Springer

Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology

Published by Springer Nature

Online ISSN: 1572-9826

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Print ISSN: 1569-1705

Disciplines: Bioremediation

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Top-read articles

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Annual sewage sludge production and yearly sewage sludge production per capita in selected countries and regions (Australian Water Association 2020; Castellanos-Rozo et al. 2020; Environmental Protection Agency 2022a; Eurostat 2022; Leichman 2017; Liu et al. 2022; Shiota et al. 2015; Singh et al. 2020; Spinosa 2007)
Overview of sewage sludge treatment developed from Tarpani et al. (2020) and Teoh and Li (2020)
Main sources of metals in sewage sludge (Cheng et al. 2022; Chirila et al. 2014; Kesari et al. 2021)
Linear fit results of four metals concentration in anaerobically digested sludge versus that in undigested sludge. The data is from Chipasa (2003)
The speciation pattern of metals in primary and secondary sludge. ¹ Data from Solís et al. (2002); ² Data from Tytla (2019); 3a, 3b Data from two different WWTPs (Tytla et al. 2016); ⁴ Data from (Alvarez et al. 2002)

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Assessing metal contamination and speciation in sewage sludge: implications for soil application and environmental risk

October 2023

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1,491 Reads

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38 Citations

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Ian T. Burke

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Aims and scope


Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology is a prominent journal that provides comprehensive reviews and balanced perspectives in the fields of environmental science and (bio)technology. It covers the latest advancements and synthesizes cutting-edge research, technology, applications, policy, and societal issues. The journal addresses broader topics beyond natural sciences, including education, funding, policy, and intellectual property. It supports the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly focusing on clean water, affordable energy, sustainable industrialization, and sustainable cities.

Recent articles


Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium has a competitive advantage over denitrification under nitrate-limited conditions
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January 2025

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19 Reads

Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) is important for nitrogen retention in ecosystems and is in competition with denitrification. However, denitrification tends to dominate. A high organic carbon content and limited nitrate are the key conditions for DNRA to outcompete denitrification, but the mechanisms for controlling the nitrate fate are not well understood. This review systematically summarizes the processes of and correlation between DNRA and denitrification, with a focus on outlining the characteristics of the active enzymes, including the enzyme structure, substrate affinity, and electron transfer. The competitive advantage of DNRA for electron acceptors are highlighted and discussed from enzymatic and kinetic perspectives. The high electron acquisition of DNRA causes it to dominate nitrate removal under nitrate limitation. Finally, strategies for promoting environmental nitrogen retention through DNRA are proposed, and possible directions for future research are suggested. This review aims to improve understanding of the competitive mechanisms of DNRA and denitrification and to promote the application and development of DNRA as a sustainable nitrogen retention strategy.


Distillers’ grains wastes from different sources
Bioreactor extraction of protein from distillers’ grains
Amino acids in different distillers’ grains and their application potential
Mechanisms of action of antimicrobial peptides
Resource utilization of distillers’ grains after safety assessment
Active ingredients in waste of distillers’ grains and their resource utilization

During the preparation of alcohol from grains, substantial amounts of value-added byproducts, known as distillers' grains, are generated. These byproducts are rich in nutrients, including dietary fiber (hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin), protein, simple sugars (glucose, xylose, and arabinose), minerals, vitamins, and lipids. However, the rapid global expansion of the alcohol industry has resulted in tens of thousands of tons of distillers' grains remaining without appropriate disposal methods. Therefore, it is essential to identify innovative solutions that reintegrate waste and byproducts into the production cycle, thereby yielding high-quality products. In this review, we first summarize the classification, sources, and components of distillers' grains. We then analyze and compare their utilization value and extraction technologies, as well as their development and market status. Additionally, we summarize the categories of active substances found in distillers' grains and assess the current status and potential applications for resource recycling. Ultimately, this review aims to provide insights into the reuse of various active ingredients in different types of distillers' grains, contributing to the reduction of carbon emissions and achieving a balance of economic, environmental, and social benefits worldwide.


