proofs from anyone), then the EM fields and what you call the cosmic field are totally non-existent. They are all a mere mathematical affair!!!!
"Even photons are accompanied by gravitational fields". Just like matter is accompanied by gravitational fields? Are these fields just mathematical field depressions or really existent propagations? If they are propagations, then all photons need not be accompanied by (with a mass and energy equal to or less than or more than?) gravitational fields! Gravitational propagations must be distinct from EM propagations and the cosmic field! By distinct I mean they need existence not as the cosmic field but as positive propagations within and from matter.
Did u really say the following? "No the gravitational field with ist (ITS) negative energy density does not exist at all. It exclusively is a depression of the cosmic field. But this also means that the deepest possible depression is given, if the cosmic field has been squeezed out completely."
In that case, why not EM fields too are just field depressions or whatever, and not existent? Why to insist that only gravitational propagations are non-existent but just negative fields, merely because we assign to it negative energy in the mathematical formulation? Could it not be that in another mathematical theory gravitational fields have a positive status and all else do not exist?
And further, what reason would you find to show that gravitation is a non-existent field and that the cosmic field is an existent field? What a science! (Meine Güte! Eben unser Freund Einstein könnte es höchst wahrscheinlich nicht akzeptieren....)
My question now is this: Is the negative energy of gravitation really attributed to something existent, or to something non-existent? If you say that gravitation is a non-existent field/s, I do realize here how science can be misled by the mathematical description. It is for me the best example ever from the pen of a scientist.
Are "the essential capabilities of this field" which you numbered above, belonging to existent fields or merely of non-existent fields? Why should only the cosmic field exist or not exist, and the gravitational field should be just a negative-energy non-existent, merely mentioned in mathematical physics for theoretical facility? Very alarming!!!!!
You make it crystal clear to me here the fact that there are more than a fair number of scientists who take THE MATHEMATICAL NECESSITIES AS EXISTENTS, OR AS NON-EXISTENTS, OR EVEN AS QUASI-EXISTENTS!
"The big point is that the eternal universe needs an energy recycling mechanism. The cosmic field implements this recycling process and warps the space to an S³ configuration."
LET ME REFORMULATE THIS: The big mathematical point is that the mathematical theory of a presupposedly eternal universe necessitates mathematically an energy recycling mechanism. The mathematical cosmic field is mathematically made (by some scientists) to implement this recycling process and warp the space to an S³ configuration....!!!!! Hence, for you math is physics!
Please note: I have just expressed my arguments in a strong manner. This does not mean that I disrespect you as a scientist. This is how I have been with my own professors, classmates, and colleagues. Many took time to realize this. But none of them is inimical to me today.
An interesting question because Cosmology uses Einstein’s theory of spacetime to interpret the astronomical observations in relation to the motion of celestial bodies (inclusive clouds of dust, etc.).
There is a discrepancy between the proposed properties of spacetime and the measurements that try to determine the velocity of the influence of gravity. Einstein stated that the influence of gravity is equal to the speed of light but the measurements show that Newton’s idea is more realistic (instantaneous influence). Physics Letters A: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0375960198006501
It is not so difficult to understand that if the lower limit of the “speed of gravity” is at least 2 x 1010 c, Einstein’s theory of General relativity must be plain wrong. Because the theory doesn’t rely on a mathematical description of space with the help of a metric (like mathematicians do in 3D topology). That is necessary because in set theory space and energy must share one or more properties otherwise there exist no relation (no mutual existence).
The Standard Cosmological Model (ΛCDM) is an evolutionary model. It is hypothesized that it started with a “big-bang” of all the energy that is now available in the universe. Thus at the start all the energy was compressed within the volume of a “singularity”.
In other words, the “picture” is clear: there was always energy from the start but matter emerged after all the energy had cooled down (the condensation of the Hydrogen plasma). The decrease of the “temperature” of all the energy was caused by the creation of space (the expansion of space from the size of the singularity).
In the past there were objections against the existence of spacetime because gravity is directly related with the existence of matter, actually the existence of rest mass. But in the ΛCDM the relation between energy and spacetime doesn’t rely on the existence of matter. It is the existence of “free energy” that curves spacetime. Not the local curved spacetime around a celestial body, but the spacetime of the whole universe. Because it is expanding like a toy balloon that is blown up from the start of the universe. In other words, energy determines the shape and size of space itself.
So what are the shared properties between energy and space?
“Free energy” in Einstein’s formula E = m c2 are electromagnetic waves. Described by Max Planck’s formula E = h f [f= frequency]. Unfortunately electromagnetic waves originate from local concentrations of energy (matter). For example if a proton annihilates an anti-proton. “Free energy” without the existence of matter in the universe is restricted to amplitudes within the electromagnetic field. In other words, the proposed Hydrogen plasma in the ΛCDM must be (dense) electromagnetic amplitudes.
Unfortunately, the basic quantum fields are not part of the ΛCDM: there is only energy and energy determines the shape and size of space. Most physicists even think that quantum fields are created by matter. But in modern physics (QFT) matter emerges from the properties of the basic quantum fields (see: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1204.4616).
To avoid an endless discussion we can question the general concept of the ΛCDM. Because if energy can blow up space Einstein’s formula E = m c2 must “prove” that energy is equal to volume. But if energy is equal to volume Einstein’s formula must be E = m c3. In other words, energy is surface area. In line with the known properties of the “tangible” structure of the universal electric field, a 3D topological field. (The universal electric field and the corresponding magnetic field are known as “electromagnetic field”.)
With kind regards, Sydney
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Sydney Ernest Grimm, I like a good bit of this explanation. But if it all ends up in action at a distance, I do not think it has much prospect of acceptance.
"Action at a distance?" What are you talking about? The Noble prize Physics 2022 is about the non-locality of our universe that involves all the "tangible" phenomena in the universe, inclusive forces and fields. That is not equal to the EPR paradox.
You want to discuss a proposed discrepancy between the ΛCDM and (geometrical) mathematics. Thus a supposed acceptance is irrelevant because in physics we struggle for about 7 decades how to go on. There is no acceptance to be find although every theorist knows that all the grand theories must be somewhere partly wrong. Or at least far too limited.
With kind regards, Sydney
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
You said: "but the measurements show that Newton’s idea is more realistic (instantaneous influence)"
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Raphael Neelamkavil "...why not EM fields too are just field depressions or whatever..."
Because EM fields have a positive energy density.
The point is the negative energy density of gravitational fields. Gravitational fields get stronger if they provide energy. But a negative energy density cannot exist.
Reduction of a positive energy density is equal to (or at least shows the same impact as) a negative energy density and (its existence) is physically possible.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
That means, gravitation is non-existent. It is just a mathematical phenomenon! A mathematical field without anything in existence! In that case, why not EM fields and what you call cosmic field too be mere mathematical fields without existence?
The cause of gravity
Gravity is caused by the product of m and M in 2 different positions.
The cause of gravity must be a concept with information about both the values, m and M.
The only concept with this information is the ether.
Gravity must be a process in 2 steps.
M (Earth) causes a change in the ether. A radial ether wind.
This ether wind is the cause of gravity.
Michelson measured horizontally to avoid gravity. He did not see that the ether wind is gravity. You can feel the ether wind just now in your bottom.
First step: matter tells ether how to move.
Second step: ether tells matter how to move.
Gravity is action at a distance at a time delay.
You are not pulled by Earth, but pushed by the ether, although Earth is the primary source.
John-Erik
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Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Raphael Neelamkavil "That means, gravitation is non-existent. It is just a mathematical phenomenon! A mathematical field without anything in existence! In that case, why not EM fields and what you call cosmic field too be mere mathematical fields without existence?"
No, certain assumed reasons for gravity, like "action at a distance" is nonexistent.
Gravitational fields reduce the energy density of the cosmic field. The energy density reduction is proportional to the field strength squared. The field strength depends on the relative position of objects, which cause the field. Modifying the distance between the objects pumps energy into the field or retracts energy from the field. Gravitational force times distance modification, corresponds to the energy extracted from the cosmic field or provided to the cosmic field.
Due to the quadratic dependency of field strength on the distance from the object, the energy is concentrated around the contributing objects. Therefor gravitation is a local force and not an "action at a distance".
If you wish, you can identify the cosmic field as "ether".
