Tanzania Veterinary Journal

The authors would like to report an unusual incidence of severe tibio-tarsal rotation in a 14-month old ostrich hen designed for slaughter and housed on an ostrich farm in Poland (51º43´N, 15º33´E, October 2007). The ambient indoor and exterior temperature from 0600-1800 was recorded at 2-hr intervals as 20.40 (mean) ± 0.12 (SEM) and 14.98 ± 1.35ºC, respectively. The exterior relative humidity recorded likewise was 50.00 ± 0.67%. The pathology expressed itself in the left limb with an outward angle of rotation in the foot of 92º (Figures 1-3). The perpendicular height of the hen, and length of the right femur, tibia, metatarsals, toe and claw lengths were 120 vs. 140, 59 vs. 56, 36 vs. 42, 10 vs. 5.5, 6 vs. 11 and 3 vs. 4.5 cm, respectively by comparison with an age-matched normal hen.

Antibiotics saves millions of lives in human and animal from bacterial infections, but resistance has been occurred and spreading borderless which pose health and economic problems. This study aimed to describe epidemiology (prevalence) of antibiotic resistant bacteria in human and animals and describing risk factors with strategic control efforts in Sub-Sahara Africa countries. Total 72 articles published from 2010 to 2017 were reviewed which reported on bacterium resistance to commonly-used antibiotics of different groups. Majority of isolated bacteria were highly resistant to b-lactams, Tetracycline and Sulphonamide, moderate resistant to Gentamycine and Aminoglycoside with low resistant to cephalosporin and quinolones for bacteria isolated from human while isolates from animal have high resistance to majority of antibiotic. High antibiotic resistant was associated by presence of weak/no regulation and irrational antibiotics use in Animal and Human health system, despite there is paucity of published data from central and southern African countries, lack of data sharing among laboratories and presence of few initiatives on control strategies of antimicrobial resistance while most of them are faced by resource limitations (skilled personnel, Equipments and Fund allocation). This study recommend that awareness on rational antibiotic use must be created, strong regulation to limit accessibility of antibiotics over the counter prescription, strengthening laboratory based diagnosis and surveillance, Infection control and prevention in hospitals with strong biosafety and biosecurity in animal farms are crucial. Adoption of “One Health Approach” is very important through multisectoral involvement, information sharing and networking.

Antibiotics saves millions of lives in human and animal from bacterial infections, but resistance has been occurred and spreading borderless which pose health and economic problems. This study aimed to describe epidemiology (prevalence) of antibiotic resistant bacteria in human and animals and describing risk factors with strategic control efforts in Sub-Sahara Africa countries. Total 72 articles published from 2010 to 2017 were reviewed which reported on bacterium resistance to commonly-used antibiotics of different groups. Majority of isolated bacteria were highly resistant to b-lactams, Tetracycline and Sulphonamide, moderate resistant to Gentamycine and Aminoglycoside with low resistant to cephalosporin and quinolones for bacteria isolated from human while isolates from animal have high resistance to majority of antibiotic. High antibiotic resistant was associated by presence of weak/no regulation and irrational antibiotics use in Animal and Human health system, despite there is paucity of published data from central and southern African countries, lack of data sharing among laboratories and presence of few initiatives on control strategies of antimicrobial resistance while most of them are faced by resource limitations (skilled personnel, Equipments and Fund allocation). This study recommend that awareness on rational antibiotic use must be created, strong regulation to limit accessibility of antibiotics over the counter prescription, strengthening laboratory based diagnosis and surveillance, Infection control and prevention in hospitals with strong biosafety and biosecurity in animal farms are crucial. Adoption of “One Health Approach” is very important through multisectoral involvement, information sharing and networking.

Tanzania Veterinary Journal (TVJ) is an official Journal of Tanzania Veterinary Association (TVA) founded in 1979 and originally known as Tanzania Veterinary Bulletin. The journal was renamed as Tanzania Veterinary Journal in 1991. The aim of the establishment of the Journal was to provide a platform where Veterinarians and allied Professionals working in the tropical environment can publish their works and that are relevant in solving problems in the tropics. At the time of its establishment in 1979, only few Veterinary Journals which focussed on animal and human health problems in the tropics existed. This explains why the Journal identified itself as “The Tropical Veterinarian”. Today the Journal celebrates 40 years of existence and success of remaining focussed to its core objectives and scope that were the basis of its establishment amidst thousands of body of knowledge generated and published on different subjects. In addition, TVJ boast other successes including publication of 34 regular volumes, 36 special issues of TVA Proceedings, and today we are pleased to bring to you Volume 37: Special issue of TVA Proceedings (2019). The latest volume is even more special as it features some of the articles presented during the 37th TVA Conference which focussed on One Health.

Tanzania Veterinary Journal (TVJ) is an official Journal of Tanzania Veterinary Association (TVA) founded in 1979 and originally known as Tanzania Veterinary Bulletin. The journal was renamed as Tanzania Veterinary Journal in 1991. The aim of the establishment of the Journal was to provide a platform where Veterinarians and allied Professionals working in the tropical environment can publish their works and that are relevant in solving problems in the tropics. At the time of its establishment in 1979, only few Veterinary Journals which focussed on animal and human health problems in the tropics existed. This explains why the Journal identified itself as “The Tropical Veterinarian”. Today the Journal celebrates 40 years of existence and success of remaining focussed to its core objectives and scope that were the basis of its establishment amidst thousands of body of knowledge generated and published on different subjects. In addition, TVJ boast other successes including publication of 34 regular volumes, 36 special issues of TVA Proceedings, and today we are pleased to bring to you Volume 37: Special issue of TVA Proceedings (2019). The latest volume is even more special as it features some of the articles presented during the 37th TVA Conference which focussed on One Health.

The seroprevalence of antibodies against Brucella abortus bacterial pathogen (BABP) in 200 local indigenous boran cattle breed in Manyara ranch was investigated and compared using 2 classical serological tests. The performance of the buffered Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and slow (tube) agglutination test (SAT) for the detection of serum antibody against B. abortus was: 59(29.5%) and 35(17.5%) animals were positive, respectively. There was appreciable difference in the seroprevalence detected by RBPT and SAT on clinically healthy boran cattle with regard to sensitivity and specificity of the test with RBPT being highly sensitive and specific than SAT. It\'s concluded that these indigenous boran cattle may be a potential reservoir of B. abortus pathogen and RBPT could be routinely used for detection of antibodies against B. abortus in these cattle.

Short chain fatty acids are increasingly used as food additives due to the health benefits they have. Recently, they have been implicated in protecting patients against intestinal disorders but without a well-known mechanism. We explored the benefits of a major short chain fatty acid, butyrate on experimental ulcerative colitis in rats. The ulcerative colitis was induced by intrarectal instillation of 10% acetic acid after or without prior administration of 50 or 150 mg/kg butyrate intraperitoneally or intrarectally, respectively, for three consecutive days prior to exposure to acetic acid. After 24 hours of exposure to acetic acid, rats were sacrificed, postmortem examination done, intestinal sections fixed, processed and stained for histopathology in a routine manner. Acetic acid induced infiltration of inflammatory cells, loss of epithelium, crypt damage, and loss of goblet cells in the colon. These changes were significantly suppressed following butyrate treatment. We conclude that butyrate reduces the severity of acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis lesions in rats. This protective potency could be, at least in part, one of the mechanisms by which butyrate imparts its benefits to ulcerative colitis patients. Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 25 (1) 2008: pp. 1-12

