Recent advances in both cardiac tissue engineering and hearts‐on‐a‐chip are grounded in new biomaterial development as well as the employment of innovative fabrication techniques that enable precise control of the mechanical, electrical, and structural properties of the cardiac tissues being modelled. The elongated structure of cardiomyocytes requires tuning of substrate properties and application of biophysical stimuli to drive its mature phenotype. Landmark advances have already been achieved with induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiac patches that advanced to human testing. Heart‐on‐a‐chip platforms are now commonly used by a number of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Here, we provide an overview of cardiac physiology in order to better define the requirements for functional tissue recapitulation. We then discuss the biomaterials most commonly used in both cardiac tissue engineering and heart‐on‐a‐chip, followed by the discussion of recent representative studies in both fields. We outline significant challenges common to both fields, specifically: scalable tissue fabrication and platform standardization, improving cellular fidelity through effective tissue vascularization, achieving adult tissue maturation, and ultimately developing cryopreservation protocols so that the tissues are available off the shelf.

Biomimicking In article 2201346 by Milica Radisic and co‐workers, scaffolds fabricated by coaxial printing of bioelastomers can mimic both the structures and mechanical properties of native tissues, which are ideal for organ‐on‐a‐chip and tissue engineering applications. This image shows an artistic tubular structure made of a biodegradable elastomer called PICO.