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
But you did not answer my question: Is gravitation an existent propagation or just a mathematical instrument?
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Please remember this:
The big bang theory has many limitations. These are,
(1) the uncertainty regarding the causes / triggers of the big bang,
(2) the need to trace the determination of certain physical constants to the big bang moments and not further backwards,
(3) the necessity to explain the notion of what scientists and philosophers call “time” in terms of the original bang of the universe,
(4) the compulsion to define the notion of “space” with respect to the inner and outer regions of the big bang universe,
(5) the possibility of and the uncertainty about there being other finite or infinite number of universes,
(6) the choice between an infinite number of oscillations between big bangs and big crunches in the big bang universe (in case of there being only our finite-content universe in existence), in every big hang universe (if there are an infinite number of universes),
(7) the question whether energy will be lost from the universe during each phase of the oscillation, and in that case how an infinite number of oscillations can be the whole process of the finite-content universe,
(8) the difficulty involved in mathematizing these cases, etc.
You can add point (9):
(9) Big Bang does not exist, since the effect is not caused by red shift from a moving object. Instead, cosmological red shift is a second order red shift due the radial ether wind around the very large object. An illusion.
And point (10):
(10) Pioneer anomaly is also explained by an illusion due to a change in two-way light speed due to the radial ether wind from the Sun.
Regards
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
I find it difficult to accept a background ether of this kind. Such an ether will then need another ether. Why not that anything travelling in space will naturally have some redshift and some foreshortening, even without the work of a ubiquitous ether to bring about this effect? If ether is existent, it too should consist of wavicles. If it is dense, then the objects in the universe will not move well enough in it. If it is not dense, then the redshift and foreshortening on moving wavicles will be variant according to the density of ether at any given region.
All these seem too simplistic and antiquated.
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Sorry, but I do not agree at all to what you are stating.
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Raphael Neelamkavil "I find it difficult to accept a background ether of this kind."
Isn't a gravitational field something like a background ether?
The gravitational field of earth at sea level has an energy density of -57.371.001.524 J/m³. (E=-g²/(8πG))
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Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
If the gravitational field is the ether, then it must be an existent ether field, not merely a mathematical one!
Fatio's ether model (ignored by Newton) is realistic if matter is assumed to absorb ether particles instead if particles colliding with matter. Gravity can be a static effect and light can be a dynamic effect in this ether.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
So, do you mean that gravity is a static effect, and not dynamic! Just considering it so, or is it really so?
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Do you consider it so, or is it really a static field without any changes?
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Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
John-Erik Persson, what exactly did you mean by a Yes? Did you really read the question? If you are unclear as to what to answer, please express that. Instead, you merely said: Yes. Yes about what? Kindly read the matter that you have tried to answer.
And remember what you have already been saying in the previous interventions about gravitation. I humbly think that some more consistency is necessary is what you comment.
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Any non frictional force, including the gravitational force, is the result of a displacement dependent energy content.
Frictional forces may occur as interactions between media, which are in relative motion. Particle collisions are the cause of frictional forces.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
If gravitation is existent (i.e., not composed of absolute vacua), it too is made of wavicles which we may term gravitons. In that case, gravitons too (and also EM quanta) must cause friction of some very minute kind. The only thing is that we have not yet discovered this type of friction.
Ether is a dynamic process with fast and small particles moving in all directions according to Fatio. Ether particles are absorbed by matter - not colliding with it.
Light is moving processes in the ether.
Gravity is stationary conditions in the ether. Emergent - and no aberration.
You find more details in many articles by me.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
All these explanations are very strange and lack genuine reasoning in my opinion. I shall write tomorrow evening. I am occupied these 2 days.
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Raphael Neelamkavil "All these explanations are very strange and lack genuine reasoning in my opinion."
No, all these explanations base on the fact, that all forces in nature have the same cause, the action of force fields. The energy density of force fields depends on the relative distance of objects, which span the force fields.
This energy depencency is responsible for the force exerted on the objects.
The force field concept includes nano-scale force fields, which are active around atoms and even around and inside of atomic nuclei.
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Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
But you say also that the gravitational force field is just negative, and not existent! If so, let us assume that none of these force fields exist!
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Raphael Neelamkavil "But you say also that the gravitational force field is just negative, and not existent! If so, let us assume that none of these force fields exist!"
You know that force fields exist. They exert forces on objects, which contribute to the field. The fields are of gravitational, electrical, and magnetic nature. In the nano cosmos additional kinds of fields exist.
The speciality of the gravitational field is, that it becomes stronger if you extract energy from it. The energy density E of a gravitational field is given by E=Ec-g²/(8πG). Ec is is the energy density of a cosmic field. g is the gravitational acceleration and G is the gravitational constant.
The energy density of an electric field is: ε0E²/2, of the magnetic field it is: µ0H²/2.
I never said that the gravitational field is negative. Only the mass dependent term of the energy density of the gravitational field is negative.
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Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
6 days ago you said in answer to my comment (in italics):
Yet another stealthily intrusive attempt is this: "The cosmic field is capable of collecting energy from moving gravitational fields."
The proposed cosmic field overcompensates the negative energy density of gravitational fields. In fact, matter suppresses the cosmic field. Gravitation is nothing else as a depression of the cosmic field.
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Raphael Neelamkavil "Gravitation is nothing else as a depression of the cosmic field."
Yes, this is expressed in the law of the energy density E of the gravitational field. E=Ec-g²/(8πG). The mass dependent part of this law is a negative energy density. Ec is is the energy density of a cosmic field. g is the gravitational acceleration and G is the gravitational constant.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
It is you who said this 6 days ago: "Gravitation is nothing else as a depression of the cosmic field." Not I.
If gravitation is just a depression in existing cosmic field, then gravitation will have to be a reduction or negative expression of the cosmic field. In that case, you mean that gravitation is not existent as some separate sort of energy. This is what I questioned.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Gravitational waves are mathematically conceived to be weak ripples in measured / measurable spacetime, but these are caused by masses accelerated by gravity!
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Do Electromagnetic and Gravitational Quanta (EM Quanta and Gravitons) Gravitate from Within?
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Raphael Neelamkavil "Do Electromagnetic and Gravitational Quanta (EM Quanta and Gravitons) Gravitate from Within?"
In the static case there are no quanta. The electric, magnetic, or gravitational force is given by the dependency of the field energy on the distance between the objects, which span the field.
If an object is accelerated, a dynamic field restores the static field, sourced by the object, with the new velocity. This means that the overlay of the static field, moving with the old velocity, and the dynamic field, leaves after the dynamic field has passed, another static field, moving with the new velocity.
Applying a particle model to describe this radiative process is a more or less useful option.
Please consider that the statements above apply to all kinds of fields.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Do electromagnetic and gravitational wavicles exist? Before using them in physics, it must be determined whether they exist, for them to exert causally real physical effects. Existents cannot be vacua, and hence, they must exist, and hence they are
(1) in Extension (each having a finite number of finite-content parts), because if not extended, EM quanta would be non-existent, and
(2) in Change (existents, which are always with parts, possessing parts which always exert finite impacts on a finite number of others, inclusive of exertion of finite impacts on some parts within), because anything that has no change is not in existence.
An existent without own parts and own exertion of impacts will be imaginable as existent. Anything that is not in Extension-Change is non-existent – a physical-ontological fact at the foundations of physics, which most physicists (and other scientists) forget while performing their statistical and other related miracles!
This much for an introduction. Now, what are the implications of such existence in the case of EM wavicles and gravitons?
ELECTROMAGNETIC AND GRAVITATIONAL QUANTA
If electromagnetic and gravitational wavicles are EXISTENT, then they possess also EXTENSION and CHANGE. They are not absolutely geometric particles, instead, they are elongated at various dimensions.
Let us assume the following as a general principle in physics: Anything physical issues gravitons, which are the basic attractive forces within physical existents.
If an existent energy wavicle is thus a matter wavicle with extension, it must also issue gravitons! In that case, the only stuff in the cosmos that cannot themselves issue further gravitons from within are gravitons themselves. What can this work to in physics and cosmology? I believe that we need a revolution from this viewpoint. This is a proposal that waits being tested by future physics and astrophysics.
