Currently, liver diseases have become a serious global health issue, and this situation occurs due to the exposure of the liver to different agents, such as chemicals, alcohol, viruses, and autoimmune diseases. Mangiferin is a natural bioactive xanthone C-glycoside compound and a potent antioxidant that is widely found in medicinal plants such as the leaves of Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae). It possesses a wide range of biological properties, such as antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic activities. The purpose of this literature review was to delineate the hepatoprotective effects of mangiferin, a natural bioactive compound without side effects, and explain how it protects the liver via the suppression of pathological conditions involved in liver diseases. Relevant published research articles from peer-reviewed journals were searched in PubMed and Google Scholar to gain insights into the consequences of mangiferin in liver diseases. Several studies have suggested that pretreatment with mangiferin decreases hepatic inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, fibrosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and hepatic dysfunction and concomitantly ameliorates the morphological structures of the liver. Therefore, mangiferin could be considered a multitarget therapeutic and promising drug candidate for the treatment of hepatic diseases, although a detailed mechanistic explanation needs to be provided. This literature review highlights the pathological conditions (inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, ER stress) associated with liver diseases as well as the hepatoprotective and therapeutic effects of mangiferin in the liver.

Dengue fever is currently a major global issue, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. The absence of specific antiviral medications supports alternative dengue treatment strategies. South Asian countries have been using Carica papaya leaves as a traditional remedy for dengue for many years. Carica papaya possesses several biological features, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, cancer-fighting, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant qualities. Additionally, numerous studies have demonstrated that bioactive compounds found in papaya leaf extracts, including carpaine, dehydrocarpaine I and II, chymopapain, and papain, significantly influence platelet counts, while phenolic compounds, such as chlorogenic acid, kaemferol, protocatechuic acid, quercetin, and 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin significantly inhibit viral replication in dengue patients, with negligible side effects. Carica papaya may be considered a viable pharmacological candidate with several targets for treating dengue. It has been shown to prevent infections, reduce oxidative stress, control cytokine storms and the immune system, lessen thrombocytopenia, and increase the body’s protein and hemoglobin levels. This literature review highlights the pathophysiological mechanism of dengue, as well as the pharmacological action of Carica papaya, both of which combat this debilitating disease. Despite these findings, additional investigation, including clinical studies, is necessary to confirm the effectiveness and safety of papaya-based treatments. It is necessary to address issues like standardizing papaya extracts, figuring out the best dosages, and assessing any drug interactions.

The prevalence of various kidney diseases has become a significant threat to global public health and one of the leading causes of severe morbidity and high mortality. Multiple extrinsic or intrinsic factors, including drug or chemotoxicity, aging biomarkers, and various aging-related disorders, may exacerbate multiple kidney diseases and subsequently lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In addition, the complications of kidney pathologies further pose challenges to current clinical practices. However, amid the development of various novel therapeutic approaches against kidney diseases, the interest in natural products or nutraceutical-based treatments has been growing and active in research on renal disorders. Amongst these, luteolin-a flavone, has been shown to be potent in combatting kidney disorders by effectively preventing and ameliorating the progression of various kidney biomarkers and associated pathologies. Therefore, this systemic review assimilates the evidence of numerous in-vitro and in-vivo studies along with the progress in luteolin-based drug development to enlighten its pharmacological potency in treating kidney disorders. The existing reports strongly support the promising therapeutic benefits of luteolin and thus, the review suggests conducting clinical studies to establish it as a potent therapeutic agent against kidney diseases.

Respiratory diseases, spanning from the common cold to severe conditions such as pneumonia and COVID-19, pose significant challenges to global health and contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. The emergence of COVID-19 has heightened the requirement for effective therapeutic strategies. This review article examines the potential of specific medicinal plants, namely Black Cumin, Licorice, and Echinacea, and their phytoconstituents in the treatment of respiratory diseases, with a focus on COVID-19. It synthesizes extant knowledge on the therapeutic efficacy of these plants, which have been used traditionally in Unani, Ayurvedic, and Chinese medicine to alleviate respiratory symptoms and boost immune functions. This review also discusses the immunomodulatory and antiviral properties of these three specific medicinal plants, as well as their function in the treatment of a number of life-threatening diseases. Incorporating insights from ethnomedicine and contemporary scientific research, this review highlights the urgency of exploring herbal medicines as complementary therapies for respiratory diseases and offers perspectives on incorporating these natural remedies into contemporary treatment paradigms, particularly in the fight against COVID-19.

Animal testing is required in drug development research and is crucial for assessing the efficacy and safety of medications before they are commercialized. However, the newly furnished Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act 2.0 has given new insight into drug development. It opens a new door by offering an alternative testing method for developing a new drug without using animals. This newly proposed system may potentially significantly impact nondeveloped countries worldwide. In this study, we explore the alternative testing options such as in silico modeling, human tissue-on-chip engineering, animal-free recombinant antibodies, tissue engineering, and artificial intelligence presented by this act and discuss its implications for nondeveloped countries.