The impact on rumen degradation of hay dry matter from dacron bags of supplements traditionally used by smallholder dairy farmers in Tanzania is reported. The supplements included sources of energy and protein (maize bran, molasses, cassava flour and sunflower cake) and an ionic feed additive called “Magadi”. The experimental layout was a 5x5 Latin square with 21 days for adaptation to diets followed by in sacco incubation of hay DM for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 96 and 144h. Treatments were: Poor quality hay with 2.7 kg (DM) maize bran (HMB) (control), hay with 2.7 kg (DM) maize bran further supplemented with (DM) 0.25 of “Magadi” (HMG), 1.3kg (DM) sugars (molasses) (HMO) or 0.9 kg (DM) starch (HCA) and hay supplemented with 2.8 kg (DM) of farm made concentrate mixture containing maize bran (68), sunflower cake (31) and mineral powder (1% DM) (HFC). Five mature heifers (Boran x Friesian) were used during the trial. DM and organic matter intake was significantly higher with sugars (HMO), starch (HCA) and nitrogen (HFC) supplements compared to the control. Sugars and starch led to significantly lower degradation rate compared to nitrogen and \"Magadi\". It is hereby concluded that the use of energy rich supplements can have depressive effects on the utilisation of poor quality roughage while nitrogen rich supplements and “Magadi” have positive effects on plant fibre degradation.Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 24 (1) 2007: pp. 23-37

The current study was aimed at evaluating factors that influence reproductive performance and extracted milk yield of Teso (T) cattle and their crosses with Sahiwal (S) and Boran (B) using data collected between 2000 and 2002. We used General Linear Models procedure of SAS for analysis. The overall mean calving interval was 453±1.06 days and that of F1(BxT) and F1(SxT) crosses were 44.6 and 61.3 days longer than the pure Teso cows. The overall means for extracted lactation milk yield and lactation length were 120+-3.4 litres and 173.6+_5.0 days, respectively. F1(SxT) crosses had longer lactation length than F1(BxT) crosses and pure Teso cows by 34.2 and 17.2 days, respectively. F1(SxT) crosses had significantly (p 0.05) difference in extracted milk yield was observed between F1(BxT) crosses and purebred Teso cattle. Cows calving in the dry season had higher (p Keywords : calving interval, extracted lactation milk yield, 100-days milk yield, lactation length Tanzania Vet Journal Vol. 25 (2) 2008: pp. 96-105

Reproductive cycle of Small East African (SEA) goats in the tropics is characterized by a reduced fertility rate during the dry season. The reduced fertility rate has a negative impact on livestock sector development and the livelihood of rural communities. The current study was conducted to evaluate ovarian morphometric parameters and follicular atresia during dry and wet seasons. A total of 90 apparently healthy adult goats from Morogoro region in Tanzania brought for slaughter at Morogoro Municipal slaughterhouse were randomly selected for the study. Following the slaughter both left and right ovaries were collected for gross and histomorphological analysis. The results of morphometric analysis found that, length of right ovary was significantly higher than that of the left (p<0.05). Histological analysis revealed a significant increase in the number of atretic follicles during the dry season when compared to the wet season (p<0.05). These findings indicate that the reduced fertility rate in the SEA goat during the dry season could be contributed by an increased rate of follicular atresia

A study was conducted in Turiani (sub-humid environment) and Mlali (semi-arid environment) to assess the seasonal variation of nematode infection in Small East African (SEA) goats and F 1 crosses of SAE with Saanen and Boer. The SEA goats were kept under extensive system while the crossbreds were kept under semi-intensive system. In Mlali 37 SEA goats and 30 SEA x Boer crosses while in Turiani 30 SEA goats and 33 SEA x Saanen crosses were included in the study. Worm burden was assessed using faecal egg count (FEC) and packed cell volume (PCV) as indicator traits. Faecal and blood samples were collected at the end of dry season, mid and end of rain season. The dominant worm species were identified by faecal culture. The results indicated that fewer animals (30 – 66.7%) were infected at the end of the dry season than at the mid and end of the rain season (69.7 – 100%). The FEC values differed significantly between periods of the year (P< 0.001) and between locations (P<0.05). The geometric mean faecal egg count (GFEC) ranged from 71.3 to 200.9, 185.8 to 516.4 and 273.5 to 924.7 eggs per gram (epg) at the end of dry season, mid and end of rain season, respectively. The GFEC values of SEA goats reared under extensive system were slightly higher (80.5 – 924.7 epg) than those of crossbred goats (71.3 – 690.2 epg) reared under semi-intensive system. The PCV values differed significantly (P<0.001) between locations, periods of the year and breeds. In Mlali, the PCV values ranged from 18 to 45% while in Turiani, the values ranged from 10 to 43%. The dominant parasite in the study areas was Haemonchus spp and accounted for 47.5 and 48.9% of total worms in Turiani and Mlali, respectively. This was followed by Trichostrongylus spp (21.3 and 19.8% in Mlali and Turiani, respectively) and Oesophagostomum spp (18.2 and 20.7% in Turiani and Mlali, respectively). The proportions of Strongyloides spp (6%), Bunostomum spp (4%) and Cooperia spp (3%) were small in all periods and locations. It is concluded that the level of nematode infection is highest at the end of the rain season and low during the dry season. The crossbred goats kept under semi-intensive grazing system had lower level of nematode infection than the local goats kept under the free-range grazing system.

This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of albendazole, oxyclozanide, clorsulon, nitroxynil and triclabendazole against Fasciola gigantica or amphistomes in naturally infected Ayrshire cattle at Amani dairy farm in Kilolo district. Forty-six yearling cattle with both F. gigantica and amphistomes were selected and allocated into 7 treatment groups and treated as follows: Group 1 was treated with 1.5% levamisole (7.5 mg/kg) and 3% oxyclozanide (MilsanÒ, 13 mg/kg) orally. Group 2 was treated with 1.5% levamisole (7.5 mg/kg) and 3% oxyclozanide (LevoxyÒ, 13 mg/kg) orally. Group 3 was treated orally with albendazole bolus (AlbendaÒ) at 10mg/kg. Group 4 was treated with 10% albendazole suspension (FarbendaÒ, 10 mg/kg) orally. Group 5 was treated with 1% ivermectin (200 Wg/kg) and 10% clorsulon (IvomecÒ-Super, 2 mg/kg) subcutaneously. Group 6 was treated with nitroxynil (TrodaxÒ 34%) at 10 mg/kg subcutaneously. Group 7 was treated with 10% triclabendazole (FasinexÒ) at 12 mg/kg orally. Faecal samples for examination of fluke eggs were collected at 2, 6 and 10 weeks after treatment. Results indicated that all animals treated with triclabendazole (FasinexÒ), nitroxynil (TrodaxÒ) or clorsulon (IvomecÒ-Super) had no Fasciola eggs in faeces two weeks after treatment. One to two (14-33%) of animals treated with oxyclozanide (MilsanÒ and LevoxyÒ) or albendazole in each group were positive for Fasciola eggs two weeks after treatment. Ten weeks after treatment, all animals treated with triclabendazole, clorsulon or nitroxynil were still negative for Fasciola eggs. Two to three (29-43%) of animals treated with oxyclozanide had amphistome eggs in faeces two weeks after treatment. Triclabendazole, nitroxynil and clorsulon had no effect against amphistomes. The number of animals positive for Fasciola or amphistome eggs increased steadily over time in animals treated with oxyclozanide to reach 43-83% ten weeks after treatment. It is concluded that triclabendazole, nitroxynil and clorsulon were highly effective against F. gigantica. A reduced efficacy of albendazole and oxyclozanide against F. gigantica is suspected. Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 25 (1) 2008: pp. 40-47

To address the economic hardships of the 1980‟s, Tanzania under pressure from its development partners both bilateral and multilateral embarked on structural adjustment program. In the case of veterinary services delivery systems reforms were advocated founded on privatisation and liberalisation. The government abruptly withdrew from providing clinical services, retrenched a substantial number of paraprofessionals and their training sponsorship was withdrawn. The gap created has not been bridged by the private sector which to date is limited to a few major urbanised foci. Rural producers have been the mostly affected by these reforms. The response has been to try and create a new cadre in the delivery of veterinary services and a reduced emphasis on the role of paraprofessionals. The roles of this new cadre commonly referred to as the community based animal health workers (CAHWs) and paraprofessionals are reviewed. We conclude that before any new cadre is introduced in the delivery system, technical and socio-economic sustainability issues should be researched. Furthermore we advocate that the role of paraprofessionals in the private sector and rural areas should be re-examined.