Microbial remediation of insensitive munitions compounds and their transformation products: from biodegradation mechanisms to engineered strategies

January 2025

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23 Reads

Insensitive munitions compounds (IMCs), such as 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and nitroguanidine (NQ), are replacing conventional explosives due to their higher detonation temperatures and greater resistance to mechanical shocks, making them safer for handling and storage. IMCs can contaminate the environment through the dissolution of undetonated residues in military training ranges or the discharge of wastewater from IMCs manufacturing. Developing remediation strategies has become imperative, given the toxicity and, in some cases, carcinogenicity of IMCs or their transformation products. Bioremediation offers a cost-effective method to treat IMCs, potentially converting hazardous contaminants into harmless products. Recent years have seen a surge in research focused on various strategies for IMCs bioremediation. Thus, a review becomes imperative to consolidate findings and guide future research in this field. This work aims to provide the first comprehensive guidelines for the microbial remediation of IMCs and their transformation products. It starts by explaining the mechanisms involved in anaerobic biotransformation and aerobic mineralization of IMCs. It then explores different types of bioreactor systems used for treating both individual IMCs and their mixtures. Finally, it provides potential bioremediation approaches for handling wastewater from munitions manufacturing facilities and addressing groundwater and soil contaminated by IMCs. The focus is to support scientists, engineering consultants, and site remediation managers in developing and optimizing effective microbial remediation strategies for IMCs contamination. Graphical abstract


Recent advancements in PFAS adsorptive removal using MOFs and COFs: a review

December 2024

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38 Reads

As an emerging pollutant, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in water and pose a great risk to humans. Adsorption technology is a promising technology for removing PFAS, but efficient adsorbents are still needed. Newly developed nanoporous crystalline materials, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), exhibit significant promise for the adsorptive removal of PFAS pollution, but there is still a lack of relevant reviews. Therefore, this review mainly focused on MOFs and COFs’ adsorption performance and mechanisms towards PFAS. Hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions take part in the process of PFAS adsorption, while ion exchange, hydrogen bonding, and Lewis acid–base complexation are also concluded. The novelty of this work lies in the comparison of MOFs and COFs in terms of PFAS’s adsorptive removal. Future suggestions for the improved utility of MOFs and COFs were also given.


Potential applications of the main lignocellulosic components from bananas, oranges, and guava
Scheme of the xylooligosaccharide production from fruit waste biomass
Schematic representation of MIP/3DnpCu-GCE for xylobiose analysis in hydrolyzed xylan solution from banana pseudostem. Reproduced with permission from (da Silva et al. 2023).
Bioplastic made from citrus pectin (a) and whole orange processing by-products (b)
Exploring fruit waste macromolecules and their derivatives to produce building blocks and materials

December 2024

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49 Reads

Fruit production is a pivotal sector of the human diet and world economy. Oranges, bananas, and guava stand out as some of the most widely produced fruits either for direct consumption or industrial processing. Consequently, an environmental problem arises from the waste disposal generated throughout these fruits’ life cycle. Seeds, bagasse, leaves, peel, and the fruit itself are the main residues found, all lignocellulosic biomasses composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, in addition to pectin as a minor component. Thus, fruit waste biomass has been investigated for obtaining macromolecules and derivatives as building blocks for several value-added applications within the biorefinery/bioenergy field such as xylooligosaccharides, xylan and pectin-based bioplastics, biofuel, biogas, electrochemical sensors, nanocomposites, among others. However, when it comes to lignin from fruit waste, there is an enormous unexplored potential compared to other feedstocks, especially wood and gramineous plants. This review addresses the lignocellulosic composition of orange, banana, and guava fruit waste, pretreatments, and recent applications, to assist and foment future research on waste biomass conversion.


The uptake and in-vivo migration of Hg by plants: a critical review

December 2024

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39 Reads

In the environmental cycle of mercury (Hg), plants link the atmosphere, soil sphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, serving as important sites for Hg transformation and translocation across these domains. The absorption and migration of Hg by plants play a critical role in the natural or environmental cycle of Hg. In this review, we outlined the existing technical methods for studying Hg behaviours involving plants, summarized the uptake pathways of Hg by different plant tissues from the environment, analyzed the transformation processes of Hg in plants and its various migration pathways, and demonstrated the changes in the source-sink relationship of Hg between plants and the environment. Additionally, we highlight knowledge gaps in existing research concerning the mechanisms of Hg transformation processes in plants, the role of marine plants in the environmental cycle of Hg, and the impact of global change on Hg cycle. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current research on the relationship between Hg and plants, facilitating a quick understanding of the research progress and highlighting potential directions for future studies.