Gravitons too are extended and changing wavicles. But they are themselves the wavicles possessing also their parts that attract each other, and are long-range in nature. If they issue sub-gravitons, they will naturally be kept attracted within the issuing sources, because the parts from which they are supposed to be issued are themselves attractive by nature and other matter and energy particles attract each other basically by means of issuing gravitons.
But naturally, gravitons too must be existent, and hence possess parts. What would be the sort of parts that gravitons can possess? Repulsons or Gravitons? Sub-repulsons or sub-gravitons? I think that they cannot themselves be repulsons and sub-repulsons, because repulsons and sub-repulsons without coherence will not stick together as parts of gravitons. Gravitons cannot issue gravitons themselves, since this is self-creation. But they can possess sub-gravitons as parts, but these need not be of the same power as their totality that each graviton is.
In any case, one thing should be accepted: BOTH ELECTROMAGNETIC AND GRAVITATIONAL QUANTA MUST ISSUE THEIR OWN WAVICLES OF ATTRACTION. IN THE CASE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC QUANTA, THE ISSE IS THAT OF GRAVITONS (and whatever other sub-wavicles that might be there for them to give rise to). IN THE CASE OF GRAVITONS, THE PARTS WILL HAVE TO BE SUB-GRAVITONS (plus whatever other sub-wavicles that might be there for them to give rise to).
Larissa Borissova
Zelmanov Cosmological Group
The Big Bang theory is not an absolute truth. It is jut one of many solutions of the Einstein field equations, taken under the conditions according to which there in the Universe is no gravitation, the space does not rotate, but only expand. It was created as an attempt to explain the observed scattering of galaxies (cosmological redshift). Meanwhile, the Universe is impossible without gravitational fields; they are the main creators of material islands in it and joint it as a whole. The usual viewpoint says that the cosmological redshift is caused by the space deformation due to the expansion of the Universe. But this is only a hypothesis by Edwin Hubble (cosmological redshift discovered). There is another way to explain the cosmological redshift. This is solving the isotropic geodesic equations. They describe light ray motion. Their solution in a non-deforming (static) space containing gravitational fields point out the cosmological redshift in a de Sitter space due to the joint gravitational field of the Universe. The exact solution of the isotropic geodesic equations in a de Sitter space gives the observable non-linear redshift, where gravitation is a repulsive force created by the physical vacuum that fills the space. In addition, in this case, the farther a galaxy, the faster it travels. The event horizon in a de Sitter space matches the observable event horizon (known thank to astronomers). Ths, we get an appropriate explanation of gravitation as the main creative force in the finite Universe, where the space does not deform (expand or compress).
By the way, the de Sitter model was the initially accepted model of the Universe created on the basis of the first draft Einstein spherical static model, but filled with physical vacuum.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Thanks for the fine summarized description!
r
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Let me show another aspect. In any given world or part of the world there must be a highest velocity. I think this will be determined by the matter-energy density achieved at the broadest (all-inclusive) condensation phase available in that part of the cosmos. Let's call it a world. In this world, it is possible to measure all motion in terms of the highest c of that world. In a broader world that includes this world, or in another world, we should a c-2, elsewere c-3, etc. Thus we have a spectrum of STRs and GTRs. Then the problem of measurement will be more complex.
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Larissa Borissova "The exact solution of the isotropic geodesic equations in a de Sitter space gives the observable non-linear redshift, where gravitation is a repulsive force created by the physical vacuum that fills the space."
A closed space with a finite volume cannot be isotropic.
Look at a beam of light following a geodesic path. This path cannot be straight, because then the beam would leave the volume. If the path is not straight, it somehow deviates from the straight direction. This deviation is not isotropic. Being isotropic would request that the light path equally would split in all possible directions. But in fact, the light path leaves the straight direction in a single specific direction determined by the space curvature.
Larissa Borissova
Zelmanov Cosmological Group
Wolfgang Konle "A closed space with a finite volume cannot be isotropic."
You just do not know the terminology specific to space-time geometry. That is, you supposedly camew from another professional field.
"Non-isotropic" means that, given a four-dimensional space-time interval along a four-dimensional trajectory, the square of the three-dimensional (spatial) interval is not equal to the time interval. And vice versa, "isotropic" means that the square of the three-dimensional interval is equal to the square of the time interval.
For example, non-isotropic trajectories are the trajectories of mass-bearing particles, and isotropic trajectories are the trajectories pf the propagation of light (massless light-like particles, e.g., photons). "Isotropic" and "non-isotropic" trajectories etc are the basics of the terminology of General Relativity.
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Larissa Borissova "You just do not know the terminology specific to space-time geometry"
The issue is not spacetime geometry, it simply is (space-) geometry. A straight line always leads to infinity. Therefor a finite space cannot have straight geodesic lines. This is an irrefutable fact. Another irrefutable fact is that curved lines cannot be isotropic.
No terminology can suspend those irrefutable facts.
But indeed, we can find a lot of publications about a de Sitter universe, where arguments appear, which try to just suspend those irrefutable facts. However, all those arguments are eyewash. Simple and obvious geometrical facts cannot be discussed away.
We should ask about the motivation behind those persistent trials to hide the unavoidable anisotropy of finite closed spaces.
Larissa Borissova
Zelmanov Cosmological Group
Wolfgang Konle Take my apology, but I am a professional theoretical physicists having 55 years of experience and published monographs on General Relativity. I am not willed to be enrolled in a non-professional/non-skilled discussion. So, do not disturb me with similar questions in the future.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Can propagating energy wavicles really be massless, or relatively massless?
Source-Independent Velocity of "Pure" Energy vs. Causality vs. Superluminal Velocities
Gravitational Coalescence Paradox (GCP). Introduction to Gravitational Coalescence Cosmology (GCC).
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Larissa Borissova Also take my apology. I am a theoretical physicist as well with 45 years of experience. The problem is that unlimited arrogance in physics keeps false paradigms alife. The misconception that a 3-sphere must be isotropic, is only one example of such an unjustified arrogance.
A well known misconception is that mass hosts potential energy. In fact, the energy is contained in the energy density of force fields.
Another misconception is the plane wave derivation of radiation exerted by an accelerated field source. In fact, fields are co-moving with their source. If the source is accelerated, a dynamic field component occurs. After the dynamic component has passed with the speed of light, it leaves a new co-moving field with the new velocity. The error in the plane wave approach is neglecting the aperiodic part of the wave equation. The root cause of this error is the fact that the energy density of statically co-moving force fields has not been considered.
I fear that those examples do not touch at all your arrogance and your understanding of a three-sphere and of field energy and potential energy.
But I cannot exclude, that it is not at all arrogance. It could be the simple fact that those new viewpoints are well known, but not compatible with the current research funding strategy.
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Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Raphael Neelamkavil "Infinite-Eternal Multiverse?"
Infinite and Multiverse is a contradiction. This only would be possible if the multiverse would overlap.
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Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
"Infinite and Multiverse is a contradiction."....!!!! What a scientific quality statement!!!!!
Did I ever say that these universes would not overlap? In fact, if you read the text well, you will see that they do have some causal contacts due at least to the fringe-loss of energy from the one universe, which loss naturally should be a gain to many other similar universes.
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Raphael Neelamkavil "Did I ever say that these universes would not overlap? In fact, if you read the text well, you will see that they do have some causal contacts due at least to the fringe-loss of energy from the one universe, which loss naturally should be a gain to many other similar universes."
Sorry, but this statement is even a more severe contradiction as infinite multiverse. If alleged multiverse share fringe-loss, then they are coupled entities of a single universe.
The term multiverse implies an absolute disjoint and independent existence of the objects described with that term.
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Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
If you say that there are two trees in your garden, should you insist that they should not have any photonal connection from the periphery at all? If you define that the term 'multiverse' implies disjoint worlds, should they be?
Looks like you want just to argue without any substance in your statements. You remind me one of my doctoral guides whom I had to reject. His only interest was to have a discussion, get some ideas, develop them into an article or more. Just to do that, he used to ask silly questions, and I had to reply.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Now I am sure you will accuse me of being the same as what you are!
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Raphael Neelamkavil "If you say that there are two trees in your garden, should you insist that they should not have any photonal connection from the periphery at all?"
You really want to compare trees and multiverse?
"If you define that the term 'multiverse' implies disjoint worlds, should they be?"
This is not my private definition.