A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of selected anthelmintics in the control of helminthosis. It aimed at determining the efficacy of benzimidazoles to which some nematodes had developed resistance, the efficacy of levamisole recommended to replace benzimidazoles, and the efficacy of anthelmintics in farms where such replacement had not been recommended. Two farms at Mkundi and Magadu farm were used in the study. In each farm animals were divided in three groups; untreated control group; a group treated with albendazole (Tramazole®) for Mkundi farms and fenbendazole (Fenzol®) for Magadu farm; and a group given levamisole (Levacide®). Faecal samples were collected before (1-2 days) or after (10-14 days) treatment for faecal egg counts and cultures. The anthelmintic efficacy was determined by faecal egg count reduction test, FECRT. Faecal culture established Haemonchus, Oesophagostomum, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Strongyloides and Bunostomum as nematodes affecting the three farms. There was development of anthelmintic resistance to levamisole against Haemonchus, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus spp at Magadu farm and Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus spp at Mkundi farms. Despite the 18 years of replacement with levamisole the benzimidazole resistant Haemonchus strain has not shown any sign of reversion to susceptibility. Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 25 (1) 2008: pp. 31-39

The presence of Salmonella in food products and emergence of antibiotic resistance are the major challenges facing public health policies. A total of 2749 crocodile meat samples obtained from the Central Veterinary Laboratories in Zimbabwe were screened for Salmonella specieswere collected from three Zimbabwean commercial farms between the year 2012 and 2019 for a retrospective observational study to determine the prevalence and magnitude of antibiotics resistant Salmonella species in crocodile meat. The isolation of Salmonella was in accordance with the ISO 6579:2002 and the antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out based on Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute’s recommendations by means of the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. SILAB Database was used to determine the prevalence of Salmonella species. Prevalence was stratified by year and farms. Twenty Salmonella isolates were identified using biochemical tests, and 15 were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the confirmed Salmonella isolates were examined using 14 antibiotics. The overall prevalence of Salmonella species in crocodile meat samples was 0.5%. The prevalence of Salmonella species ranged from 0.04% to 0.44% in the crocodile meat samples and annual prevalence ranged from 0.01% to 1%. The highest prevalence of Salmonella (4.4%) was recorded in the year 2012. Salmonella isolates from one of the three tested farms were resistant to Erythromycin (73.33%), Ampicillin (80%), and Penicillin G (100%). Generally, Salmonella isolates displayed lower resistance to Cefepime, Ceftriaxone, Amikacin, Tetracycline, Ertapenem, Florfenicol, and Erythromycin (0-53.33%) whereas all Salmonella isolates showed susceptibility to Cefepime, Ceftriaxone, Ertapenem, and Florfenicol. Although the study indicates low prevalence of Salmonella species in crocodile meat, there is a need for strict implementation of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) to reduce contamination rates in meat and its products

A study on drug residues content was done on milk received by Tanga Dairy Cooperative Union in Tanga municipality. Milk samples (384) were collected from 96 farmers on four consecutive days. Forty two of the sampled farmers were interviewed using a questionnaire. The Charm- Aim-96 test which detects permitted maximum residue limits was used. Results showed that out of 384 screened milk samples, 42.7% were found positive for antibiotic residues while 57.3% were negative. About 65% of the farmers had at least one of their milk samples testing positive while 32.3% tested negative. Of the interviewed farmers, 59.5% had at least one positive sample. Farmers did not differ significantly (p>0.05) in all management characteristics and factors/practices which could result in milk antibiotic residues. The number of milking cows, type of commonly encountered diseases and the lack of proper advise on withdrawal periods were found to be significantly (p<0.05) associated with presence of antibiotic residues in milk. The very high proportion of milk containing antibiotic residues was due to lack of adherence to withdrawal period of veterinary drugs and poses a risk to public health and the dairy industry. Widespread testing for drug residues, educational programs and awareness campaigns should be conducted to alleviate the problem.Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 24 (1) 2007: pp.38-51

Wild-animals can act as reservoirs for resistant bacteria and transfer of resistance genes in the environment. These genes can spread to livestock and human either directly by transmission of shared resistant bacteria, or by horizontal gene-transfer to environmental bacteria. To ascertain at what extent wild-animals carry resistance genes, eight faecal samples from buffalo, zebra and wildebeest from Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) and Mikumi National Park (MNP), and four control samples from local zebu cattle grazing together with wildlife in NCA. The qPCR was carried on 14 antimicrobial resistance genes including tetracycline (tet(A), tet(B), 93 tet(C), tet(M), tet(O), tet(W), macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin B (ermB, ermF), sulphonamide (sulI, sulII), beta-lactam (blaCTX-M-1 group, blaCMY-2, blaSHV) and glycopeptide (vanA). Samples from NCA, both wildlife and cattle were positive for 8 out of 14 resistance genes. The most prevalent genes were tet(W) and blaCMY-2 with the latter being of concern in encoding ESBL-type resistance. Three samples from Buffalo not interacting with cattle in MNP, were positive for tet(W) and blaCMY-2, and in addition for sulI. This suggests that wild ungulates on savannah, irrespective of contact with cattle, may constitute a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance determinants. Further studies are indicated to determine resistance gene-pool among wildlife animals

Antimicrobial resistance is a serious and escalating threat to global health. This study established a baseline antimicrobial resistance profile and prevalence for cloacal Escherichia coli in chickens in central Tanzania. Animal husbandry practices, flock size, and chicken breed were recorded for risk factor evaluation to elucidate potential drivers of resistance across populations. Cloacal samples were collected from poultry in Iringa, Tanzania, and E. coli isolates cultured were then tested for susceptibility to seven medically important antimicrobial drugs: ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefoxitin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and tetracycline using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Over 94% of the 59 E. coli isolates tested were resistant to at least one antimicrobial drug, and over 61% of isolates were resistant to three or more classes of antimicrobial drugs. The highest prevalence of resistance found was to tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (88% and 86%, respectively), which were used regularly on many sampled chickens. Previous antimicrobial usage emerged as the only significant risk factor associated with increased detection of multi-drug resistant E. coli. Further surveillance and educational outreach about antimicrobial resistance and stewardship is recommended to reduce antimicrobial drug use and to limit the potential spread of resistance to antimicrobial drugs in Tanzania.