Different feedstocks for biochar production
Comparison of soil nutrient leaching with and without biochar amendment
Effects of biochar incorporation on soil’s physicochemical and biological characteristics
The potential of biochar incorporation into agricultural soils to promote sustainable agriculture: insights from soil health, crop productivity, greenhouse gas emission mitigation and feasibility perspectives—a critical review

November 2024

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295 Reads

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3 Citations

Biochar is a carbon-rich material produced through the pyrolysis of organic biomass. Its unique properties make it a versatile asset in agricultural and environmental management. This review paper provides scientific insights into how biochar affects soil’s physical, chemical, and biological properties. It then discusses how these changes can impact crop growth and yield, addressing a key concern for farmers while also considering the potential for biochar to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as carbon dioxide (CO2), Nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4), which is of public interest. Additionally, it examines the costs and benefits associated with biochar use, aiming to guide its adoption and suggest future research directions in agricultural applications. Biochar incorporation improves soil properties by enhancing structure, water retention, aeration, nutrient availability, and microbial activity. Different processes impact the effects of biochar on soil, plants, and agricultural systems, influenced by factors like biochar type, soil type, and application rate. Understanding the interaction of these elements, especially over the long term, is vital for promoting the widespread use of biochar in agriculture. Moreover, assessing the economic benefits and costs of biochar in each region is key to convincing farmers to adopt this practice. Graphical abstract


Schematic presentation of known beetle-microbial interactions of A BBs, ABs and B WBs. BAWBBs are attracted to host tree volatiles, while some host compounds act as A toxins (mainly BBs) and/or pheromone precursors (BBs) (blue waves). A Obligate mycangial fungi (orange box) not only provide nutrition to ABs and some BBs, but may also attract inter-or intraspecific beetles. Beetles also carry other, presumably mostly facultative microbiota (blue box) (e.g. in their gut or on body surface). Although their overall importance, function and fidelity to the beetle are not well understood, they may provide benefit the beetles, as shown with some BBs (blue box). Such microbiota are also found in the beetle galleries (green box) and may participate in detoxification processes, as well as holobiont maintenance by affecting competition dynamics and protection against microbial antagonists. Compounds released by the holobiont may also be detected by antagonist (purple waves). Abiotic and biotic factors, such as host tree microbiota and temperature, may also affect the beetle holobiont by affecting microbial interactions. B In terms of WBs, much less is known about their microbiota, mainly limited to investigation of the formation and maintenance of the pine wilt disease Monochamus sp.—B. xylophilus complex, investigation of beetle’s cellulose degrading gut microbiota, and recently, protective microbiota. (Color figure online)
Schematic presentation of potential methods for management of invasive or outbreaking BAWBBs utilizing the knowledge of beetles and host trees as holobionts. Potential draw-backs or knowledge gabs of each method are marked in purple boxes
Chemical interactions under the bark: bark-, ambrosia-, and wood-boring beetles and their microbial associates

November 2024

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415 Reads

The view of insects and their microbiota as a holobiont is increasingly relevant as globalization and climate change aids the spread of pests to new areas. Examples of such pests include bark, ambrosia, and woodborer beetles (BAWBBs hereafter) that are important natural components of forest ecosystem processes, but may also cause substantial damage in native and invasive ranges. Microbiota has been shown to perform various functions for these beetles, but we are only beginning to reveal the complex chemically mediated interactions among the beetle, the host tree and their microbiota. In this review we a) summarize current knowledge about the influence of beetle ecology in the formation of the holobiont, b) how microbial compounds may function as beetle semiochemicals, and/or contribute to nutrient acquisition, defence, and maintenance of the holobiont, c) the influence of external factors that affect the holobiont, and d) pinpoint open questions and suggest potential methods needing attention in order to utilize this knowledge in of management of invasive or outbreaking BAWBBs.


Biochar: a potential and green adsorbent for antibiotics removal from aqueous solution

November 2024

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104 Reads

Antibiotics like tetracyclines, quinolones, sulfonamides, and β-lactams are commonly used in human and animal health. They have been widely detected in aquatic environments, with concentrations reaching several mg/L. Due to their persistence and resistance to natural degradation, this can lead to severe environmental issues (e.g., resistance genes, resistant bacteria). Consequently, there is an urgent need to remove them from water. Biochar, a porous carbon-based material derived from waste biomass, has been proven effective in removing a wide range of water pollutants (e.g., heavy metals, dyes, persistent organic compounds) due to its favorable physical and chemical properties. Therefore, it has emerged as a promising adsorbent for antibiotics. However, the variability in biochar feedstock (e.g., wood-based biomass, animal manure, aquatic biomass, and municipal solid waste) and the lack of mature modification strategies (e.g., acid/base treatment, oxidation, metal or non-metal doping, and physical methods) pose challenges to its large-scale application. To date, the adsorption efficiency of biochar for antibiotics remains unstable, with removal rates ranging from 40 to 90%. Thus, a timely review of current research progress is crucial. This review summarized the recent advances in biochar modification and its adsorption studies for commonly used antibiotics. The influencing factors, adsorption characteristics and specific adsorption mechanism were comprehensively discussed, and the directions for future research were also proposed. Graphic abstract


Unveiling the evolution of anaerobic membrane bioreactors: applications, fouling issues, and future perspective in wastewater treatment

