Somebody believe in "The end justifies the means." Do you agree?

If the atheist' premise is "we have no reason to believe in a god" and so ignores so called 'holy books' to guide moral conduct, then what sources are appealed to by the atheist for moral code?

The history means evolution from Antique period to modern time (for democracy, for example).

It needs to understand the roots of modern European values, transformation of them from century to century, the reasons of these transformations.

Trout and other salmonid taxonomies are still in a chaotic state and in many respects have advanced little since the 19th Century. Salmonids are renowned for their phenotypic plasticity expressed under different environmental conditions. This high plasticity in many morphological characters and life histories is such that almost any population will be found to differ from other populations especially if only a few populations are compared. Yet such characters are the basis of many species descriptions. Some claim to be following the Evolutionary Species Concept (ESC) of Simpson (1951), where “An evolutionary species is a lineage evolving separately from others and with its own unitary role and tendencies”. Evidence for the ESC is provided by morphological differences that are adaptive in nature (my emphasis), i.e., by definition have a genetic basis (Simpson, 1961). Yet many simply assume that the morphological differences that they use have a genetic and adaptive basis without further investigation even though heritability may be extremely low or absent. In that respect their approach is purely phenetic.

Since most conservation legislation is species-based accurate taxonomy is key to conservation of salmonid biodiversity. Bad taxonomy can kill by failing to recognise a population as a distinct taxon and thus it does not receive the conservation attention it requires. On the other, it can result in wasted conservation resources if the taxon is based on purely environmentally-induced differences and is simply part of a more widespread species of lesser concern. Some 51 species of Salmo trouts are currently recognised in FishBase and recent publications, including several in recent years. Most trout species have been classified on colouration, spotting pattern, occurrence of parr marks in adults, dentition, scale counts, and body measurements. In many, but not all situations, these characters are subject to environmental modulation with the effects of phenotypic plasticity and adaptation being difficult to disentangle. Body measurements are, in some cases, converted to ratios of standard length, but this approach has long been regarded as inappropriate due to allometric growth. Often insufficient specimens and populations are examined to give a true picture of intra- and inter-population variability.

An important criterion in taxonomy is that the characters used to define a species can be used to identify individuals to that species with ≥ 99% of individuals being correctly assigned (Mayr, 1963), either using molecular approaches or genetically based life history and morphological differences. Etheridge et al (2012) found that the power of supposedly diagnostic morphological characters to identify individuals of three putative Coregonus species was low (27%) due to the species descriptions being based on a few specimens, and as a result of phenotypic plasticity.

Given that a reference sequence is available for brown trout and that the determination of full genomic sequences is now relatively straightforward, is there any reason why a DNA sequence in an appropriate depository cannot be the name-bearing type sequence for a species? Linked to the type nuclear sequence should be DNA specimens, which can be used for further study. Once isolated, it can be stored nearly indefinitely. DNA can be easily shared for secure, multi-site curation. Since it takes up little space and can be stored at room temp there is no reason why all national museums should not be involved in such curation. Mitochondrial DNA sequences, while much easier to obtain, are problematic due to the potential for horizontal transfer and the linkage of genes. There are several examples of incongruence between nuclear and mtDNA. Use of only part of the nuclear genome could also be potentially problematic due to differentiation between some closely related trout being present in localised genomic ‘islands’. Sufficient DNA sequences to represent intra-specific variability would be required. Clearly international collaboration would be required to cover the entire Salmo trout range and a meaningful number of specimens. Do others consider this a potential way forward and what are the possible difficulties involved? Or is the real question whether conservation legislation should be species-based in the first place but instead be focused on populations, or groups of populations, as in North America using Evolutionarily Significant Units or Designatable Units?

And why the nuclear reactors it is a monopoly by some countries?

Is the reason for the lack of scientists or material and financial resources?

Please let your answer from the eco politics view.

Hi,

I am reading a research article "The association between vegetarian diet and varicose veins might be more prominent in men than in women" .The overall result is that women have more varicose veins than men but in term of diet," Vegetarian men have more varicose veins than in men with non vegetarian diet". Can anyone explain the reason? I have also attached research article's pdf.

During my work with some cellulolytic bacteria isolated from an insect's gut, I noticed that they grow well in CMC solid media, but for some reason, don't grow in the liquid version of that media. I just skipped Agar during the liquid media preparation, everything else was the same. I used 37 degree celsius temperature and 180 rpm shaking as I didn't identify the bacteria yet. What is the reason for inhibiting the bacteria from growing in the liquid media? What steps can I take to overcome this problem?

Hello everyone, I have an organic material functionalized with an inorganic material. When performing the FTIR analysis on the functionalized material, a kind of bands appeared in the infrared spectrum between 1000 and 500 cm-1 that were not previously found in the organic material. Could someone explain this to me?

What is the reason for the appearance of new interaction bands that were not previously found in the FTIR analysis? Thank you.