Resistance against synthetic antimicrobial agents is one of the major global public health challenges that compel scientists to search for alternatives including those of plants origin. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are bacteria responsible for a variety of infections and diseases that causes significant morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. E. coli is widely distributed in nature and commonly found in lower gastro intestinal tracts of most warm-blooded animals associated with urinary tract infections and enterocolitis in humans and colibacillosis in poultry. This study was carried out to investigate antimicrobial activity of methanolic leaf extracts of Bidens pilosa against S. aureus and E. coli. Agar well diffusion method was used to assess antimicrobial activity of the leaf extracts at 20%, 50% and 70% concentrations respectively based on measured zone of inhibition. The leaf extracts of Bidens pilosa produced significant zone of inhibition indicating its antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The antimicrobial activity was demonstrated in all concentrations however, the highest zone of inhibition (18.5mm and 32mm) for E. coli and S. aureus respectively was at 70% concentration. The results shows that Bidens pilosa leaf extracts have antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria and have the potential for further development including identification of active components that can be tested for treatment of E. coli and S. aureus associated conditions.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global one health issue threatening our ability to treat bacterial infections in humans and animals. Surveillance of AMR is important in order to estimate the size of the problem, to identify targets for measures and to evaluate the effect of implemented measures. The study was conducted to determine how microbiological samples were collected, results interpreted and the number of samples collected for bacterial culture and sensitivity testing; to identify bacteria frequently isolated from milk and avian samples; and to determine the trend of samples submitted for bacterial culture, sensitivity testing and AMR prevalence. A retrospective study was conducted to collect AMR data by extracting information from laboratory logbooks and laboratory information system from 2010-2017. About 90% of samples were submitted by farmers, and then registered into laboratory registration systems at the reception. A total of 4157 samples were collected for bacterial culture, which included 3571 milk samples collected from cows, 555 samples obtained from live or dead chicken, and 31 samples collected from other animal species. Four hundred and thirty (430) samples requested bacterial culture and sensitivity testing, of which 346 (80.5%) were from cow milk samples, 53 (12.3%) from avian samples, and 31 (7.2%) from other animal species. The common bacterial isolates were Micrococcus, E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, and Bacillus species. The use of diagnostics and detection of drug susceptibility is important to support rational use of antibiotics and tracking of AMR.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global one health issue threatening our ability to treat bacterial infections in humans and animals. Surveillance of AMR is important in order to estimate the size of the problem, to identify targets for measures and to evaluate the effect of implemented measures. The study was conducted to determine how microbiological samples were collected, results interpreted and the number of samples collected for bacterial culture and sensitivity testing; to identify bacteria frequently isolated from milk and avian samples; and to determine the trend of samples submitted for bacterial culture, sensitivity testing and AMR prevalence. A retrospective study was conducted to collect AMR data by extracting information from laboratory logbooks and laboratory information system from 2010-2017. About 90% of samples were submitted by farmers, and then registered into laboratory registration systems at the reception. A total of 4157 samples were collected for bacterial culture, which included 3571 milk samples collected from cows, 555 samples obtained from live or dead chicken, and 31 samples collected from other animal species. Four hundred and thirty (430) samples requested bacterial culture and sensitivity testing, of which 346 (80.5%) were from cow milk samples, 53 (12.3%) from avian samples, and 31 (7.2%) from other animal species. The common bacterial isolates were Micrococcus, E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, and Bacillus species. The use of diagnostics and detection of drug susceptibility is important to support rational use of antibiotics and tracking of AMR.

Faeces from 192 ducks feeding around 10 wells and 6 ponds in peri-urban areas of Makurdi town, North-Central Nigeria were randomly sampled during the dry season period of October, 2006 to March, 2007. The samples were cultured for Campylobacter jejuni, followed by characterisation of positive samples. The overall prevalence was 63.5%. Prevalence rates were very high, 61.7% and 66.7% for faeces obtained from the ducks around wells and ponds respectively. The prevalence rate was highest in the month of February, where 80.0% and 83.3% of the faecal samples were positive for wells and ponds, respectively; prevalence rates were lowest (40.0%) in the month of October for wells and 50% for ponds in March. Campylobacter jejuni infection in ducks was highly associated (P = 0.36) with diarrhoea as Campylobacter was isolated from 76.7% of cases with diarrhoea. Water samples from 66.7% of the wells and 83.3% of the ponds were also Campylobacter-positive. The presence of this pathogen in duck faeces and sources of drinking water pose a very serious public health problem. There is therefore a need to intensify public health education and protect the wells and ponds against contamination and pollution.

The goal of this study was to assess if a designed prostaglandin (PGF2α)-protocol when used against natural mating (NM) in well-managed Mpwapwa cattle would improve pregnancy rates during the breeding season. Of the PGF2α oestrus synchronization protocols, a standard 14-day PGF2α protocol accompanied with fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) was tested against NM. Totals of 39 and 49 cows became pregnant in the FTAI and NM groups respectively following completion of the study of 100 cows for each group. Statistically, the difference between the two groups was not significant (P=0.21), even though there was a lower risk of pregnancy in the FTAI group compared to the NM group (unadjusted relative risk: 0.8, 95%CI: 0.58-1.09). The results from this study suggest that PGF2α–based synchronization protocol and FTAI, especially when combined with NM in Mpwapwa breed cattle, can yield better reproductive performance and enhance greater genetic improvement compared to being naturally serviced. Few cows (only 10/100 cows) displayed behavioural oestrus signs after receiving the first PGF2α injection. The poor oestrus response might be due to either ineffective detection of oestrus or cows lacked a responsive corpus luteum (CL) at the time of synchronisation. Therefore, this might reflect a large number of cows to have been in anoestrus. Further investigation on the reproductive status and performance of Mpwapwa cows is needed to identify the effects of anoestrus

Understanding of the larval trematode infections in snail intermediate hosts is essential in designing appropriate control measures. The current study was designed to determine larval trematode infection and seasonal variations in freshwater intermediate host snails Iringa and Arumeru Districts where trematode infections in cattle are endemic. A repeated cross-sectional study was adopted whereby Snails were collected three times a year (dry, early wet and mid wet). The selection of water bodies for sampling was based on random sampling and snails were collected by scooping method. The collected snails were identified based on the published morphological keys. A total of 2,016 snails were collected and 134 (6.6%) were found to be infected with trematode larvae. Six species of snails were identified that were Radix natalensis, Bulinus africanus group snails, Bulinus tropicus group snails, Bulinus forskalli group snails, Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Ceratophallous natalensis. Five morphologically different types of cercariae were identified that included gymnocephalous, amphistomes, mammalian Schistosoma, avian Schistosoma and Xiphidiocercariae. The findings on overall seasonal snail infection rates indicated low rate during the wet season while peak of infections were in the dry and early wet seasons. It is concluded that domesticated ruminants in the study areas are at high risk of getting infected with the trematodes (Fasciola and amphistomes) during dry and early wet seasons. Therefore, deworming of domesticated ruminants with an effective flukicide is recommended at the end of the wet season and followed by a treatment in mid dry season and the last treatment in early wet season.

A total of 416 sheep and 624 goats under different management systems in peri-urban areas of Makurdi were examined for ectoparasite infestations for a period of 6 months, October to March 2004. Ninety one (21.9%) sheep and 149 (23.9%) goats were infested with various types of ectoparasites. Ectoparasites identified, and the number of sheep infested were ticks 37 (40.7%), fleas 20 (22.0%), lice 18 (19.8%) and mites 16 (17.6%). For goats, they were ticks 47 (31.5%), fleas 34 (22.8%), lice 39 (26.2%) and mites 29 (19.5%). The commonest species of ticks observed were, Rhipicephalus evertsi and Amblyomma variegatum while the commonest of mites was Psoroptes communis. Lignognathus species and Bovicola species were the lice observed, and the fleas was Ctenocephalidis felis. The level of infestation was highest in extensive (27.0%) and lowest in intensive (7.2%) systems of management. The possibility of transmission of arthropod borne pathogens to humans is high considering the common co-habitation of the animals and man. Routine and strategic control measures should be factored into production to increase profit and health.

Attainment of optimal health calls for collaboration between animals, humans, and environmental health professionals together with understanding the consequences of animals, humans, and environment interactions on health. In cognizant of this, the government in Tanzania introduced One Health Strategic Plan (2015–2020), little is empirically known on how this plan has facilitated the enhancement of knowledge, awareness, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) under One Health Approach (OHA). This article analyses KAPs under OHA from a cross-sectional study conducted in Morogoro, Tanzania. Data were collected by a questionnaire from 1440 respondents obtained through a multistage sampling procedure, 80 Focus Group discussions (FGDs) participants and 16 key informant interviewees. IBM-SPSS v.20 analysed quantitative data while qualitative data were organised into themes on specific objectives. Results revealed that only 32.3% (95% CI:30.3 to 35.3) had adequate OH knowledge. Only 5% (95% CI:4.0 to 6.1) were aware of OHA concept and practices; 3.8% (CI 95%, 2.8 to 4.8) managed to identify collaborative efforts and strategies, and 2.5% (CI 95%, 1.7 to 3.4) correctly explained/ described OHA. Whereas, 38.5% (95% CI:32.6 to 37.5) had a positive (favourable) attitude towards OHA. Despite the efforts outlined in the OH Strategic Plan to promote OHA, there is little awareness and knowledge on OHA. This indicates that the One Health Strategic Plan (2015–2020) and other initiatives have not significantly facilitated the enhancement of KAPs. This study recommends strengthening efforts towards OHA information dissemination to enhance awareness and knowledge on the concept and practices.