October 2024

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50 Reads

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1 Citation

Over the past 45 years, anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) technology has transitioned from laboratory-scale research to widespread successful implementation in various wastewater treatment applications, as part of sustainable technology initiatives. Compared to aerobic membrane bioreactor (AeMBR) and conventional anaerobic treatment methods, AnMBR offers numerous well-documented advantages, including efficient reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD), conversion of organic waste into useful biogas, and production of treated effluent with less sludge generation. Nevertheless, employing AnMBR for treating low to moderate strength wastewater, such as domestic and municipal wastewater, continues to pose challenges due to concerns regarding membrane fouling and low bioenergy recovery efficiency. This article features last 11 year’s publication statistics to visualize global research trends covering the historical development of AnMBRs and related areas, emphasizing key innovations and technological milestones that have driven their evolution in reactor configurations. It includes a performance comparison of AnMBRs across different wastewater treatments, presenting a tabulated analysis and critically discussed various performance parameters such as, COD removal efficiency, biogas production, biomass retention, and sludge generation. The discussion also covered the impact of operational and design parameters on AnMBR performance to enhance the depth of analysis. Despite its effectiveness, AnMBR frequently suffers from substantial membrane fouling and low degradation rate. While addressing such issues, this article also explores both conventional and modified approaches, including the use of bioelectrochemical techniques for fouling control and enhanced methane recovery. Finally, this paper highlights a comprehensive overview and identifies potential areas for future research pertaining to the prevailing issues. Graphical abstract



Simplified illustrations of a direct electrochemical oxidation, b indirect electrochemical oxidation, and c electroprecipitation at the anodic surface
a Simplified illustration of a potential bioelectrochemical cell with sulphide oxidation processes and methane production, focusing on the biofilm-forming processes, and b possible anodic and cathodic reactions in BESs. Intermediate steps are not included
Simplified illustration of a combined biogas production plant and BES, modified and customised from Nelabhotla and Dinamarca (2019)
Electrochemical and bioelectrochemical sulphide removal: A review

October 2024

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37 Reads

The increased demand for energy worldwide and the focus on the green shift have raised interest in renewable energy sources such as biogas. During biogas production, sulphide (H2S, HS⁻ and S²⁻) is generated as a byproduct. Due to its corrosive, toxic, odorous, and inhibitory nature, sulphide is problematic in various industrial processes. Therefore, several techniques have been developed to remove sulphide from liquid and gaseous streams, including chemical absorption, chemical dosing, bioscrubbers, and biological oxidation. This review aims to elucidate electrochemical and bioelectrochemical sulphide removal methods, which are gaining increasing interest as possible supplements to existing technologies. In these systems, the sulphide oxidation rate is affected by the reactor design and operational parameters, including electrode materials, anodic potential, pH, temperature and conductivity. Anodic and bioanodic materials are highlighted here, focusing on recent material developments and surface modification techniques. Moreover, the review focuses on sulphide generation and inhibition in biogas production processes and introduces the prospect of removing sulphide and producing methane in one single bioelectrochemical reactor. This could introduce BESs for combined biogas upgrading and cleaning, thereby increasing the methane content and removing pollutants such as sulphide and ammonia in one unit.


Classification of Design of Experiment
The results of the experiment and modelling for the batch test performed at 150 rpm are illustrated: A biomass concentration, B H2 concentration, C predicted H2 liquid concentration, and D predicted H2 supply and uptake rates (Rodero et al. 2024)
Kinetics of specific growth rate using: a various models; b proposed model (Putra and Abasaeed 2018)
Response surface plot for the interaction between factors A, B, and C, A Interaction between Trichoderma koningii and Candida tropicalis; B Interaction between Trichoderma koningii and Aspergillus oryzae; and C Interaction between Aspergillus oryzae and Candida tropicalis (Zhou et al. 2019)
Response surface plot to determine effects of different concentrations of peptone and vinasse on biomass of Candida parapsilosis (dos Reis et al. 2019)
Optimization strategies for enhanced production of single cell protein: recent advances and perspectives