"His only interest was to have a discussion, get some ideas, develop them into an article or more. Just to do that, he used to ask silly questions, and I had to reply."
Speculations about my motivation are inappropriate. What is your motivation to tell silly things in that forum?
"Now I am sure you will accuse me of being the same as what you are!"
I do not want to accuse you about anything. If you see a factual discussion becoming personal, you surely are not like me.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Very good. Now let us come to the point: The multiverse as consisting of totally disjoint universes, i.e., without any physical contact between them, is your definition. Who else will give such a definition and base their arguments on it?
Please do not feel personal about it. I do not think that you are so simple as to make such a definition and continue arguing! This is why I was reminded of that prof.
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Raphael Neelamkavil "The multiverse as consisting of totally disjoint universes, i.e., without any physical contact between them, is your definition"
It is not my definition. It is the definition.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
You are not citing any author or authority. I say, my definition of multiverse is of mutually physically, at least minimally related universes.
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
"You are not citing any author or authority. I say, my definition of multiverse is of mutually physically, at least minimally related universes."
What author or authority are you citing as a reference for your definition of multiverse?
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
I used the word based on the normal concept of the cosmos, where there are always causal connections. The only matter is that causal connections are POSSIBLE only if the distance between two worlds is finite. But philosophers like David Lewis, and most quantum multiverse theorists think that their multiverse need not have inter-universe connections at all. In David Lewis it is because he let himself get used by counterfactual logic and possible worlds ontology. In QM cosmology, the multiverse need not always be causal, and therefore its part-universes need not have causal connections. But these are not of really existent universes within a strictly existent infinite-content multiverse / cosmos.
Take, e.g., Lewis' and Everitt's books and read. But these are not based on any concept of causation. Therefore, as u know, I have defined Universal Causality in a very foundational manner.
If you think that no causal connection is possible between existent worlds at at finite distances within an infinite-content multiverse, then please tell me how. Please do not say that the s3 geometry is such, then the problem is with your s3 geometry.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
I have been revising this short discussion paper of mine in RG. Just now I have written an introduction to it. Please read it here. In a few days I shall put up the whole lead-text of this discussion for your reading and comments. Here please find only the introduction:
FOUNDATIONS OF AXIOMATIC PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE
1. INTRODUCTION
I am surprised when some physicists tell me that either the electromagnetic (EM) or the gravitational (G) or both the forms of energy do not exist as waves or particles propagated from material objects. They put in all their energies to show that both EM and G are mere mathematical fields, and not existent fields. I am sharply aware that from the past more than 120 years the General Theory of Relativity have succeeded in casting and maintaining the power of a terrifying veil of mathematical miracles on the minds of many scientists.
A similar veil has been installed on the minds of many physicists by quantum physics too. Hence, I have constructed in four published books a systemic manner of understanding these problems. I do not claim perfection in any of my attempts. Hence, I keep perfecting my efforts in the course of years. The following is a very short attempt to summarize one important point in this effort.
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Raphael Neelamkavil "I used the word based on the normal concept of the cosmos, where there are always causal connections. The only matter is that causal connections are POSSIBLE only if the distance between two worlds is finite."
Again sorry, but here you mix "world" and "universe". A multiverse is something which contains different universes and not different worlds.
It is correct that you can have causal connections between different worlds. But this is not possible between different universes.
With such a fatal misconception you can completely forget your current contribution to this discussion.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Let me tell you: for me, an existent world is the same as an existent universe. We in English use these two words interchangeably.
Ich denke, Sie haben es auch genauso auch in der deutschan Sprache! Die Welt und das Universum sind das Gleiche, außer daß die Etymologien beider Wörter unterscheiden sich voneinander.
If you want to differentiate the two words by etymology, you can do that. But in this case, it is not enough to say that they are not the same. Tell us all how they denote two different things!
And then please explain also this statement. "It is correct that you can have causal connections between different worlds. But this is not possible between different universes." Are causal connections between 2 different worlds, or between 2 different things causal by a transfer of impact, or just by a miraculous 'influence' of each other without exchance of existent energy?
Now, instead of answering whether this is by a miraculous mathematical 'influence', will you go on giving us some more school level Newtonian physics?
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Please read also this and tell me whether these gravitational stuff are existent beyond the material bodies or are just some mathematical influence between two existent bodies!
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Raphael Neelamkavil "Let me tell you: for me, an existent world is the same as an existent universe. We in English use these two words interchangeably."
Yes, in the german language it is also possible to use these two words synonymical. But it depends on the context.
However, in the context "multiverse" these two words are not synonyms. Neither in English nor in German.
If you claim your synonymous usage happened by accident, you are cheating. You then only try to hide your fault.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
With all these arguments, u try to escape telling a Yes or No as to the existence of EM and Gravitation as propagation wavicles / particles. U are just beating around the bush, accusing me of not defining 'world', 'universe', 'multiverse', etc! Very interesting....
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
I have been revising this short discussion paper of mine in RG. It is an attempt to correct some basic attitudes in physics. Just now I have written an introduction to it. Please read it here. In a few days I shall upload the whole lead-text of this discussion for your reading and comments. Here please find only the introduction:
FOUNDATIONS OF AXIOMATIC PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE
1. INTRODUCTION
I get surprised each time when some physicists tell me that either the electromagnetic (EM) or the gravitational (G) or both the forms of energy do not exist, but are to be treated or expressed as waves or particles propagated from material objects that of course exist. Some of them put in all their energies to show that both EM and G are mere mathematical fields, and not physically existent fields of energy propagations from bodies.
This is similar in effect to Newton and his followers thinking honestly and religiously that gravitation and other energies are just miraculously non-bodily actions at a distance without any propagation particles / wavicles.
Even in the 21stcentury, we must be sharply aware that from the past more than 120 years the General Theory of Relativity and its various versions have succeeded in casting and maintaining the power of a terrifying veil of mathematical miracles on the minds of many scientists – miracles such as the mere spacetime curvature being the meaning of gravitation and all other sorts of fields.
A similar veil has been installed on the minds of many physicists by quantum physics too. We do not discuss it here. Hence, I have constructed in four published books a systemic manner of understanding these problems. I do not claim perfection in any of my attempts. Hence, I keep perfecting my efforts in the course of years. The following is a very short attempt to summarize in this effort one important point in physics and in the philosophy of physics.
There exists the tradition of lapping up whatever physicists may say based on their own manner of using mathematics. Here the reader or the audience may not have the ability to makes judgements based on the minimum physical ontology expected of physicists. I believe that this should stop forever. Moreover, physicists are not to behave like magicians, and their readers and audience should not practice religious faithfulness to them. Nor should physicists expect it from them.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Even in the 21st century, we must be sharply aware that from the past more than 120 years the General Theory of Relativity with its various versions and especially its merely mathematical interpretations have succeeded in casting and maintaining the power of a terrifying veil of mathematical miracles on the minds of many scientists – miracles such as the mere spacetime curvature being the meaning of gravitation and all other sorts of fields. The mathematics did not need existence, and hence gravitation did not exist! But the same persons did not create a theory whereby the mathematics does not need the existence of the material world and hence the material world does not exist!!
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Questioning the Foundations of Physical Constants, Properties, and Qualities
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Raphael Neelamkavil "With all these arguments, u try to escape telling a Yes or No as to the existence of EM and Gravitation as propagation wavicles / particles. U are just beating around the bush, accusing me of not defining 'world', 'universe', 'multiverse', etc! Very interesting...."
What the hell are "propagation wavicles / particles"? You are talking in your private laboratory jargon whithout taking into accout that other people are not at all familiar with it.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Wolfgang Konle added a reply
39 minutes ago
Raphael Neelamkavil "Are physicists like you unable to say whether energy is existent energy or just miraculous mathematical "influence"? Maybe, all that I write are questionable. But would u please give a clear Yes or No reply to the question? Or, do u mean to say that it will be a questionable stuff if you say Yes or No?"
Yes, of course energy exists. What a question?
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Raphael Neelamkavil added a reply
3 minutes ago
And so far u avoided this question! What does it mean?
If energy exists as propagation, it can only be propagated as particles or waves or wavicles? Whatever it will be, let us take that to be true. And then, what will be a field? Is it just the matter, or a field consisting of propagations from matter? And these propagations must exist, as you have finally admitted. If so, we need a different cosmology where the propagations that take at least the speed of light cannot be brought back by any gravitational propagation that is issued later at the same speed! Thus, each local universe should lose some energy.