Fish provide important protein to human population. The procedures to preserve and maintain quality of fish from fishing until consumption can play a role in contamination with pathogens. Consumption of contaminated sea food products such as fish may lead to food poisoning. Knowledge about the spectrum of fish bacterial contaminants may assist in prevention of contamination and control food poisoning incidences. The present study aimed at characterizing and estimating prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in fresh Indian Mackerel Fish (Rastrelliger kanagurta) from landing sites in Unguja Island. A total of 400 Indian Mackerel Fish were collected from landing sites in Unguja Island and from each fish two samples, skin swab and muscle, were collected. The primary culture was obtained from Mannitol salt agar, Nutrient and Blood agar followed by Gram staining, catalase coagulase tests. PCR targeting 16S rRNA, nuc, mecA, pvl, spa and enterotoxin genes was run to genetically characterize isolates and identify S. aureus. The result indicates that there was growth of bacteria in 359 (89.75%) fish skin swabs and 102 (25.5%) in fish muscle samples. Based on biochemical tests, 27 isolates (6.75%) were confirmed to be Staphylococcus bacteria. Of the 27 isolates, seven (1.75%) were confirmed S. aureus based on PCR. All 27 isolates confirmed to be positive in 16Sr RNA gene, two isolates demonstrated mecA gene and one had SEB and SEC. Detection of S. aureus in fresh Indian Mackerel Fish at landing sites poses a contamination risk to other critical points along the value chain and threatens public health

Fish provide important protein to human population. The procedures to preserve and maintain quality of fish from fishing until consumption can play a role in contamination with pathogens. Consumption of contaminated sea food products such as fish may lead to food poisoning. Knowledge about the spectrum of fish bacterial contaminants may assist in prevention of contamination and control food poisoning incidences. The present study aimed at characterizing and estimating prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in fresh Indian Mackerel Fish (Rastrelliger kanagurta) from landing sites in Unguja Island. A total of 400 Indian Mackerel Fish were collected from landing sites in Unguja Island and from each fish two samples, skin swab and muscle, were collected. The primary culture was obtained from Mannitol salt agar, Nutrient and Blood agar followed by Gram staining, catalase coagulase tests. PCR targeting 16S rRNA, nuc, mecA, pvl, spa and enterotoxin genes was run to genetically characterize isolates and identify S. aureus. The result indicates that there was growth of bacteria in 359 (89.75%) fish skin swabs and 102 (25.5%) in fish muscle samples. Based on biochemical tests, 27 isolates (6.75%) were confirmed to be Staphylococcus bacteria. Of the 27 isolates, seven (1.75%) were confirmed S. aureus based on PCR. All 27 isolates confirmed to be positive in 16Sr RNA gene, two isolates demonstrated mecA gene and one had SEB and SEC. Detection of S. aureus in fresh Indian Mackerel Fish at landing sites poses a contamination risk to other critical points along the value chain and threatens public health

Avian leukosis is caused by various avian retroviruses which induce a variety of benign and malignant neoplasm in chickens with subsequent economic losses to the poultry industry. A survey of avian leukosis in hatchable eggs of apparently healthy chickens was carried out in an attempt to determine the prevalence of avian leukosis virus (ALV) in exotic breeders and free-range indigenous chickens in Oyo state. A total of 188 (76 exotic breeders and 112 free-range chickens) albumen of hatchable eggs were obtained from 3 different commercial breeder farms and 12 free-range indigenous chicken farms. Eggs were tested by an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Eleven out of the 76 albumen obtained from eggs of exotic breeders tested positive to ALV antigen which represents 14.5% while 37 of the 112 albumen from free-range indigenous eggs were confirmed as positive representing 33%. Overall prevalence rate of 25% was recorded for all eggs sampled with the highest prevalence of ALV antigen detected in free-range indigenous chickens than the exotic chickens. The results emphasizes the control of the Avian Leukosis transmission by including both exotic and free-range indigenous birds as wells as the use of ALV free eggs in hatcheries

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with economic drawbacks worldwide. Livestock wet-markets are known premises for human-animal interaction, livestock products consumption and live animal trades in village setups. However, the contribution of wet-market procedures and the knowledge of stakeholders towards zoonotic diseases are not well documented. The present study assessed the sero-prevalence of brucellosis in on-sale ruminants, knowledge of stakeholders on the disease and practices favoring disease transmission so as to generate evidence-based disease transmission risk at wet-markets. A cross sectional study involved collection of 496 blood samples from cattle, goats and sheep in wet-markets in Maswa district, Tanzania. Sera were harvested and tested for brucellosis using fluorescent polarization assay. Structured questionnaire about the epidemiology and control of brucellosis was administered to 400 wet-market stakeholders. Data were analyzed by computing descriptive statistics. The sero-prevalences of 11.2% (95% CI: 7.6 – 15.8) in cattle, 3.92% (95% CI: 1.1 – 9.7) in sheep and 1.39% (95% CI: 0.2 – 4.9) in goats were recorded. Un-screened ruminants from different herds were mixed during auction. Sold animals moved to different destinations while un-sold ones returned home. Interview results revealed that 91% of respondents had low knowledge about brucellosis. The mean knowledge score on index-summated scale was 18.2%. The results imply that wet markets are a risk epicenter for transmission of brucellosis and stakeholders are not informed about it. It is recommended that wet-markets be brucellosis surveillance points and strategies for brucellosis control should consider an awareness and training package to the community

Street vendors supply large quantities of food at affordable prices in many places especially in developing countries. Street foods are common sources of bacteriological contamination causing food poisoning, diarrhea, cholera and typhoid fever. This study analyzed the bacteriological quality of ready-to-eat foods vended in Morogoro Municipal Market. A total of 70 samples from different street foods were randomly collected from different vendors and transported in cool boxes to the laboratory for bacteriological analysis. Standard microbiological methods were used for isolation, enumeration and identification of bacteria. Additional information regarding food preparation, storage and handling practices observed by vendors was noted to correlate with the extent of bacterial contamination. Majority (67.1%) of the ready to eat foods were contaminated with bacteria. Vegetable salads and Potato fries showed highest bacterial contamination rates (78.6%). Escherichia coli (49.2%) was the major isolate in all food types. Other bacteria isolated were Bacillus cereus (19.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.8%) and Salmonella spp. (1.6%). E. coli was resistant to some antimicrobials (carbenicilin, clindamycin and tetracycline). High levels of bacterial contamination were associated with poor hygiene of vendors, unsafe food handling practices and use of contaminated water in food preparation. Although the presence of the microorganisms is not necessarily a threat to human health, the fact that some microorganisms were resistant to some antibiotics is of concern. Provision of sanitation and hygiene education to vendors and regulations for implementation of good hygienic practices can improve quality of street foods