September 2024

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143 Reads

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1 Citation

The increasing demand for protein supplementation in both animal and human nutrition, coupled with the limitations of conventional protein sources, necessitates research into sustainable alternatives. Single-cell proteins (SCPs) are the dried biomass of microorganisms such as algae, yeast, and bacteria that are cultured under controlled conditions. Production of SCP has emerged as a promising solution, offering advantages such as rapid production, minimal land requirement, and adaptability to diverse climatic conditions; however, their large-scale production requires meticulous optimization of entire process of production. Efficient optimization enhances productivity, product quality, and cost-efficiency, making SCP production economically viable, safer and sustainable. Optimization involves standardization of various regulating factors such as temperature, pH, nutrient availability and type, oxygen level, agitation, etc., which requires a large number of experimental trials and a high consumption of resources. To overcome these challenges, optimization of SCP production is increasingly using multivariate statistical techniques, including response surface methodology (RSM), and factorial design. Computer modelling and simulation techniques offer insights into the complex dynamics of production systems. This review discusses popularly followed strategies for optimization of SCP production, beginning with an overview of the fundamentals and significance of SCP. Methods of optimization, including classical methods and RSM, along with integration of mathematical modelling into the Design of Experiment (DoE), are then examined. Case studies have also been discussed to illustrate successful optimization approaches while addressing applications of SCP and, challenges and future directions in SCP optimization/ production. Graphical abstract


Harnessing green tide Ulva biomass for carbon dioxide sequestration

September 2024

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242 Reads

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2 Citations

Green tides, characterised by massive blooms of the seaweed Ulva, pose a significant threat to coastal economies and marine ecosystems. This review explores the potential repurposing of harmful Ulva blooms for carbon sequestration, addressing the critical global issue of CO2 emission. We conducted a comprehensive literature review and examined the conversion of shoreline Ulva biomass into biochar through pyrolysis, a process that can be implemented directly at biorefineries. This approach not only facilitates carbon sequestration but also mitigates greenhouse gas emissions and enhances soil quality through soil amendments. Our review covers data from 2008 to 2022, focusing on the carbon sequestration potential of Ulva during green tide episodes in China and Korea. Our assessment indicates that Ulva biomass has the potential to sequester approximately 3.85 million tons of CO2 equivalent (CO2e), with about 1.93 million tons of CO2e potentially stabilised through biochar conversion. Furthermore, we conducted a hypothetical techno-economic analysis assessing the sustainability and economic viability of Ulva cultivation and biochar production for CO2 sequestration. These findings suggest that the combined biomass and biochar production could be financially viable and profitable. Despite the challenges posed by green tides, our review highlights their potential role in mitigating global climate change.


Schematic diagrams of MFC-based hydroponic nutrient solution treatment systems. A Treatment before discharge in air-breezing MFC; B Combined hydroponic-MFC setup; C Treatment of exudates and nutrients in algae-MFC; D Hydroponic solution treatment in MDC with return of recovered nutrients. Dashed lines show partial return of treated nutrient solution
Schematic diagrams of MEC-based hydroponic nutrient solution treatment systems. A Hydroponic solution treatment before discharge in H2-producing MEC; B Combined hydroponic-MEC setup; C Treatment in flow-through MEC; D Treatment in MEDC. Dashed lines show partial return of treated nutrient solution. PMS denotes power management system
The schematic diagram of bio(electrochemical) sensors application for monitoring hydroponic systems. A Real time hydroponic solution quality monitoring with a biosensor; B Distributed network of biosensors for real time plant growth monitoring
Review of current hydroponic food production practices and the potential role of bioelectrochemical systems

August 2024

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112 Reads

Hydroponic cultivation is an efficient, resource-saving technology that produces high yields of high-quality products per unit area without soil. While this technology can save water and fertilisers, water recirculation increases the accumulation of root exudates known to be toxic to the plant, causing growth inhibition. The usage of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) is well-documented for wastewater treatment, desalination, contamination remediation, bioelectricity generation, etc. In this review we explore the issues associated with the usage of traditional approaches in detecting and removing the phytotoxic substances exudated from plant roots. Furthermore, we investigate the prospects of deploying BESs in hydroponic systems and highlight potential benefits and challenges. The application, feasibility and scalability of BES-hydroponic systems, as well as the possibility of integration with other technologies are all critically discussed. It is concluded that the use of BESs for hydroponic wastewater treatment and for real-time plant growth monitoring represents a novel and valuable strategy. This approach has the potential to overcome limitations of the existing treatment methods and contribute to the advancement of sustainable agriculture. Graphical abstract


