Pollen grains of ten wild and cultivar species were processed and examined microscopically with light and scanning electron microscopes. The results showed that all studied grains by LM had one pore (monoporate) and were very close in shape, their shapes ranged from spheroidal, sub spheroidal to oblate spheroidal in equatorial and polar view except in H. vulgare (Qala2) was ovoidal. H. glaucum recorded the minimum grain size was (25.0-37.5) * (25.0-37.5), and the two cultivated species H. distichon (Garmyian 1) and H. Vulgare (Garmyian 2) recorded the maximum grain sizes were (35.0-60.0)*(32.5-60.0) and (40.0-60.0)*(35.0-57.5) respectively. Three types of surface ornamentations were observed through the SEM microscopy, the examined taxa have been divided into three groups which were microverrucate sculpture (three taxa), microechinate sculpture (four taxa) and microverrucate to microechinate sculpture (three taxa). These traits have been included in a comparison table, supported by figures to compare the variations among the studied taxa grains. KEY WORDS: Hordeum, LM and SEM, Microechinate, Microverrucate, Monoporate, Palenology.

The fruit and seeds of six species within six genera belonging to the Fabaceae family were studied. The paraffin method was applied to microscopic studies. The study showed different fruit outline shapes and the fruiting layers varying among them, however, all fruits consisted of three layers the exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. The thickness of pericarp layers was different in all taxa. Although the shape of seeds was different among all studied taxa except O. galegifolia and T. echinatum they were similar, the seed contents were examined as well, the testa tissue was described and the embryo shape and position were determined, where O. galegifolia was the single species devoid of macrosclereids.

SUMMARY The current study is a comparative biosystematic study (morphology, pollen grains, anatomy, phytochemistry, cytology, molecular, environment and distribution, and phenetic study) of the genera and species of the family Valerianaceae Batsch, which is naturally distributed in different districts in Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The study encompassed a comprehensive survey for all the geographical districts within the studied area: the provinces of MAM, MRO, MSU, MJS, FUJ, FNI, FAR, FKI, and FPF. Organized field trips were performed during the years 2016-2018, abundant samples were collected and new areas were recorded for species, the geographical areas of the species distribution were determined by (GIS, ArcMap, version 10.2 ESRI) on the maps. The herbaria specimens which preserved in most of the Iraqi herbaria, these were studied, the specimens that were not identified and those were mistakenly identified re-identified as well. A comparative study on the macro-morphological and micro-morphological characteristics of all vegetative and reproductive parts of the plants was carried out. The morphological study was verified that the petiolate characters of the leaves, in addition to the incision or not of blades are the diagnostic characters to separating between the species of the genus Valeriana L. with the sessile leaves of Centranthus Neck. and Valerianella Miller species. The results of the study showed that the characteristics of the floral organs were the most stable of the other traits, the single stamen and the basal position of the spur on the corolla and its length of the C. longiflorus contributed to the separating this species from the rest. The difference in the number of fruit locules and the type, shape and dimensions of persistent calyx lobes made a significant contribution to the separating of all family taxa, especially among Valerianella species. The results were supported by tables, photographs and figures, for the need to indicate some precise details in parallel with the handwork figures were drawn. The study showed that the characteristics of the pollen grains and the chemical content of the family taxa had little role at the level of genera and species, but these characteristics were important at the family level, such as tricolporoidate type and the echinate sculpture of pollen grains surfaces of the species, and the richness of the species from the chemical compounds content. Results of the anatomical study were manifested that the cross sections of the leaf petioles provides significant role in separating the two species of Valeriana, and the other anatomical features such as outlines of the stems and the margin of the leaves and fruits, in addition to the indumenta of glandular and non-glandular hairs, were important taxonomic features that have contributed significantly to isolate and classify of all taxa within the family. Some phenolic compounds have been determined according to the available standard compounds. The occurrence and containment levels of these compounds were variable in most taxa of the family. The study included a cytological study to calculate the haploid and diploid number of chromosomes for the species. The calculation of the haploid chromosomal number n = x = 9 and the diploid 2n = 2x = 18 of V. kotschyi is the first study investigated in Iraq and the world. As well as the phylogenetic tree of the family was constructed based on the trnL-F region of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences, and the various clades of the built evolutionary trees were analyzed. The family was treated phenetically within the numerical taxonomy based on the most important characteristics derived from different aspects in this study. The dendrograms of the relationship trees were constructed by the MVSP programs to find out the similarities and dissimilarities among the studied taxa. It was proved in the current study that the real number of distributed taxa of Valerianaceae family in Kurdistan Region of Iraq is (15) taxonomic rank belonging to three genera within the studied area; (Centranthus) C. longiflorus; (Valeriana) Va. alliariifolia, Va. sisymbriifolia; (Valerianella) V. pumila, V. carinata, V. muricata, V. coronata, V. kotschyi, V. vesicaria, V. dufresnia, V. szovitsiana, V. tuberculata, V. oxyrrhyncha, V. dactylophylla, and V. discoidea. Also has proved that the four species V. lasiocarpa, V. soyeri, V. deserticola and V. chlorostephana which previously recorded, have not found through the field trips in this study, nor did they have any herbaria specimens. Finally, the confirmed species were treated taxonomically and an appropriate key was designed to separate them.

This work revealed the anatomical characteristics of the leaf and stem (herbarium speciemen)for one species and two subspecies of perennial ononis genus (ononis sicula), subspecies (ononis spinose leiosperma), and (ononis viscosa breviflora) were first time investigated for the evaluation in term systematic of resemblance and variation in these taxa. The trunk and foliar were prepared for anatomical description by paraffin method. Which shows some differences were the outline and structure of stem and leaf in cross section. Prismatic crystal and tannins are found in all sample stems. The outgrowth from the epidermis are presence in all parts of the taxa; which are multicellular or unicellular and glandular or non-glandullar. KEYWORD: Ononis anatomy, morphology of Ononis , Stem anatomy of fabaceae, Taxonomy of fabaceae, leaf anatomy of Ononis, distribution of fabaceae family.

This work revealed the anatomical characteristics of the leaf and stem (herbarium speciemen)for one species and two subspecies of perennial ononis genus (ononis sicula), subspecies (ononis spinose leiosperma), and (ononis viscosa breviflora) were first time investigated for the evaluation in term systematic of resemblance and variation in these taxa. The trunk and foliar were prepared for anatomical description by paraffin method. Which shows some differences were the outline and structure of stem and leaf in cross section. Prismatic crystal and tannins are found in all sample stems. The outgrowth from the epidermis are presence in all parts of the taxa; which are multicellular or unicellular and glandular or non-glandullar