Street vendors supply large quantities of food at affordable prices in many places especially in developing countries. Street foods are common sources of bacteriological contamination causing food poisoning, diarrhea, cholera and typhoid fever. This study analyzed the bacteriological quality of ready-to-eat foods vended in Morogoro Municipal Market. A total of 70 samples from different street foods were randomly collected from different vendors and transported in cool boxes to the laboratory for bacteriological analysis. Standard microbiological methods were used for isolation, enumeration and identification of bacteria. Additional information regarding food preparation, storage and handling practices observed by vendors was noted to correlate with the extent of bacterial contamination. Majority (67.1%) of the ready to eat foods were contaminated with bacteria. Vegetable salads and Potato fries showed highest bacterial contamination rates (78.6%). Escherichia coli (49.2%) was the major isolate in all food types. Other bacteria isolated were Bacillus cereus (19.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.8%) and Salmonella spp. (1.6%). E. coli was resistant to some antimicrobials (carbenicilin, clindamycin and tetracycline). High levels of bacterial contamination were associated with poor hygiene of vendors, unsafe food handling practices and use of contaminated water in food preparation. Although the presence of the microorganisms is not necessarily a threat to human health, the fact that some microorganisms were resistant to some antibiotics is of concern. Provision of sanitation and hygiene education to vendors and regulations for implementation of good hygienic practices can improve quality of street foods

Urban vegetable farming is popular in Tanzania and other countries partly due to readily available market and reliable transport to reach consumers. River banks are usually used to grow such vegetables due to closer proximity to water and whenever necessary use such water for irrigation. However in urban settings river water pollution by toxic heavy metals and subsequent accumulation of the metals in nearby grown vegetables has been reported as among major sources of exposure to humans and animals. Heavy metals, including lead (Pb) have many health effects to human and animals ranging from acute to chronic illnesses. This study was conducted to assess the occurrence of lead in Morogoro river and in edible vegetables (Amaranthus retroflexus) grown along the river bank. Water and vegetable samples collected during dry and rainy seasons were prepared and analysed for occurrence and levels of lead using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). It was found that concentration of Lead in the water and vegetable samples were up to 0.95 mg/L, and 0.026 mg/Kg respectively. It was also found that 77% of the water samples and 28% of the vegetable samples had lead levels above the WHO recommendations. The frequency and levels of lead occurrence varied with topographical, diurnal and seasonal characteristics of sample collection. The results of this study raise concerns on the use of water for human and animal consumption from rivers which run across urban areas and call for further studies to investigate for any health consequences to consumers

Urban vegetable farming is popular in Tanzania and other countries partly due to readily available market and reliable transport to reach consumers. River banks are usually used to grow such vegetables due to closer proximity to water and whenever necessary use such water for irrigation. However in urban settings river water pollution by toxic heavy metals and subsequent accumulation of the metals in nearby grown vegetables has been reported as among major sources of exposure to humans and animals. Heavy metals, including lead (Pb) have many health effects to human and animals ranging from acute to chronic illnesses. This study was conducted to assess the occurrence of lead in Morogoro river and in edible vegetables (Amaranthus retroflexus) grown along the river bank. Water and vegetable samples collected during dry and rainy seasons were prepared and analysed for occurrence and levels of lead using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). It was found that concentration of Lead in the water and vegetable samples were up to 0.95 mg/L, and 0.026 mg/Kg respectively. It was also found that 77% of the water samples and 28% of the vegetable samples had lead levels above the WHO recommendations. The frequency and levels of lead occurrence varied with topographical, diurnal and seasonal characteristics of sample collection. The results of this study raise concerns on the use of water for human and animal consumption from rivers which run across urban areas and call for further studies to investigate for any health consequences to consumers

A ten-year (1997 – 2006) retrospective and one-year (2007) cross-sectional study of bovine cysticercosis in Makurdi were conducted using abattoir slaughter records, participatory meat inspection and interviews of abattoir workers. The incidence rates, sex and age of the animals infected and visceral organs affected were determined. The consumption pattern was also determined. The overall incidence rates were 0.7% (n = 53,769) and 9.2% (n = 4,212) for retrospective and cross-sectional studies respectively. In the retrospective study, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the age specific incidence rates. For the cross-sectional study, slaughtered cattle, 3 – 5 years and 8 years and above, were mostly affected. Sex specific incidence rates obtained in both studies did not differ significantly (P>0.05). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the monthly incidences for the retrospective study. Multiple organs were affected in 47.3% (n = 389) of the carcasses. The high incidence of bovine cysticercosis in Makurdi is of great public health risk to consumers of beef and beef products as 97.3% of people interviewed said they eat beef at one time or the other.

Mpwapwa cattle, a Tanzanian composite dual-purpose breed which was established in 1960s is suitable for medium to low input production systems, but is faced with limited country-wide distribution. The aim of this study was to assess the productive and reproductive performances of Mpwapwa cattle breed and its crosses reared at Tanzania Livestock Research Institute (TALIRI). Retrospective data on age at first calving (AFC), calving interval (CI), pregnancy percentage (PP), lactation length (LL), average milk yield per day (AMYD) and total lactation milk yield (TLMY) obtained from 295 cows with the total of 885 lactations during five consecutive years (2015-2019) were analyzed. Overall mean of AFC, CI, PP, LL, AMYD and TLMY were 38.5±5.9 months, 19.92±5.64 months, 29.1%±14.4%, 237.72±71.20 days, 2.65±1.12 liters and 667.18±397.11 liters, respectively. The results of AFC, CI, LL and TLMY showed significance difference (p < 0.05) between Mpwapwa breed cattle and its crosses except for PP which did not show significance difference (p > 0.05). The results shows that reproductive and productive performance of Mpwapwa breed cattle and its crossbred cows was lower compared to the breeding goal of this breed. Therefore, it is recommended to investigate factors required to improve reproductive and productive performances to meet the intended objectives of establishing Mpwapwa Breed

The study was carried out as part of efforts to improve the performance of the Nigerian indigenous chicken and improve potentials of indigenous broiler strains to provide higher quality of meat at a reduced cost. The study compared the growth and feeding traits of three different chicken crossbreds with the generated lines of Improved Nigerian indigenous broiler (FUNAAB-Alpha) using the Arbor Acre broiler as the experimental control. Males of three broiler breeds types (Kuroiler, Sasso and Arbo Acre) were mated with a total of 120 improved Nigerian indigenous pullets (FUNAAB-Alpha) to generate 360 crossbred broilers. 120 each of Arbor Acre and FUNAAB-Alpha improved line were also reared in a separate pen for comparison. Growth performance, feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency of all the chicken breeds were recorded for 8 weeks and compared. Two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for the analysis with consideration of the effect of breeds, sex and its interaction. The results revealed a significant (P < 0.05) influence of the breeds on the traits across all ages. FUNAAB-Alpha broiler consumed the least quantity of feed/bird/day followed by the Sasso-FUNAAB-Alpha crossbred throughout the period of the experiment. However, Sasso-FUNAAB-Alpha chicken had the highest mean value for body weight and other linear body parameters among the crossbreds. Despite of the improvements achieved in FUNAAB-Alpha crosses, there is a need for further analysis and research in order to achieve the maximum potential of the improved broiler strain

The role of trade cattle in the transmission of brucellosis was evaluated by determining the prevalence of Brucella antibodies in the traditional herd and in trade cattle. Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), and serum agglutination test (SAT) were used to assay 162 and 56 serum samples collected from traditional herds and trade stock respectively. Results showed that RBPT detected 17.9% [95% (CI 17.4 to 18.4)] and SAT (10.5%) [95% (CI 10.1 to 10.8)] Brucella abortus seropositive cattle in the traditional herds. Based on SAT, the seropositivity was significantly higher in adult cattle (14.3%) [95% (CI 13,5 to 15.1)] than in young cattle (5.1%) [95% (CI 4.5 to 5.7)] (p<0.05). About 21% (n=56) of the cows in the trade stock were Brucella seropositive. This was significantly higher than in the traditional herd (p<0.05). Assessment of risk and awareness of livestock keepers and tradesmen on brucellosis was done by interviewing 123 livestock keepers and 37 tradesmen. Awareness of livestock owners on clinical signs, transmission and control methods for brucellosis was, 72.4%, 42.3% and 20.3% respectively. Abortions (48%) and poor disposal of foetal membranes and aborted foetuses (62%) were the risk factors for transmission of brucellosis among and between the traditional herds. Culling criteria based on poor fertility, lack of health certification, destination and fate of animals were the possible risk factors for the transmission of brucellosis by trade cattle. Low awareness on the zoonotic nature of brucellosis (21%) and consumption of raw milk in 13.8% of the families were the risk factors for the transmission of the disease to livestock keepers. It was concluded that the seroprevalence of brucellosis in trade stock in Karagwe district is high and hence the risk of its transmission through trade animals. Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 25 (1) 2008: pp. 48-59