Classes of compounds with endocrine disrupting capacity capable of inducing histopathological alterations in earthworms. These alterations represent significant physiological responses to environmental contamination by endocrine-disrupting compounds. The figure has been designed using icons made by Biorender (www.biorender.com)
Classes of compounds with endocrine disrupting capacity capable of inducing alterations on oxidative stress indicators in earthworms. The figure has been designed using icons made by Freepik, Smashicons, Good Ware, monkik, Nes_Kanyanee, Pixelmeetup from www.flaticon.com. BDE-47, 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether; BPA, Bisphenol A; BPS, bisphenol S; BBP, butyl benzyl phthalate; DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; DIBP, diisobutyl phthalate; DINP, diisononyl phthalate, DMP, dimethyl phthalate, DBP, di-n-butyl phthalate; DNOP, di-n-octyl phthalate
Classes of compounds with endocrine disrupting capacity capable of inducing DNA damage in earthworms. The figure has been designed using icons made by Freepik, Smashicons, Good Ware, monkik, Nes_Kanyanee, Pixelmeetup from www.flaticon.com. BPA, Bisphenol A; BPS, bisphenol S; BBP, butyl benzyl phthalate; DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; DIBP, diisobutyl phthalate; DINP, diisononyl phthalate, DMP, dimethyl phthalate, DBP, di-n-butyl phthalate, DNOP, di-n-octyl phthalate; PCB, polychlorinated biphenyls; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonate; PFOA, perfluorooctanoic acid
Classes of compounds with endocrine disrupting capacity capable of inducing molecular alterations in earthworms. The figure has been designed using icons made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Do endocrine disrupting compounds impact earthworms? A comprehensive evidence review

August 2024

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146 Reads

Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) are ubiquitous in soil, posing serious risks to soil biota, especially earthworms, which have been found to be affected by these compounds, despite not being their typical target organisms. Earthworms are essential for sustaining soil health and quality, by promoting soil aeration, organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling, among other functions. This review synthesizes available literature evidencing the negative impact of EDC exposure, through traditional endocrine pathways and other toxicological mechanisms, on histopathological, biochemical, molecular and reproductive endpoints of earthworms. The compounds described, in the consulted literature, to induce histopathological, biochemical, genotoxicity and molecular and reproductive alterations include antibiotics, antimicrobial additives, flame retardants, fragrances, fungicides, herbicides, hormones, inorganic ions, insecticides, organic UV filters, parabens, perfluoroalkyl substances, pesticides, petroleum derivatives, plasticizers and polychlorinated biphenyls. These compounds reach soil through direct application or via contaminated organic amendments and water derived from potentially polluted sources. The findings gather in the present review highlight the vulnerability of earthworms to a broad spectrum of chemicals with endocrine disrupting capacity. Additionally, these studies emphasize the physiological disruptions caused by EDC exposure, underscoring the critical need to protect biodiversity, including earthworms, to ensure soil quality and ecosystem sustainability. Ongoing research has provided insights into molecular mechanisms responsive to EDCs in earthworms, including the identification of putative hormone receptors that exhibit functional similarity to those present in vertebrates. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the impact of EDCs in earthworms, especially through non-hormonal mediated pathways, and addresses the need for strong regulatory frameworks to mitigate the detrimental effects of EDCs on soil invertebrates in order to safeguard soil ecosystems. Graphical abstract


Biological strategies for Bisphenol A degradation: mechanisms and pathways

August 2024

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141 Reads

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2 Citations

Bisphenol A (BPA) has been extensively applied for the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, which has gained increasing attention due to its ubiquitous presence and adverse effect on ecosystems and human health. Various biological strategies (such as BPA biodegradation by bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants) have been developed to address BPA contamination issue. This review systematically summarized and analyzed recent advances in biological methods for BPA degradation, including bacterial, fungal, algal, and plants, highlighting the efficiency and mechanisms of BPA degradation. By analyzing the common intermediates of BPA biodegradation by bacteria, fungi, algae and plants reported in previous studies, the typical biodegradation pathways were proposed. The review further addressed the contentious topic of anaerobic BPA degradation, noting the scarcity of definitive evidence endorsing this process. Further, the common enzymes and typical enzymatic reactions involved in the biodegradation process of BPA were summarized. This review will deepen the understanding of BPA biodegradation, leading to the discovery of more efficient microorganisms and highly effective enzymatic catalysts for remediating BPA contamination. Graphical abstract


Cassava waste as an animal feed treatment: past and future

August 2024

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522 Reads

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4 Citations

In many countries, scientists have developed techniques and processing methods to minimize animal feed waste and costs. The agricultural waste from each part of the cassava plant is rich in macronutrients, essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, making it a potential candidate to be used as animal feed. However, the significant content of anti-nutritional properties in cassava, which are linked with the indigestibility of the animal, led to controversy regarding the strategy to use cassava as highly commercialized animal feed. Among the anti-nutritional compounds found in cassava waste, cyanide was found to have the most negative effect on the animals upon feed consumption. Therefore, several strategies to maintain the homeostasis of nutrient and non-nutrient compounds improved the production and commercialization of cassava waste-based animal feed. Physical pretreatment, microbial pretreatment, and fermentation significantly reduced the cyanide content in the cassava waste. In terms of fermentation, solid-state fermentation of moist, solid, non-soluble organic material acts as a nutrient and energy source. Factors such as moisture content, particle size, temperature, pH, media composition, choice of microbial inoculum, and inoculum density were important to increase protein content, improve digestibility, amino acids, enzymes, and vitamins. The impact of using cassava waste as animal feed replacement was significant on the digestibility, growth performance, and changes in blood parameters of the animals. Despite the challenges in nutrient content and biological action, the accessibility and availability of cassava in different geographical areas also pose significant challenges. Therefore, applying technological advancements, particularly in enhancing the nutritional content and biological mechanisms, is important, with the implementation of advanced research and collaboration with industries and other stakeholders. Graphical abstract