The rest is to be seen in the lead-text above.
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Raphael Neelamkavil "Thus, each local universe should lose some energy."
Except it has the structure of a 3-sphere. With this structure it is ensured that nothing can be lost.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Can we bring it down to the case of a galaxy? Say, Andromeda galaxy loses some energy. This is why I am able to observe it. But I want it not to lose energy. So, I use the S3 geometry to do the physics of Andromeda!
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Raphael Neelamkavil "Can we bring it down to the case of a galaxy? Say, Andromeda galaxy loses some energy. This is why I am able to observe it. But I want it not to lose energy. So, I use the S3 geometry to do the physics of Andromeda!"
If you find a way to warp the space around Andromeda to a S³ structure, then you indeed would be able to prevent Andromeda from losing matter or energy.
What you need is a compressed cosmic field. The compression rate is the volume of the universe divided by the volume of Andromeda. You only need to compress all the field energy density contained in the whole universe to the Andromeda volume.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
In case Andromeda does not lose energy by reason of ur choosing S3, u cannot observe Andromeda at all -- neither by the EM emissions nor by the graviton emissions from it......!
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Raphael Neelamkavil "In case Andromeda does not lose energy by reason of ur choosing S3, u cannot observe Andromeda at all -- neither by the EM emissions nor by the graviton emissions from it......!"
Yes, that is correct.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
But we are able to observe Andromeda. That is, every cosmic body has emissions and propagations beyond themselves. U have already said that these will go on to "infinity"!! In that case, in a similar manner, if there are many worlds / universes in an infinite-content multiverse, each universe can be taken as a cosmic body of millions and millions of minor cosmic bodies (just like Andromeda is a body of millions of minor bodies); and each will lose some energy (propagations) to "infinite" distances (as u said).
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Raphael Neelamkavil "each universe can be taken as a cosmic body of millions and millions of minor cosmic bodies (just like Andromeda is a body of millions of minor bodies); and each will lose some energy (propagations) to "infinite" distances (as u said)."
Yes objects in a universe may lose energy and exchange matter and energy with other objects. This is relevant why?
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Now, if each universe can give away energy, it is not only of EM type but also of gravitational type.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
1 Recommendation
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Symmetry: A Subset of Universal Causality. The Difference between Cause and Reason
This discussion-text is just 2.5 pages, but intense. Meant for those who are interested in a clear presentation of what symmetry and symmetry breaking are, and of how physicists and mathematicians tend to misunderstand and/or misuse these concepts.
The Universally Causal context of the concept of symmetry is explained in terms of a solidly founded system of differentiation between cause and reason.
Alex Wolf III
Theory of Everything
Please see my research document on functional Grand Unified Theory either attached or on my page. Mathematical tools are an essentially function of Cosmology and the applications of mathematics to physics. This application is most largely and obviously affected by failing to account for the interplay between quantum phenomenon and relativity related phenomenon, and also by no clear-cut ability or route to perform these calculations. By manipulating tensors, and subsequently tying them to mathematical formulas which represent the relation between mathematics and physical processes, quantities and occurrences within quantum physics systems, and then subsequently appropriately setting values for relativity related phenomenon in the form of tensors, operators, and precisely calculated values, one may gain a more precise and enlightening view of Cosmological processes. Failing to account for the interplay between general relativity and quantum phenomenon in any sort of reliable way is a large source of issues in the application of mathematics-to-physics related to Cosmology. Another issue, I believe, is perception. Most scientists are content with either being willfully ignorant of the necessary need to be able to account for quantum phenomenon and relativity related phenomenon at the same time to accurately assess cosmology or they stubbornly stick their feet in the sand and claim they can arrive at fully accurate revelations without an ability to do so. Both are erroneous. Although we can come to A LOT of conclusions about those things without knowing the full quantum/relativity shebang and all it's details, we have no idea what sort of information we could be missing out on, or what false assumptions we could be arriving at. "You vant know what you cant know" The solution to the problem of mathematics-to-physics in Cosmology is most certainly accounting for what I've spoken of here in a reliable way that aligns with known mathematics and physics, but also in developing more advanced equations and discoveries which ties physical processes and quantities to quantum and relativity related phenomenon in a proven and undeniable way. Things like this have been proven by my research. I have found certain forms of complex equations accurately represents laws of physical concepts that shed light on the relation of mathematics to physical things. I am in no way claiming my theory is the only way to do this, I'm just using it as a familiar starting point to speak on this. There are lots of ways to do this without a theory such as mine, but it results in having to perform multiple complex calculations for mathematics, physics, and relativity, parsing, then integrating them separately which is far more time consuming.
3 Recommendations
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Physical and Exact Sciences and Axiomatic Philosophy: Introducing Grounding (long text)
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Raphael Neelamkavil "One clear example for the partial incompatibility between physics and mathematics is where the so-called black hole singularity is being mathematized by use of asymptotic approach."
No, this is only a clear example for a misconception in theoretical physics. It is not an incompatibility between math an physics, that math is used to express erroneous concepts.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
If you think that math and physics are perfect, and hence the errors are because some have been erroneously using math to do physics, you can hold so. Thanks.
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Raphael Neelamkavil With "If you think that math and physics are perfect"
you intentionally switch the sense of my statement:
It is not the fault of math, if math is used to describe erroneous physical concepts.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
If it is not the fault of math, and if math is absolutely perfect to represent physical events, then perhaps there are no other faults in math! Very good, and continue with this belief!!
And if you want, you may also say that math has some faultlines that make it not absolutely suited to represent physical events, and I shall agree with you.
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Raphael Neelamkavil "If it is not the fault of math, and if math is absolutely perfect to represent physical events, then perhaps there are no other faults in math! Very good, and continue with this belief!!"
You seem to fundamentally misunderstand some things. Math is a language. You can use a language to express things. But no language can guarantee that what you are saying is correct. This is fundamental and has nothing to do with a belief.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Wolfgang Konle
Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany
Sorry, but I feel myself cover filled by too much irrelevant information which, to make things worse, is omnipresent in many threads.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Spacetime Curvatures, Gravitational Waves, Gravitons, and Anti-Gravitons: Do They All Exist?
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
The Fate of “Source-Independence” in Electromagnetism, Gravitation, and Monopoles
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
If anyone wants to read about a fantastic concept of the existence of consciousness and non-existence of the cosmos, see the comments till today here, by L Kurt Engelhart.......!!! Here you can learn the meaning of solipsism......
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Can what are termed "mathematically consistent" natural laws necessarily be physically consistent? If they can, then mathematics becomes physics (and for that matter any other mathematical science). But if math is different from all these sciences, the adequacy and applicability of math to physics and other sciences cannot be 100%. If that is the case, it is very important that physics (and other sciences) be helped to choose the most suitable math. This help can come from the same science/s only in a partially realized manner. Nor can math take up this task fully well. Hence, a generic science beyond all these including math and logic must take charge of the remaining portions of inadequacy and inapplicability of math to physics and the sciences. Which could that science be? I hold that this most general science need not contain all that philosophy has so far understood itself to be. But something of the philosophy of these sciences combined with the philosophy of math, logic, etc. would be an ideal option.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Watch this video (streamed today, 23 July 2023) from after the 9th minute: A suggestion that the constant velocity of light, Planck’s constant, and Gravitational constant may be found to have covariance when the whole cosmos is considered.
Raphael Neelamkavil
University of Alicante Spain
Essential Reason in Physicists’ Use of Logic: And in Other Sciences Too!

Similar questions and discussions

Gravitational Coalescence Paradox (GCP). Introduction to Gravitational Coalescence Cosmology (GCC).
Discussion
200 replies
  • Raphael NeelamkavilRaphael Neelamkavil
GRAVITATIONAL COALESCENCE PARADOX (GCP):
INTRODUCTION TO GRAVITATIONAL COALESCENCE COSMOLOGY (GCC)
Raphael Neelamkavil, Ph.D., Dr. phil.