Bulls are keys to fertility and genetic improvement of the total herd. Spermatozoa quality is among of major components for evaluation of bulls to be used as breeding bulls. This study was therefore carried out to determine the prevalence of spermatozoa defects in Tanzania shorthorn breeding bulls, and to determine if the defects vary with scrotal circumference (SC), age and testicular pathology. Age was determined by dentition and SC measured by using standard scrotal metal. Sperm cells were collected by epididymal aspiration procedure and stained with Carbol-fuchsin. One hundred spermatozoa were counted per slide and each classified into normal or abnormal. Three testicular samples were taken after slaughter and processed for histological examination by staining with hemotoxylin and eosin. Forty sections of seminiferous tubules per section were evaluated and classified into either normal or abnormal. After examinations, 169 and 134 bulls were classified as satisfactory (normal) and unsatisfactory (abnormal) breeders, respectively. The mean SC (in centimeters) and percentages spermatozoa defects in normal and abnormal bulls were 28.9±2.6 and 15.6±2.5 versus 22.0±3.6 and 39.0±9.1, respectively. Most frequently observed primary spermatozoa defects in normal bulls were Stump-tail, DAG defect and decapitated sperm head while the secondary spermatozoa defects were loose head, bent tail, and proximal and distal cytoplasmic droplets. Bulls with severe testicular lesions had high percentages of spermatozoa defects which increased with severity of testicular abnormalities (P < 0.01). The results confirm the absence of proper criteria for selecting breeding bulls and support the earlier evidence of association between SC, testicular pathology and spermatozoa defects in bulls.

The effect of tick control by strategic dipping in synthetic pyrethroids on growth and survival rates of calves in Eastern Tanzania where Theileria parva and other tick borne infections (babesiosis, anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis) are endemic was measured. One day to five months old Tanganyika short horn zebu (Bos indicus) maintained on pastures were divided in two groups; group 1 (n=1340) were non treated control and group 2 (n=17920) were dipped regularly in pyrethroid acaricides at 14 day intervals. Body weights, mortality and survival rates of calves were determined by portable weighbridge and monitoring. Mean weights of group 1 calves at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months of age were 28.0±1.09, 46.5±2.39, 53.3±2.01, 66.4±2.83 and 83.1±3.89 Kg respectively, growth rate on average being 11.1 Kg/month. Mean body weights of group 2 calves at same ages were 28.0±0.97, 46.0±0.24, 73.0±2.18, 96.7±2.60 and 101.7±2.01 Kg respectively, average growth rate being 14.8 Kg/month. Mortality rate in group 1 calves was 37.5% compared to 2.96% in group 2 calves. It is concluded that tick control increases calf growth and survival rates.

The current study investigated the histology of various thoraco-visceral tissues of 85 dead-in-shell ostrich embryos. The average embryo length was 16.3 cm and weight 734.2 g. The average egg dimensions were: a) Smaller class - 1,560 g weight, 155.1 cm length, and 128.4 cm width; and b) Larger class - 1,592 g weight, 156.1 cm length, and 129.5 cm width. There were visible numerous lymphocytic infiltrations in the kidney cortex. No patho-morphological alterations were observed in the trachea or tongue. The gizzard had lymphocytic infiltrations and myopathy. The heart muscle showed anasarca and myopathy. We suggest a genetic element possibly associated with a nutritional imbalance and a microbial spoilage of eggs that is predisposing to the dead-in-shell embryos on the farm.

Canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) is a neoplasia naturally transmitted in susceptible dogs through coitus. CTVT has a worldwide distribution, with a high prevalence in tropical and sub-tropical urban environments. The study aimed at evaluating CTVT lesions in local breeds of dogs and to assess morphological changes based on sex before and after administration of vincristine sulphate. Clinical and gross morphology, fine needle aspirates cytology (FNAC) and routine histopathology methods were used. Two FNAC and histopathological microscopic slide sections from each of the seven sampled dogs were stained with Giemsa stain and Hematoxylin and Eosin. All dogs were treated with vincristine once weekly over a six weeks period after which clinical morphological and histopathological changes were assessed. Grossly, before treatment the tumour masses appeared irregular, cauliflower like with tendency to bleed, sizes ranged from ≥5cm to ≤2cm with or without metastasis to regional lymph nodes. Cytologically, the tumours had homogenous, sheet-like cellular mass. Cytoplasm with punctate vacuoles, anisokaryosis with anisonucleoliosis and coarse to reticulate nuclear chromatin were seen. Lymphocytoid cell pattern was dominant cell type. Histopathology showed sheets of round cells with nuclear and cytoplasmic variations. Histopathology of the treated dog revealed hyper-cellularity, absence of nucleoli, prominent mitotic figures, reduced cell size and presence of inflammatory cells. There was no difference on the cellular changes after vincristine treatment between female and male dogs. Cytology and histopathology showed that vincristine sulphate suppresses the development of tumour through alteration of cellular morphology with no difference between male and female dogs.

A seven-year-old female mongrel dog was presented at the Sokoine University of Agriculture Teaching Animal Hospital for second opinion regarding a progressive swelling of the right hind limb of two months duration. Clinical examination revealed a loss of body condition, tachypnea and tachycardia, a painful immobile solid mass of 20 cm x 14 cm x 10 cm located on the right stifle joint, leucocytosis, and anaemia. Radiographic examination of the joint revealed marked soft tissue swelling with amorphous areas of mineralization and complete destruction of the proximal tibia. Smooth and solid periosteal reaction was seen around the tibia and fibula with a Codman’s triangle. Multiple nodules and a mass with soft tissue opacity were seen in the lung fields. Post-mortem examination revealed separation of tibia and fibula, softening of the proximal parts of the tibia, and complete integration of the proximal region of the two bones and articular tissues into the surrounding muscular tissues. Multifocal nodular lesions of variable sizes were mostly found in the lungs and partly in the liver. Histologically, predominantly oval and round cells with variable nuclear sizes and moderate mitoses were observed in tissue samples from the joint, lungs and the liver although some parts of the lung metastases showed both round and spindle shaped tumor cells. Clinical profile is suggestive of aggressive biphasic (spindle and epithelial) type of synovial cell sarcoma with lung and liver metastasis. Early radiographic and biopsy examination of persistent musculoskeletal nodules is recommended for early diagnosis and interventions.

Theileriosis, in particular East Coast Fever, remains to be a challenge to herdsmen in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa. Its treatment cost is unbearable to majority of rural poor keepers who have subsequently opted for alternatives. Some herdsmen have developed a practice of heat application to parotid and prescapular lymph nodes of cattle with theileriosis to treat the disorder. The approach has been beneficial from time immemorial. Although the actual mechanism of this approach remains enigmatic, it might be linked with the protective role of heat shock response observed in several conditions. This prompts for closer look into the possible protective mechanisms of heat shock response against theileriosis. By gaining insight into how the heat shock response protects hosts against infections and its potential to protect cattle against theileriosis, therapeutic approaches to combat theileriosis could be improved. This work therefore, explores the cellular events triggered by Theileria parasite in the host cell as well as the possible sites at which heat shock response interferes to prevent establishment of the parasite and development of clinical theileriosis. It is concluded that the heat shock response is beneficial to animals against theileriosis. This concept can serve as a prelude to new therapeutic approaches against theileriosis.