A critical review of biochar versus hydrochar and their application for H2S removal from biogas

August 2024

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136 Reads

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2 Citations

Biogas contains significant quantities of undesirable and toxic compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), posing severe concerns when used in energy production-related applications. Therefore, biogas needs to be upgraded by removing H2S to increase their bioenergy application attractiveness and lower negative environmental impacts. Commercially available biogas upgradation processes can be expensive for small and medium-scale biogas production plants, such as wastewater treatment facilities via anaerobic digestion process. In addition, an all-inclusive review detailing a comparison of biochar and hydrochar for H2S removal is currently unavailable. Therefore, the current study aimed to critically and systematically review the application of biochar/hydrochar for H2S removal from biogas. To achieve this, the first part of the review critically discussed the production technologies and properties of biochar vs. hydrochar. In addition, exisiting technologies for H2S removal and adsorption mechanisms, namely physical adsorption, reactive adsorption, and chemisorption, responsible for H2S removal with char materials were discussed. Also, the factors, including feedstock type, activation strategies, reaction temperature, moisture content, and other process parameters that could influence the adsorption behaviour are critically summarised. Finally, synergy and trade-offs between char and biogas production sectors and the techno-economic feasibility of using char for the adsorption of H2S are presented. Biochar’s excellent structural properties coupled with alkaline pH and high metal content, facilitate physisorption and chemisorption as pathways for H2S removal. In the case of hydrochar, H2S removal occurs mainly via chemisorption, which can be attributed to well-preserved surface functional groups. Challenges of using biochar/hydrochar as commercial adsorbents for H2S removal from biogas stream were highlighted and perspectives for future research were provided. Graphical abstract


Mangrove-associated microbes (epiphytes, endophytes, rhizosphere, and soil microbes) with plant growth-promoting and biofilm-forming potential show more effect on nutrient cycles, protect against pathogens, and deal with abiotic stressors. The tripartite interaction between mangrove plant soil and microbes adds to its overall resilience and environmental importance
The relationship between mangrove soil and PGPMs helps mangrove plants grow. This intricate web of connections includes rhizodeposition, root exudates, and microbial activity, all contributing to enhanced plant growth and productivity
Roles of PGPMs in the mangrove ecosystems for nitrogen fixation, nutrient solubilization, and mineral uptake. PGPMs directly increase nutrient availability and phytohormone production. They indirectly improve plant health by strengthening the immune system, mitigating salinity, and preventing pathogens
Carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycle in the mangrove forests through a complex web of interactions involving PGPMs. The C cycle pathway (the black arrows) shows how mangrove vegetation sequesters atmospheric carbon and releases it into the soil as organic matter. PGPMs help in decomposing the organic matter, respiring carbon, and enriching the soil with nutrients. N cycle pathway (the blue arrows) shows where PGPMs the atmospheric nitrogen fixing by PGPMs for mangrove plants. They aid nutrient recycling by decomposing organic nitrogen compounds. Green arrows indicate the solubilization of soil minerals by PGPMs to make phosphorus (P) available to mangrove plants. PGPMs efficiently cycle nutrients, maintaining mangrove ecosystem health and productivity and contributing to global biogeochemical cycles
Microbial biofilm formation on plant surfaces promotes nutrient uptake, releases growth-promoting substances, reduces abiotic and biotic stress, suppresses plant pathogens, detoxifies soil contaminants, and increases nutrient availability. This comprehensive microbial support improves plant health, vigor, and resistance, boosting plant growth for sustainable and productive mangrove ecosystems
Potential of plant growth-promoting microbes for improving plant and soil health for biotic and abiotic stress management in mangrove vegetation

