Is there a LMW glutein in rye(Secale cereale)?

Plant apoplast contains various antimicrobial peptides e.g., defensins. As part of their antifungal mode of action, these defensins (not all defensins) are known to interact specifically with membrane-resident bioactive phospholipids, such as PA, PI(4,5)P2 with high affinity.  We know that these pathogens have different life style. Very importantly, when biotrophic pathogens thrive in the apoplst, they encounter various antifungal proteins and fungus needs to protect itself from these proteins which subsequently determine the outcome.  However, necrotrophic pathogens produce different cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and toxins to kill the host plant cell.  When necrotrophic pathogens damage the cell wall and plasma membrane, the antimicrobial peptides (e.g., defensins) which are present in the apoplast, may encounter plant membrane-resident bioactive phospholipids. Do you think these defensins highly interact with plant phospholipids (instead of fungal membrane-resident bioactive phospholipids) and indirectly regulate its own plant lipid metabolism? If so, why does it prefer binding to its own phospholipids? Does this non-specific interaction leads to toxicity to the plant cells? What about binding to fungal membrane-resident bioactive phospholipids? Does defensin loses it ability to bind to fungal phospholipids, subsequently paving the way to infect the plant? How do transgenic (and also non-transgenic) plants over expressing phospholipid-binding proteins (e.g., defensins) control itself of these non-specific interactions?  Do you think the change in the environment (e.g., pH) can limit these non-specific interactions in both non-transgenic and overexpressing plants ?

The ITS region has been known to identify fungi generally but there are other specific regions that distinguish one genus from the other.

I can't find any estimates of genome size for Pythium sylvaticum or Pythium torulosum. Can anyone help with this?

How can we determine which pathogen (bacteria, fungi, virus) is responsible for a given plant disease from a phenotypic observation (for example: spots, smudges on leaves) ??

Nail polish can't be peeled off and the epidermal tissue doesn't come off that easily.

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Hi All, 

Please here are some other pictures that I got. May somebody help me with the name of this fungus? I am working on water hyacinth and these pictures come from damage leaves by pathogens

Thanks

I would like to identify and characterize the isolates i have found in my area