1. Pre-scientific Law of Causality: A Short Introduction
Anything can exist only non-vacuously and absolutely in Extension (having parts) and simultaneously and inseparably also in Change (existents and their parts impacting some other extended existents). Anything without these two mutually integral characteristics cannot exist. Physical entities are in finite change in themselves and in every part. In that state of finite change, they are also finitely stable in themselves. This alone is their identity as Extension-Change-wise processes. The entities within cosmos are such.
Hence, back to the cosmos. Even the allegedly “non-causal” quantum-mechanical constituent processes are mathematically and statistically circumscribed measuremental concepts from the results of empirical activity of experiments and thought on Extended-Changing existents and ipso facto the realities behind these statistical measurements are in Extension-Change if these processes are physically existent. Without such existence, statistics has no foundation at all.
If not in Change, how can something physical exist in Extension alone? And if not in Extension, how can something exist in Change alone? Hence, Extension-Change are the two fundamental and exhaustively complete implications of To Be, and hence may be termed the ontological Categories of all existence.
Finally, Extension-Change-wise existence is what we understand as Causality. That is, if anything exists, it is in Causation. This is the principle of Universal Causality...!
Space is the measured shape of Extension; time is that of Change. Therefore, space and time are epistemic categories. How then can statistical causality be causality at all?
In short, everything existent is causal: hence Universal Causality as the highest pre-scientific Law, second only to Existence / To Be.
Absolute vacuum is not an existent. The 3500+ years old gods are either vacua, or parts of this cosmos. And if the Absolute Divine should exist, the only remaining rational possibility is that it must have ubiquitously infinite Extension and infinite Change. Infinite Extension is not stability without Change. Infinite Extension must be just the infinitely intense state of affairs – infinite activity and the infinite stability proper to infinite activity.
If the Divine exists, it must be in infinite stability in its state of infinite Change. But is it possible to have rational arguments in favour of its existence? The whole history of humanity has not yet produced one with enough truth probability. Can cosmology now accomplish this task? We do not yet know.
2. Gravitational Coalescence Paradox
Even if there is no common big bang within a fully finite-content universe, there will be expansions and contractions locally. Moreover, the universe will have outer limits. At the outer limits some gravitational and non-gravitational energies must be lost, because there is no force at the outskirts to block these from escaping. Additionally, if the universe has a finite but fixed speed limit of energy propagation, then what is lost at the outskirts can never be brought back by propagations that issue later. If there is a general expansion, then there will be contraction too. Naturally, there are consecutive expansions and contractions, however limited they are. These cannot go on infinitely, since the finite-content universe loses energy (convertible in terms of mass) at the outskirts.
A fully cyclic and geometrically fully spherical oscillating universe existing as the sole finite universe can never be defended. Within a finite (of course, very long) time, it will exteriorize its matter-energy and be entirely rarefied over a finite number of oscillations. This raises the question of the causal horizon of the first big bang of a finitely cyclic universe and/or the very beginning of this universe. If other such separate universes exist, the final residues of the first will form part of one or many of them, because the distance between them is always finite, and all of them have some gravitation.
Now there are the following two possible lines of solution for the first big bang of a finite-content universe: (1) the matter of our universe has come from other universes or (2) it was created in some way from a Source that is not a form of matter-energy with finite activity and finite stability (which finite activity and stability is the case only of the cosmos).
If the matter-energy of a finite oscillating universe is from other universes, there remains only the case of existence of an infinite number of them. All of them eventually will exteriorize their matter-energy into becoming parts of other universes in finite durations. Such universes exist at finite distances. Gravitation from one such universe will affect similar neighbour universes in finite time. So, they should coalesce gravitationally with each other and with others over the course of time. Gravitation has a finite propagation velocity, not infinite. If gravitation can vary in velocity, each such local gravitational coalescence will have a highest limit, whatever, of gravitational velocity at each phase of expansion from a common central black hole.
Moreover, at any time with respect to one finite-content universe, there are only a finite number of universes in mutual gravitational attraction, since an infinitely spatiotemporal universe can never form a fully gravitationally related infinite-content conglomeration. If it could, there would again appear the contradiction of infinite mass, density etc. and infinite velocity, which is the same as the absolutely miraculous action-at-an-infinite-distance. We do not need it.
The mass-and-volume differences among coalescences do not matter. Due to the tendency of matter as groups of island universes to form ever wider gravitational conglomerations or coalescences, the formation of an eventual common center for each such wider coalescence is a must. There is no time when a coalescence of such universes existed or exists without gradually forming a common gravitational center. This conclusion is absolutely inevitable if all existing universes and parts thereof are gravitational.
No such coalescence, however wide, can bring back the gravitons it has radiated to the peripheries from the common gravitational center at a time before or during or after its big bang or big crunch – and even if there is no big bang and big crunch. This process can only continue forwards forming ever wider coalescences; and never backwards in a de-coalescence or de-coherence of gravitational coalescences, because gravitational propagation is an outward, not inward, process of some sort of energy propagations.
If the cosmological scalar Λ-addition is a dark energy qualified solely by its alleged ability to repel, no amount of dark energy should possess the capacity to attach itself to any other dark energy quantum. Ipso facto, it never exists in any real universe. If it includes also gravitational radiation, it is impossible to understand why there should be these ad hoc quanta of repulsion if, naturally, the limits of density that each conglomeration of matter-energy possesses by reason of its mass, volume etc. can produce repulsion between parts of the conglomeration after the conglomeration has attained critical density.
As is evident, it is irrational to posit the existence of repulsons – as quanta / wavicles of repulsion to keep dark energy on par with gravitation. Hence, I discuss gravitational coalescences to theoretically circumvent any irresolvable problem that the concept of dark energy can offer.
It is common knowledge that gravitational propagation is an outward, not inward, process of energy propagation from any gravitating material body. This should take place also from within a universe to other universes. Hence, there should be coalescences of universes at some time or other due to gravitational attraction.
At no time relative to the coalescing universes of universes can an infinite coalescence be actualized via gravitational influence from a central black hole common to all the infinite number of universes, although infinite such gravitationally coalesced universes, groups of universes, etc. exist in an infinite-content multiverse.
Hence, no gravitational coalescence, however big, is a gravitational member of an infinite number of gravitational coalescences. This fact and the fact of loss of energy at the fringes of universes flow logically from the foregoing discussions. I shall now define in the following paragraph the paradox of matter-energy creation implied above.
The Gravitational Coalescence Paradox (GCP): At any time in an infinite multiverse, there will be an infinite number of gravitationally ever broadening coalescences, none of which can be traced back to other such coalescences for their origin. Each maximal gravitational coalescence at any timerelative to the local set of coalescences is irreducibly finite and hence has a finite past in the absence of any past contact with any other outer universes.
Each of the infinite number of coalescences is thus cosmogenetically isolated from other such coalescences, because, at any time, there exist an infinite number of coalescences which are cosmogenetically isolated and cannot be traced for any causal inheritance from an infinite number of them. All the universes from which a certain universe has had causal inheritance is already included within its broadest possible gravitational coalescence.
3. Gravitational Coalescence Cosmology
The above Paradox facilitates the question to be posed of the origin of each such gravitational coalescence in the finite past of each such, since at any given time none of the designated infinite coalescences has had past gravitational or any other causal contacts with any other cosmic entity. I term the foregoing discussion the backbone of Gravitational Coalescence Cosmology (GCC).
Bibliography
(1) Gravitational Coalescence Paradox and Cosmogenetic Causality in Quantum Astrophysical Cosmology, 647 pp., Berlin, 2018.
(2) Physics without Metaphysics? Categories of Second Generation Scientific Ontology, 386 pp., Frankfurt, 2015.
(3) Causal Ubiquity in Quantum Physics: A Superluminal and Local-Causal Physical Ontology, 361 pp., Frankfurt, 2014.
(4) Essential Cosmology and Philosophy for All: Gravitational Coalescence Cosmology, 92 pp., KDP Amazon, 2022, 2nd Edition.
(5) Essenzielle Kosmologie und Philosophie für alle: Gravitational-Koaleszenz-Kosmologie, 104 pp., KDP Amazon, 2022, 1st Edition.
The Fallacies of Space, Time, and Spacetime in Physics
Discussion
54 replies
  • Raphael NeelamkavilRaphael Neelamkavil
THE PHYSICAL-ONTOLOGICAL FALLACIES OF SPACE, TIME, AND SPACETIME IN PHYSICS
Raphael Neelamkavil, Ph.D., Dr. phil.
