Resumen: Se presentan algunos ejemplos de cómo los ríos del sur de Lusitania fueron medios de difusión de la cerámica importada. Los principales ríos de Lusitania meridional cuentan con núcleos urbanos en sus desembocaduras y fondos de estuario, que fueron lugares de recepción y redistribución de cerámica importada, en estrecha relación. Se presentan algunos ejemplos: Anas (Guadiana), con la interacción de Baesuris (Castro Marim) y Myrtilis (Mértola); Callipus (Sado), con la interacción Caetobriga / Tróia y Salacia (Alcácer do Sal); Tagus (Tejo), con la interacción Olisipo (Lisboa) y Scallabis (Santarém). Incluso en otros ríos de menor expresión, esta difusión hacia el interior es notoria, como en los casos de los ríos Arade o Mira. Estos grandes ríos generaron verdaderas economías de estuario, con múltiples puntos de asentamiento interactivos. La recepción y difusión de la cerámica se manifiesta en la presencia de cerámica en los puertos y asentamientos del interior a los que llegaban los ríos navegables. Estos lugares eran, a su vez, centros de redistribución para territorios interiores más amplios. Palabras Clave: Cerámicas importadas; Ánforas; Guadiana; Arade; Sado; Mira; Tajo. Summary: Some examples are presented of how the rivers of Southern Lusitania were means of distribution of imported cera-mics. The main rivers of Southern Lusitania have urban centres at their mouths and estuary bottoms, which were places of reception and redistribution of imported ceramics, in close relationship. Some examples are presented: Anas (Guadiana), with the interaction of Baesuris (Castro Marim) and Myrtilis (Mértola); Callipus (Sado), with the interaction Caetobriga/Tróia and Salacia (Alcácer do Sal); Tagus (Tejo), with the interaction Olisipo (Lisbon) and Scallabis (Santarém). Even in smaller rivers, this diffusion towards the interior is notorious, as in the cases of the Arade or Mira rivers. These large rivers generated estuary economies, with multiple interactive settlement points. The reception and diffusion of ceramics can be seen in its presence in harbours and inland settlements reached by navigable rivers. These places were, in turn, redistribution centres for wider inland territories. Key words: Redistribution; Imported ceramics; Amphoras; Guadiana; Arade; Sado; Mira; Tagus.

Amphora production as attested in Lusitania mostly accompanies the exploitation of marine resources. The main amphora workshop areas are located in Peniche, in the Sado and Tagus Valleys, and in the Algarve region. The earlier productions identified date from the Augustan period or slightly before (50–25 B.C.) and cover a set of quite diversified shapes that have been designated as ›ovoid types‹ and ›early Lusitanian‹, which are related to the late Republican ovoid types (mainly the Baetican ones), up to the early imperial Dressel 7/11 and Haltern 70 types. To date, manufacture can be linked to the Sado and Tagus Valleys, as well as to Peniche. From the middle of the 1st century onward, however, the main amphora type known in these regions is the Dressel 14 type. This is also the period when this amphora seems to have achieved an established position in the internal market of Lusitania, with a significant role in both urban and rural areas, as well as in western and central Mediterranean markets. From the second half of the 2nd century onward, there was a clear modification in both the fish salt production structures and in the amphora shapes, which now diversified, with new ones being related to new products, such as wine. Some forms occur in different modules that correspond to different capacities, as seems to be the case of the Lusitana 3, Almagro 51C, and Algarve 1 type. This reveals how the workshops operated in direct connection with the fish-salting units as well as with the wine producers. The role of market pressure is also discussed in this context.

The application of gender methodology to war research provides an understanding of the relationship that women had with war in ancient societies. The army and war being one of the essential components of male gender identity, women are reserved the role of mother of soldiers or victims of the conflict. Any other form of female intervention is considered from this point of view as a reversal of established roles. Analyzing the Greek and Roman cases, through the literary and iconographic sources – especially useful for Rome – we will try to characterize the different roles of women in war: image of peace, instigators of wars, active combatants or direct collaborators, mediators, victims and beneficiaries of the conflict. The models of gender relations officially spread in classical societies are not the only possible ones.