Human capital in hospitality has been widely addressed by applying sophisticated econometric methods. However, for the Spanish case, there was a gap in the analyses as the crucial importance of collective agreements was undervalued. This paper redesigns the conceptualisation of the variables and applies a subsequent new classification to job positions, as it deals with the outliers at different levels of rigorousness. Then, linearised and quantile regressions were run for each case, obtaining an outcome of thirty values for each variable. The analyses and comparisons show the high importance of collective agreements on salaries, the noticeable low values of human capital variables, and provides additional information for the nationality and gender gaps, the latter strikingly high in upper professional categories. Overall, this paper demonstrates the importance of a proper study design to prevent advanced econometric models from falling into bias and it minimises the differences between methods.

Purpose The importance of workers in labour-intensive industries, such as tourism, is undeniable. In this sense, it has been investigated for decades from various methodological approaches. However, in the academic literature on tourism, the partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) technique has hardly been used. Design/methodology/approach Therefore, this work uses that technique to contrast which factors define the employees' wages in the Spanish tourism industry. Additionally, an importance-performance map analysis (IPMA) analysis is carried out, which provides informed decision-making. Findings Thus, the main results obtained are the verification and measurement of the relationships of Human Capital, Labour Conditions and Market with Wages, and the relation between Human Capital and Labour Conditions. Besides, the improvement points in each variable are identified. Especial emphasis is given to those related to Human Capital and, partially, to the Market. Research limitations/implications However, there are certain limitations to this study. Mainly, as the indicators used are given by the 2018 Salary Structure Survey, they are stiff and so the design of the model turns to be more difficult. Originality/value Considering the turning point that the temporary cessation of the tourism industry activity due to the COVID-19 pandemic has been, it is essential to take advantage of it to identify and correct existing deficiencies. Therefore, this work aims to be a base document for the identification of these problems.

This work assesses the influence of generic public housing policies in Spain and specific public policies relating to vacation rental housing on residential rental costs in recent years from the perspective of people linked to residential housing rental and vacation rental housing. We used partial least squares structural equation modelling on the data obtained in a survey of 413 individuals with direct links to the fields of tourism and real estate. The results obtained by the model confirm the influence of the growth in holiday tourist housing and the implementation of public housing policies on rises in residential rent. These conclusions can inform public policy measures in the general area of housing and, specifically, in the area of holiday homes, toward reducing the impacts of certain factors on access to housing in the province of Málaga. The main contribution of this work is the direct collection of the opinions of people related to residential and tourist housing on the Costa del Sol.

This article used a CDM three-stage structural model based on data from the Spanish technological innovation panel to analyse the differential impact of technological innovation on labour productivity in the three largest Spanish regions and the Spanish economy as a whole. Although a considerable number of studies have used national data to analyse this relationship, very few studies have done so using microdata at the regional level. The results suggest that in Andalusia and Madrid increases in labour productivity were only associated with the increased probability of product innovation, whereas in Catalonia they were only associated with process innovation. These results suggest a lack of convergence in business strategies to improve labour productivity in these regions. Therefore, business investment in R&D and public institution funding decisions on support for technological innovation should be aimed at improving these less effective innovation strategies for increasing labour productivity.

Rural tourism is currently one of the most dynamic segments of tourism demand, and rural accommodation is one of the accommodation choices most in demand. Based on various documentary sources, the goal of this article was to analyse aspects related to the qualitative evolution of this activity that have led to the rapid growth of this type of accommodation. Using a purpose-built database generated from the information obtained from our own survey, which was developed following other studies on this topic, we applied a partial least squares model to analyse the impacts on the environment in terms of the offer and their relationship with environmental management. The results show that the attitude of rural establishment managers has a decisive influence on the behaviour of their clients regarding ecological respect and a positive impact on water and energy consumption.