1. Basis of Axiomatizing Science and Philosophy
The problem of axiomatizing philosophy, and/or philosophy of science, and/or all the sciences together is that we need to somehow bring in the elemental aspects of existence and existents, and also absorb the elemental aspects of non-existence and non-existent objects that pertain to existents. Here it should be mentioned that axiomatizing mathematics and logic does not serve the axiomatization of philosophy, and/or philosophy of science, and/or all the sciences together. So far in the history of philosophy and science we have done just this, plus attempts to axiomatize the sciences separately or together by ignoring the elemental aspects of non-existence and non-existent objects that pertain to existents.
Existence (To Be) is not a condition for the possibility of existence of Reality-in-total or specific processual objects, but instead, To Be is the primary condition for all thought, feeling, sensation, dreaming, etc. All other conditions are secondary to this. If To Be is necessary as the condition for the possibility of any philosophy and science as discourse, we need to be axiomatic in philosophy and science about (1) existence (To Be, which is of all that exist) and/or (2) the direct and exhaustive implications of existence.
It is impossible to define existence without using words that involve existence. But it is possible to discover the exhaustive implications of To Be in order to use them in all discourse. Therefore, towards the end of this short document, I shall name what could be the inevitable primitive notions that are exhaustive of To Be and that may be used to create axioms for both philosophy and science together.
To put it differently, I attempt here to base all philosophy and science on the concept of existence of Reality-in-total as whatever it is, by deriving from the concept of the existence of all that exist the only possible (i.e., the exhaustive) implications of To Be.
Of course, the basic logical notions of identity and contradiction will have to be used here without as much danger as when we use them in statements on other less fundamental notions. I would justify their use here as the rational inevitabilities in the foundations – not as inevitabilities in the details that issue later. The inevitabilities in the later details need never to be realized as inevitabilities, because To Be implies some fundamental notions which will take case of this.
That is, the various ways in which the principles of identity and contradiction should be seen as inexact and inappropriate may be discovered in the in fields of derivation beyond the provinces of the fundamental Categorial implications of To Be. This latter part of the claims is not to be discussed here, because it involves much more than logic – in fact, a new conception of logic, which I would term as systemic logic.
Let me come to the matter that I promise in the name of the foundations of ‘Axiomatic Philosophy and Science’. First of all, to exist is not to be merely nothing. In this statement I have taken access to the Laws of Identity, Non-Contradiction, and Excluded Middle at one go in that whatever is, must be whatever it is, and not its opposite which is nothing but nothing, nor a middle point between the two extremes.
Therefore, existence must always be non-vacuous. That is, the primary logical implication of To Be is the non-non-being of whatever exists. But such a logical implication is insufficient for the sciences and philosophy, because we deal there with existents. Hence, let us ignore the logical implication as a truism. The existential implications of To Be are what we need.
I have so far not found any philosopher or scientist who derived these implications. But let us try, even if the result that obtained may be claimed by many ancients and others as theirs. In fact, theirs were not metaphysical / physical-ontological versions. Their epistemic versions of the same have been very useful, but have served a lot to misguide both philosophy and science into give “truth/s” undue importance in place of “Reality”. My claim about the exhaustive physical(-ontological) implications of To Be that I derive here is that they do not incur this fallacy.
To Be is not a thing. It is, as agreed at the start, the very condition for the possibility of discourse: philosophy, science, literature, art … and, in general, of experience. The To Be of existents is thus not a pre-condition for To Be – instead, it is itself the source of all conditions of discourse, not of existence.
2. Extension, Change, Universal Causality
If To Be is non-vacuous, it means that all existents are something non-vacuously real. Something-s need not be what we stipulate them to be, both by name and qualifications. But the purely general implication is that existents are something-s. This is already part of philosophical activity, but not of the sciences. We need to concretize this implication at the first tire of concrete implications. Only thereafter are sciences possible.
To be something is to be non-vacuous, i.e., to be in non-vacuous extendedness. However much you may attempt to show that Extension does not follow from the notions of To Be, something, etc., the more will be extent of your failure. You will go on using the Laws of Identity, Contradiction, and Excluded Middle, and never reach any conclusion useful for the sciences. Then you will have to keep your mouth and mind shut. I prefer for myself meaningful discourse in science and philosophy – when I meditate I shall attempt to keep my mind and lips as “shut” as possible.
As said above, Extension is one of the primary physical-ontological implications of To Be. Nothing exists without being extended, without being in Extension. Extended something-s are not just there in Extension. If in Extension, everything has parts. Thus, having parts is one of the primary implications of being something in existence. I term it alternatively also as Compositionality.
It is the very implication of being something that something-s are in Change. The deepest and most inevitable form of implication of Change is this: nothing that is in existence with parts can have the status of being something existent without the parts impacting at least a few others. This is the meaning of Change: impact-formation by extended parts. Any existent has parts existing in the state of impact formation in other parts and in themselves.
Hence, Change is the only other implication of To Be, not second to but equally important as Extension. I call it differently also as Impact-Formation. The notion of motion or mobility does not carry the full weight of the meaning of Change.
There cannot be any other implication equally directly derivable from To Be as Extension and Change can be. In other words, all other implications can be found to be sub-implications of Extension-Change, i.e., involving only Extension-Change. Showing them as involving only Extension-Change would suffice to show their sub-implications status with respect to Extension-Change.
Existence in Extension-Change belongs to anything existent, hence ubiquitous – to be met with in any existent. This is nothing but existence in the ubiquitously (to be met with in any existent) extended form of continuance in ubiquitous (to be met with in any existent) impact formation. What else is this but Universal Causality?
If you say that causation is a mere principle of science – as most philosophers and scientists have so far thought – I reject this view. From the above paragraphs I conclude that Causation is metaphysically (physical-ontologically) secondary only to existence. Everybody admits today that we and the universe exist. But we all admit that every part of our body-mind and every existent in the world must be causal because we are non-vacuously existent in Extension-Change.
This means that something has been fundamentally wrong about Causality in philosophy and science. We need to begin doing philosophy and science based fully on To Be and its implications, namely, Extension-Change-wise continuance, which is nothing but being in Universal Causation. It is universal because everything is existent. Universal Causality is the combined shape of Extension-Change. Causation the process of happening of Extension-Change-wise continuance in existence. Causality is the state of being in Extension-Change-wise continuance in existence.
3. Now, What Are Space and Time?
Note that what we measurementally and thus epistemically call as space is metaphysically to be termed as Extension. Space is the measuremental aspect of the primary quality of all existents, namely, of Extension. That is, space is the quantity of measurement of Extension, of measurements of the extended nature of existents. In this sense, space is an epistemic quality.
Further, note also that what we call time is the measuremental aspect of the primary quality of all existents, namely, of Change. If there is no impact-formation by parts of existents, there is no measurement called time. Hence, time is the epistemic quality of measurements of Change, which is the impact-formation tendency of all existents.
Immanuel Kant termed space as the condition for the possibility of sensibility, and Edmund Husserl called it as one of the fundamental essences of thought. Space and time in Kant are epistemic since they are just epistemic conditions of possibility; and essences in Husserl are epistemic, clearly as they are based on the continuous act of epochḗ.
Nothing can exist in epistemic space-time. That is, language and mind tend to falsely convert space and time into something that together condition existents. Thus, humans tend to believe that our measuremental concepts and derivative results are all really and exactly very essential to existent something-s, and not merely to our manner of knowing, feeling, sensing, etc.
This is the source of scientific and philosophical misconceptions that have resulted in the reification of the conclusions and concepts of thought and feeling. Thus, this is also the source of conceptual insufficiencies in philosophical and scientific theories. Scientism and scientific and mathematical instrumentalism justify these human tendencies in the name of pragmatism about science and thought.
Reification of certain statistical conclusions as probabilities and the metaphysicization of probable events as the only possible events are not merely due to the above sort of reification. It is also by reason of the equivocation of probability with possibility and the reification of our scientific and statistical conclusions of probabilities as real possibilities. Humans tend to forget that a certain amount of probability is exactly and properly the measure of the extent of human capacity (and by implication, of human incapacity), at a given instance and at a given measuremental moment of history, to use instruments to get at all the existents that are the causes of a given process.