On-farm survey and characterization of Tarime zebu cattle was carried out to describe their phenotypic characteristics, reproductive performance and adaptive qualities. Data on physical characteristics were collected through onsite observation of 626 animals. Data on reproductive and lactation performances were collected through individual interview of 120 farmers from six villages using a structured questionnaire. Body measurements (body weight, wither height, body length and heart girth) were obtained by measuring 84 animals. The coat colour of most animals was brown (14.2%), fawn (13.4%) or brown mixed with other colours (21.4%). In most animals muzzles were brown (71.4%), hooves were grey (73.8%), naval flap was either absent (69%) or small (28.6%) and the dewlap was medium in size (83.3%). The majority of Tarime zebu cattle had small udder size (92.3%), small front quarter size (61.5%) and medium sized teats (80.8%). The estimated average live weights of mature cattle were 292 ± 32, 319 ± 35 and 249 ±.23 kg for entire males, castrates and females, respectively. Average age at first calving and calving interval were 4.3 ± 3.3 years and 17.6 ± 5.1 months, respectively. Average lactation length was 8.2 ± 2.3 months and average daily milk yield for the whole lactation period was 1.4 ± 0.6 litres. Most farmers reported that Tarime zebu cattle were tolerant to diseases (80.5%) and drought (75.8%), had good grazing ability (34.2%) and were better draught animals (24.2%). It is concluded that Tarime zebu cattle are preferred to pure and crossbred dairy breeds because of their ability to withstand diseases and adverse environmental conditions. Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 25 (1) 2008: pp. 60-74

A six-month old, 24 kg, intact male Caucasian Shepherd crossbred dog was presented at the Sokoine University of Agriculture Teaching Animal Hospital with a history of difficulty standing and walking, and bilateral swelling of the distal antebrachial and crural metaphyeal region. The owner also reported prior calcium supplementation in form of dietary tablets. Upon physical examination; the animal was lethargic with fever, bilateral ocular discharge, tachypnea and reduced appetite. Hard painful bilateral swelling of the distal antebrachial and crural metaphyseal region was observed. Differential cell count showed neutrophilia and monocytosis. Sclerosis and paracortical cuffing of the distal antebrachial and crural metaphyseal region were seen on radiographic examination. Similar changes were also visualised in the proximal crural metaphyseal region. Further, cranial bowing of the radius with lateral deviation of the foot (carpal valgus) were also observed. Metaphyseal osteopathy was diagnosed based on the history, clinical and radiographic findings. The exact cause of metaphyseal osteopathy is unknown, however there have been reports linking it to breed predisposition and mineral over supplementation. Administration of corticosteroids and supportive care are recommended in dogs with metaphyseal osteopathy. However, a bony change that is paracortical cuffing requires several months for resorption.

A 10-year (1994-2003) retrospective study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of clinical cases due to intestinal helminths in dogs treated at Sokoine University of Agriculture Veterinary Clinic, Morogoro, Tanzania. A total of 546 clinical cases of intestinal helminthosis in dogs were examined and these included 295 puppies, 35 juvenile dogs and 216 adult dogs. Bloody diarrhoea, inappetence, emaciation and vomiting were the major clinical signs used in the diagnosis of helminthosis in the reported cases. The diagnosis was confirmed through identification of helminths eggs on the wet faecal smear. The common types of helminths identified were Ancylostomum caninum, Toxocara canis and Dipylidium caninum. A total of 367 cases (67.2%) observed were due to A. caninum and 117 cases (21.4%) were due to concurrent A. caninum and T. canis infestations. Cases due to D. caninum and T. canis were 6.2% and 5.1%, respectively. The findings show that intestinal helminthosis is an important clinical disease of both young and adult dogs in Morogoro. Creation of public awareness on the need of regular deworming of dogs is recommended in order to maintain the health of the dogs and minimize the risk of helminth-borne zoonoses. Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 25 (1) 2008: pp. 24-30

Cerebral coenurosis is a disease of small ruminants which causes economic loss worldwide. Different studies in Tanzania have reported the cause, transmission, signs, prevalence, risk factors and control measures of cerebral coenurosis. Transfer of this research-based information to livestock keepers may influence practicability and efficacy of intervention. The present study aimed at assessing the knowledge levels and control practices of coenurosis by pastoralists in Iringa district. A total of 267 respondents were interviewed on livestock management practices, knowledge, losses and coping strategies of coenurosis. The average knowledge score on coenurosis detection (definition, hosts, signs, and diagnosis, including postmortem) was 90.3%. In contrast, knowledge on infection cycle and control was zero, implying that respondents were completely not informed about etiology, transmission and control of coenurosis. Involvement of dogs in coenurosis cycle was not known to respondents such that they all gave head of sheep and goats to dogs while 82.8% had never dewormed their dogs. About 83% of respondents experienced at least, one cases of coenurosis in the last 12 months. There was no formal coenurosis control program, but heating the head of sick animal with hot iron, selling, slaughter, treatment with antibiotics, or local herbs and doing nothing were the reported management strategies. Lack of knowledge on the cause, transmission and control of cerebral coenurosis may be associated with inappropriate animal management and control of coenurosis in pastoral community in Iringa rural District, including transmission facilitating practices. A coenurosis training package is recommended to farmers before intervention program is instituted.

Lead toxicity poses a big risk to animal and human health worldwide, yet its therapy remains difficult. We investigated the effect of cilantro on lead concentration in rat plasma. Rats received 0.25 ml of lead acetate intraperitoneally at 1.6 mg/ml daily for 16 days followed by or without treatment with 0.6 g of cilantro/rat/day mixed in daily ration for sixteen days. The rats were then sacrificed and blood samples taken to determine the plasma levels of lead, packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts using standard procedures. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF) of cilantro treated group were determined by proximate analysis. We observed that cilantro leaves had 12, 28.6 and 11.6% DM, CP and CF contents respectively. Lead injection caused an increase (p<0.05) in plasma lead levels while cilantro reduced (p<0.05) these levels. The mean of PCV and Hb of cilantro treated rats were higher (p<0.05) compared to the other treatments. RBCs counts were not affected while WBCs counts were higher (p<0.01) in lead injected rats. We conclude that cilantro leaves have a potential of reducing blood lead levels in rats and possibly other animals suspected of lead toxicity.

Tropical pastures are characterised by fast growth and early maturity during the rain seasons and a fall in nutritive value during the dry seasons. Animals should be supplemented with minerals known to be deficient. The bioavailability of common supplements and their possible undesirable effects are hardly known. This study was conducted to determine the effect of zinc supplementation on plasma zinc, calcium and inorganic phosphate in East African local goats. The goats were randomly divided into two groups of 12 each. One group was supplemented with 24 mg/Kg body weight of Zn every other day for six weeks during the rainy and dry season. The unsupplemented group was the control. Blood samples collected from goats in both groups were analysed for plasma Zn, Ca and Pi using standard methods. The concentration of plasma Zn was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Zn supplemented goats than in the control group during rainy and dry seasons. In both groups plasma Zn concentration was above the normal minimum levels of 18 mmol/l, except towards the end of dry seasons. Plasma Ca (1.9 – 3.1 mmol Ca/l) and Pi (1.3 – 1.60 mmol Pi/l) concentrations for Zn-supplemented group were lower during all the sampling days (P <0.05) than for the control group (Ca 2.0 – 3.4 mmol/l and P (1.5 - 1.62 mmol/l) in all seasons. It is concluded that, goats in the study area and probably areas with similar ecological conditions should be supplemented with Zn only when there is evidence of Zn deficiency during prolonged dry seasons.