How to do better cultural exchange in different languages?

1 - Recruiting foreign students in a class in home country.

2- adding international context from other countries curriculum for native student.

3- teaching same content in different institution of different country.

How to choose Research Guide in foreign universities ?

The gap between translation teaching and the market of tranlation is still wide, is it possible , in this context, to talk about a specific training ( à la carte )? the one that is dictated by a company or a given institution?

I am doing a research on socialization tactics, job efficacy and job satisfaction in Sales Officer. The scale I used to measure socialization tactics is "The Socialization Tactics (Jones,1986)". This is a two dimension scale as high score represents that person is more inclined towards institutionalized tactics and low score suggests that person is more inclined toward individualized tactics. this scale has six sub-scales and they are also on two dimension. I am confused as How to interpret the results on spss. I have run Pearson Product Correlation Analysis and I don't know how to interpret the analysis as the correlation suggests to what dimension of the scale. kindly help me through this

Thanks you

Regards

Aliya Attique

Which literature and authors can be suggested within this topic ?

(in the process of researching this question )

Translation studies.

Caution is the mother of safety. The World Health Organization pleaded on Tuesday, August 4, for compliance with the protocols and regulations in force in the development of a vaccine against Covid-19, after Russia had promised "millions" of vaccines from the start 2021. "Any vaccine and any drug for this purpose must, of course, be subjected to all the different trials and tests before being approved for their deployment," said the spokesperson for the institution.

In this race, who are the major competitors today? Franceinfo takes stock of the competing laboratories and the main vaccine candidates, already evaluated in clinical trials on humans.

Moderna

What does this vaccine consist of? Called mRNA-1273, the vaccine developed by the American company is particularly innovative. Where a traditional vaccine uses an inactivated virus to make the immune system react and make it produce antibodies, Moderna's vaccine injects a fraction of the genetic code for Sars-CoV-2. This molecule, called messenger RNA, is responsible for making the body produce a virus protein, then antibodies that allow the vaccinated person to be protected when confronted with the new coronavirus.

Where is its development? mRNA-1273 is one of two western vaccines, along with that of the University of Oxford / AstraZeneca, to have started large-scale trials, on thousands of so-called phase 3 human participants. Results published on 28 July in The New England Journal of Medicine is encouraging: the vaccine triggered a "robust" immune response and prevented the virus from replicating in the lungs and noses of monkeys, reports The New York Times.

What supports does he benefit from? Moderna's vaccine is being developed in partnership with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and has received direct support from the US government, to the tune of nearly $ 1 billion.

Biontech and Pfizer / Fosun Pharma

What are these vaccines? Be careful, there is a trap. The German group Biontech has joined forces on the one hand with the Chinese Fosun Pharma and, on the other hand, with the American giant Pfizer to develop two similar vaccines, respectively baptized BNT162b1 and BNT162b2. In both cases, they are, as for Moderna, so-called messenger RNA vaccines.

Where is their development? The German-Chinese alliance announced Wednesday, August 5, the start of a phase of clinical trials to test BNT162b1 against Covid-19 on a hundred people in China. Biontech and Pfizer for their part reported the first conclusive tests in early July, after tests on 45 people. This project has now entered a phase of large-scale clinical trials, known as phase 3, at the end of July, with 30,000 volunteers aged 18 to 35. The goal of the laboratories is to "manufacture 100 million doses before the end of 2020" and "potentially more than 1.3 billion doses by the end of 2021".

What support do they benefit from? This project is the envy of many governments. At the end of July, Tokyo announced that it had reached an agreement with the laboratories to secure 120 million doses of this vaccine "from the first half of 2021", subject to "regulatory approval" and "conclusive clinical trials" . Japan is thus imitating the American government, which has reached an agreement of 1.95 billion dollars for 100 million doses. London, for its part, has pre-ordered 30 million doses from the German-American alliance.

University of Oxford / AstraZeneca

What does this vaccine consist of? Responding to the name of AZD1222 / ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, the vaccine developed by the Anglo-Swedish company AstraZeneca and the University of Oxford is said to be "viral vector". It uses as a carrier another virus, in this case a chimpanzee adenovirus (a family of very common viruses), which has been genetically modified to produce the spike protein (or "spike") of the Sars-CoV-2 coronavirus. The idea being that the patient's immune system can subsequently "recognize" the real coronavirus if it is actually infected. The advantage of this technique lies in the fact that the virus thus modified does not replicate in the body, which makes it safer, in particular for fragile patients.

Where is its development? The vaccine produced a strong immune response and demonstrated safety in patients in early stage clinical trials. Its efficacy must now be established in a phase 3 trial, on a larger number of participants, before considering large-scale commercialization. Guest of RTL radio on July 21, the boss of AstraZeneca said he hoped to deliver his vaccine by "the end of the year" if the tests were conclusive.

What supports does he benefit from? AstraZeneca has signed a $ 1.2 billion contract with the US government's Advanced Biomedical Research and Development (Barda) authority, including delivery of 300 million doses at cost. The European Union signed a similar contract in June.

Sinopharm and Sinovac

What are these vaccines? These are two vaccine candidates developed by Chinese companies Sinopharm and Sinovac. One is a state-owned pharmaceutical company and the other is private. Both rely on a more traditional type of vaccine than the ones presented above: the inactivated vaccine. The technique is based on the injection of the inert virus, which has lost all its infectious power after a physico-chemical process. Vaccines against measles and rubella, for example, have been developed with this technique.

Where is their development? The two Chinese vaccine candidates have entered phase 3 of clinical trials since mid-July. After finding that the vaccine was safe and elicited an immune response, the Sinopharm laboratory launched a testing campaign in the United Arab Emirates, with the aim of enrolling 15,000 people in this trial. The company is currently negotiating with Brazil to launch another test campaign in the state of Parana, in the south of the country. It hopes to be put on the market at the end of 2020-beginning of 2021.

Sinovac announced in June that the phase I / II clinical trial of its vaccine candidate, carried out on 743 volunteers, revealed the development of an immune response without serious adverse effects. The company has since signed a partnership with the Brazilian research institute Butantan to continue its trials on 9,000 healthcare professionals in Brazil. At the same time, the company is investing in infrastructure enabling it to manufacture up to 100 million doses of vaccine per year.

What support do they benefit from? In addition to the central power of Beijing, Sinopharm is supported by the United Arab Emirates. At the launch of phase 3 in Abu Dhabi, the UAE Minister of Health was the first volunteer to receive an injection. He also announced that he would ensure the protection of the teams in charge of the tests. Via its agreement signed with the Butantan Institute, Sinovac secures funding by the State of Sao Paulo of $ 16 million. The Brazilian state will in exchange receive doses to vaccinate 60 million people.

No French vaccine candidate?

Several vaccine candidates are being developed in France, but none has yet passed the phase 3 of clinical trials. The French laboratory Sanofi is working on two vaccines: one with messenger RNA developed in partnership with the American company Translate Bio and the second based on recombinant protein, developed with the British laboratory GSK. Both vaccines are still in the preclinical phase and phase I trials are expected to begin in the coming months.

The Nantes-based biotech Valneva is working on a candidate vaccine with an inactivated virus called VLA2001, which should enter the clinical phase at the end of the year, for availability by mid-2021.