How does climate change affect weather patterns and the environment in different parts of the world?

Hi all!

I have monthly values for precipitation, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature for the 1st century CE. I need the hourly estimates necessary to run a model in TRNSYS. I managed to use Meteonorm to convert these values to hourly values, however the license is so expensive and I was wondering if there is an opensource software which does this,

Thanks :)

For my own research, I use LSTM and MLP algorithms, where weather data is part of the input data. Unfortunately, data related to temperature and precipitation have not been recorded in many time periods, and the number of empty data is high. What is the solution to manage this missing data?

I have reviewed a number of cloud physics literature but have not found any definitive information.

I would like to derive an empirical ratio of ice to liquid cloud optical depths over tropical land based on this information.

Why have changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation increased during the 20th century? Can climate change be predicted in the future?

The North Atlantic Oscillation explains a large part of the climate variability across the North Atlantic Ocean From the east coast of North America across Europe, many studies of the North Atlantic Oscillation in extreme weather conditions in this region, especially in Winter is relevant. It has motivated a significant study of this pattern. However, an overlooked feature is how the North Atlantic Oscillation has changed over time. There is a significant increase in the variance of the pattern. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) increased during the 20th century from 32% in 1930 to 53% at the end of the 20th century. Whether this change is due to natural variation, a forced response to climate change, or a combination thereof is not yet clear. However, we found no evidence for a forced response from the Model Comparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) set of 50 pairwise models. All of these models showed significant internal variability in the strength of the North Atlantic Oscillation, but were biased toward it. In the region, this has direct implications for both long-term and short-term forecasting where regional climate changes are extreme. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is a pattern of variability associated with sea surface pressure over the North Atlantic Ocean with a subpolar low and subtropical high. The NAO is associated with large-scale changes in the position and intensity of both the storm track and the jet stream over the North Atlantic, and therefore plays a direct role in shaping the atmospheric transport of heat and moisture across the basin (Fasullo et al., 2020). ). It has also been shown that the NAO has a large effect on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and therefore the oceanic heat transfer, and this is the largest time scale of 20-30 years, which leads to changes in northern hemisphere temperatures of a few tenths. a degree (Delworth and Zeng, 2016). NAO has positive and negative. It shows significant interannual phase and changes. The positive phase of NAO shows between the two phases of pressure below the normal limit in the subpolar region and high pressure above the normal limit in the subtropics. It is often associated with a decrease in temperature and precipitation, an anomaly in southern Europe and an increase in precipitation, an anomaly in northern Europe, the effects of the NAO across the basin and the positive phase are also associated with it. Positive temperature anomaly in the eastern United States. The opposite pattern and its effects are observed during the period when the NAO is in its negative phase (Weisheimer et al., (2017). It has long been established that the NAO dominates climate variability over a large part of the Northern Hemisphere. The eastern coast of North America across Europe to the center of Russia and from the Arctic in the north to the subtropical Atlantic Ocean (Horrell et al., 2003) is one of the important components of winter variability and is related to the frequency and intensity of weather extremes. in Europe (Hilock and Goodes, 2004; Scaife et al., 2008; Fan et al., 2016). Therefore, it is necessary to understand the scale of natural variability in the NAO, how the NAO responds to changes in external forcing, and whether these If current climate models fail to account for natural variability or NAO forcing, this could lead to radical predictions of extreme climate change in Europe on time scales of decades to centuries.An index for the NAO is often identified in one of two

ways. The first approach is to calculate the normalized difference in surface pressure between the subtropical high (Azores High) and subpolar low (Icelandic Low) over the North Atlantic sector. The second approach is to perform an Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis on sea level pressure over the North Atlantic region. An EOF analysis separates the variability in the sea level pressure into orthogonal modes, with the first mode containing the largest proportion of the variability and each subsequent mode containing progressively less. When an EOF analysis is used to calculate the NAO, the first mode indicates the NAO index, while the second and third modes usually provide the North Atlantic ridge and Scandinavian blocking patterns (Cassou et al., 2004).

A lot of hue and cry is made about climate change and the environment in general. Public and private money is poured into research to study its effects on the environment, sustainability etc. Should we study nature or ourselves?

" Our studies must begin with our selves and not with the heavens. "-Ouspensky

Human activities have been found to have a direct correlation to climate change and its impact on the environment(I=P x A x T, the Ehrlich and Holdren equation), in spite of what some complacent sections say to protect their own self interests.

We hardly know about Human nature. We can scarcely predict human behavior. We need to find out why we think like we do and why we do what we do and why, in spite of all knowledge and wisdom, consume more than what we need, in the form of addictions to consumption and imbalance not only ourselves but also the family, society and environment around us..

Humanity is directly responsible for all the unnatural imbalances occurring on the planet. Yet we refuse to take responsibility and instead focus on climate change, or fool the public exchequer with a 'breakthrough in renewable energy just around the corner'. We scarcely know what drives human beings. If we had known, all the imbalances around us would have had solutions by now, given the amount of money plowed into finding such solutions. Are we blindly groping in the dark of climate change because we don't know the answers to our own nature?

Is it not high time we focus on what makes us human, correct our consumptive behavior and leave nature to take care of climate change? Why focus effort on 'externals' when the problem is 'internal'- 'me'?

Aren't we addicts denying our addiction and blaming everything else but ourselves?

" We are what we think.

All that we are arises with our thoughts.

With our thoughts, we make the world." - Gautama, The Buddha 

IMHO, We don't need to save the World. It is enough if we save ourselves from ourselves. The need of the hour is not vainglorious technological interventions, but HUMAN TRANSFORMATION through self-restraint and self-correction!

The Mind is the Final Frontier.

I have a weather station that gives me air temperature values but not relative humidity; instead, it gives me RHT values. My question is how do I get these values and how do I calculate the relative humidity from these?

تاثیرات متقابل جهانی تغییراقلیم براب وهوا وهمچنین راهکارمقابله با ان چیست

Often in many articles we come across this confusing terminology.