As we know, To Be is not a Category / Quality. It is the very condition that is the same as the existence of something-s as whatever they are. This is a tautology: To Be is To Be. If To Be is a metaphysical notion, the physical-ontologically and scientifically relevant metaphysical implications of To Be are Extension-Change. These are the highest and only highest Categories of all philosophy and science. Universal Causality is the notion of combination of Extension-Change. It is not an indirectly derived notion.
If scientists tend to relegate such notions as philosophical, they are trying to be practical in a silly manner. Even scientific results need the hand of proper and best possible formulations of notions and theoretical principles. Theoretical principles (say, of causation, conservation, gravitation, matter, mass, energy, etc., which may clearly be formulated in terms of Extension-Change-wise existence and existents) must be formulated in the most systemic manner possible.
I would call Extension, Change, and the combination-term Universal Causality not merely as the highest metaphysical Categories. They are the very primitive terms in addition to terms like ‘existent’, ‘matter-energy’, etc., which are necessary for an axiomatic formulation of the foundations of the sciences. Hence, we need to formulate axiomatically both philosophy and science.
Universal Causality may hereafter also be taken as an axiom in philosophy and the sciences. An axiom is a formulated basic principle. In that case, why not formulate also the primitive notions (Categories) of Extension and Change as axioms? In short, the difference between mathematical-logical axiomatic foundations and physical-philosophical axiomatic foundations is that in the former set primitive notions are not axioms, and in the latter primitive notions may be formulated as axioms.
In the light of the above discussion, it becomes clear that Einstein’s postulation of gravitation and matter-energy as space-time curvatures is at the most a formulation of these notions in terms of the mathematical necessity to use space-time (epistemic) measurements and theorize based on them in theoretical physics.
Einstein was immersed in the neo-positivism and logical positivism of his time. Hence, he could not reason beyond the use, by mathematics, of quantitative notions as concrete measurements. Scientists and philosophers who still follow Einstein on this sort of a misguided reification of epistemic space and time are taking refuge not on Einstein but on his theoretical frailties. Even today most scientists and philosophers are unaware that quantities are in fact quantitatively characterized pure qualities – and not properties that are combinations of qualitative and quantitatively qualitative notions.
Minkowski formulated the mathematics of space-time and thus reduced space-time into a sort of ether in which physical processes take place gravitationally. Einstein put gravitation into this language and mistook this language (the language of mathematical space-time) to be the very matter-energy processes that curve according to gravitational processes. For the mathematics this is no too great error, because it worked. This is why some physicists even today consider gravitation and/or all energy forms as ether, as if without this stuff in the background material bodies would not be able to move around in the cosmos! A part of the cosmos is thus being converted into a background conditioner!
Only formal functioning has so far been found necessary in mathematics. Derivation from the metaphysical sources of existents and non-existents has not so far been found necessary in mathematics. But, note here also this: for more than 100 years physicists and philosophers of physics lapped up this substitution of the language of mathematics for the actual, physically existent, processes, which otherwise should have been treated also metaphysically, and if possible, in a manner that is systemically comprehensive of the sources of all sciences.
The implications of existence, non-existence, existents, and non-existents too can help to make the mathematical adaptations work pragmatically. Hence, clearly it does not suffice that only the mathematical formalism attained so far be used in physics and the sciences. The project of science, philosophy, mathematics, and logic must grow out of their limits and become parts of a systemic science with foundations in the implications of existence, non-existence, existents, and non-existents.
I have been attempting to explain in these pages a limited realm of what I otherwise have been attempting to realize. I show only that there are two physical-ontological Categories and some derived axioms (out of these many axioms, only one is discussed here, i.e., Universal Causality), using which we need to formulate not merely philosophy but also physics and other sciences.
But I suggest also that the existence-related and non-existents-related mathematical objects too must be formulated using some primitive terms and axioms that are compatible with the philosophical and physical primitive terms and axioms that may facilitate a systemic approach to all sciences.
4. Why Then Is Science Successful?
The awarding of the Nobel Prize 2023 for quantum informatics to Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser, and Anton Zeilinger does not, therefore, mean that all of quantum physics and their assumptions and results are ‘the realities’ behind the ‘truths’ formulated. Instead, it means only that the truths they have formulated are relatively more technology-productive within the context of the other truths and technologies that surround them in physics. Quantum informatics works at a level of effects where we involve only those movements and processes that result in the resulting discoveries, general truths, and the derivative technology.
Similarly, the successes of engineering, informatics, medical processing technology, and the medical science that (as of today) are based on these need not be a proof for the alleged “absolute truth status” of the theories based on Newtonian physics, of molecular and atomic level chemistry and biology, etc. These sciences use only certain contextual levels of interaction in the physical world.
Recollect here the ways in which occidental philosophers dating at least from Parmenides and Heraclitus and extending up until today have been mistaking space and time as (1) two metaphysical categories, or (2) as mere existents, or (3) as illusions.
Oriental philosophies, especially Hindu and Buddhist, have been the best examples of rejecting space-time as metaphysical and as equivalent to permanent substances in a manner that made some Occidental thinkers to look down on them or to reject all of them. In the course of conceptualization that is typical of humans, having to create further theoretical impasses is necessarily to be avoided as best as we can. Such an ideal requires the help of Extension, Change, and Universal Causality.
In the foregoing paragraphs I have only hinted at the necessity of axiomatic philosophy and science. I have only suggested some basic notions in this systemic science. I do also use these notions and some axioms developed from them to formulate a new philosophy of mathematics. I have already published some books based on these and have been developing other such works. I hope to get feedbacks from earnest minds that do not avoid directly facing the questions and the risk of attempting a reply to the questions themselves.
Bibliography
(1) Gravitational Coalescence Paradox and Cosmogenetic Causality in Quantum Astrophysical Cosmology, 647 pp., Berlin, 2018.
(2) Physics without Metaphysics? Categories of Second Generation Scientific Ontology, 386 pp., Frankfurt, 2015.
(3) Causal Ubiquity in Quantum Physics: A Superluminal and Local-Causal Physical Ontology, 361 pp., Frankfurt, 2014.
(4) Essential Cosmology and Philosophy for All: Gravitational Coalescence Cosmology, 92 pp., KDP Amazon, 2022, 2nd Edition.
(5) Essenzielle Kosmologie und Philosophie für alle: Gravitational-Koaleszenz-Kosmologie, 104 pp., KDP Amazon, 2022, 1st Edition.
Is there a misspeak in Einstein's train and embankment thought experiment, as described by Einstein in the 1952 edition of his book ?
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  • Gary StephensGary Stephens
Is there a misspeak in Einstein's train and embankment thought experiment, as described by Einstein in the 1952 edition of his book "Relativity, the Special and General Theory" ?
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I suppose you could argue that Einstein meant it, loosely speaking.
But since the whole of reality hinges around this conception, it is probably not remiss to bring it up.
On page 26, Einstein says, in relation to the famous train and embankment thought experiment --see below. "Hence the observer will see the beam of light emitted from B earlier than he will see that emitted from A."
But if we compare this statement with the animation found here (scroll 1/4 way down) :
we notice that as far as the observer moving with the train, situated at M', is concerned,--- according to what he can possibly know (he can't know of things distant to him) -- the light flashes reach him simultaneously, and that is all he can know. What I mean to say is that statement "Hence the observer will see the beam of light emitted from B earlier than he will see that emitted from A" is not true, (as it is worded.) He will see no such thing. If this observer were moving, say to the left, within the carriage, then it is true that "Hence the observer will see.." -- but instead he is fixed in the middle at M', of the moving carriage, and from his perspective he will only know that two flashes reach him simultaneously.
So either Einstein's description of what the observer in the carriage would see is wrong, or the animation showing the light rays reaching the middle of the carriage is wrong.
I say wrong, but really this can be thought of as "loosely speaking"- but it is important to be clear about this, for the reasons outlined above.
In one of A. A. Robb's treatises, he says : "Thus, according to the view here adopted, the only really simultaneous events are events which occur at the same place."
And the two light rays meeting in the middle of the train carriage (in the above example) will always be "at the same place" and will always be "simultaneous," and this goes for what-ever frame. They can't be "simultaneous" and "at the same place" in one frame and not in another.
This is a very confusing subject, and I have been confused before, so I apologize in advance, if the above arguments are error.

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