August 2024

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436 Reads

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1 Citation

The mangrove ecosystem is a sensitive and highly productive ecosystem in the sea-land transition zone. Mangroves are almost saturated with marine ecosystems and provide ecological services and the organisms of the mangrove ecosystem are adapted to the dynamic conditions of the intertidal zone. For global sustainability, anthropogenic activities that destroy mangrove ecosystems must be reduced, and effective management is needed to mitigate these threats to improve mangrove health and ecosystem services. Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs), which include growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) such as Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Clostridium, Enterobacter, Flavobacterium, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium, plant growth promoting actinobacteria (PGPA) Actinophytocola, Nocardiopsis, Pseudonocardia, and Streptomyces, plant growth promoting fungi (PGPF) Aspergillus, Fusarium, Gliocladium, Humicola, Penicillium, Phoma, and Trichoderma and plant growth promoting cyanobacteria (PGPC) like Anabaena, Aphanothece, Calothrix, Lyngbya, Microcoleus, Nostoc, and Oscillatoria help the mangrove plants to acquire nutrients, produce growth-promoting substances, and resist stress. In addition, PGPMs promote nutrient cycling, leaf litter degradation, organic and inorganic pollutant remediation, pathogen inhibition, and enhance soil stabilization. The biofilm formed by PGPMs increases physical, chemical, and biological stress resistance, and the associated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) stabilize the soil. This complex and highly structured microbial community is essential to plant and soil health. The primary goal of this review is to explore the ecological interactions between microbes, mangrove plants, and the intertidal environment, focusing on implementing PGPM-based strategies to sustain mangrove ecosystems. Additionally, this review explores how PGPMs enhance plant and soil health, mitigate stress in mangrove vegetation, and improve ecosystem services.


Factors affecting plastic disintegration and common areas of micro-/nano-plastics (M/NPs) contamination
Common polymers of micro-/nano-plastics (M/NPs) identified using different optical probes and detection techniques
a Gold nanoparticle – peptide sensor (Behera et al. 2023), b Ag@TiO2 sensor for hand-held refractometer (Li et al. 2024), – c Fluorescence pulse based sensor (Pizzoferrato et al. 2023) d Speckle patterns based sensor (Asamoah et al. 2019)
Optical detection probes and sensors for micro-/nano-plastics

August 2024

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97 Reads

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2 Citations

Plastics and other polymer-based compounds are inevitable in our day-to-day life starting from packaging to consumer goods. Awareness about recycling plastics is all known; however, it is not sufficient to contain their negative effects on the environment and health. Disintegration products of plastic called micro- and nano-plastics (M/NPs) are increasingly found in food and environmental samples, which are considered to be an invisible threat with greater impact. Yet, there are no comprehensive regulations to monitor the M/NPs in food and water samples. Considering their harmful effects, there is a need for appropriate detection techniques to effectively identify and quantify the M/NPs in food and environment. Conventional techniques such as the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy are expensive, require lab and labor, and are not suitable for on-field real-time monitoring. Optical detection techniques using various probes and sensors have been extensively used in the fields of bioimaging, biosensing, molecular fingerprinting etc. Recent research suggests that these probes and sensors are effective in detecting and quantifying the M/NPs. In this regard, the distinctive features of visual, colorimetric and plasmonic detection techniques have proved their high-end applicability. Most of these detectors are based on the principles of fluorescence, localized surface plasmon resonance, colorimetry, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and speckle pattern analysis. This review discusses the recent advancements in the field of optical detection for M/NPs, summarizing its advantages, salient features, drawbacks, and ideas for future research.


Global distribution of arable and non-arable lands with reference to utilization for various food, feed, and feedstock sectors (Prăvălie et al. 2021)
Impact of salinity on metabolic pathways of algae to enhance lipid biosynthesis. (1) Salinity stress downregulates PSII and PSI and disrupts the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) of chloroplast by reducing ATP and increasing NADPH production (mainly due to upregulated alanine transaminase and glucose-6-phosphate-1-dehydrogenase under salinity stress) and adversely affects photosynthesis (2) ETC-associated proteins give signal to peroxisome, mitochondria, chloroplast to initiate lipid biosynthesis pathway. (3) Salinity stress-induced upregulation of genes (mainly pyruvate dehydrogenase E1, pyruvate decarboxylase, and phosphoglucomutase) and enhanced peroxisomal β-oxidation activity increase acetyl-CoA production (intermediate signaling molecule of multiple biosynthesis pathways) (4) Peroxisomal produced acetyl-CoA transported to mitochondria by Carnitine Shuttle System (Peroxisomal acetyl-CoA converted to acetyl-carnitine in peroxisome cytosol and transported from peroxisomal membrane to mitochondrial cytosol where it again converted back to acetyl-CoA and participated in Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation) and synthesize acetate, citrate, malate, and CO2. These products then migrate to chloroplast and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) for further proceedings. (5) Chloroplasts utilize environmental and mitochondrial-generated CO2 and synthesize fatty acids and acyl-CoA as end-products by using the Calvin cycle (6) Under salinity stress, upregulated fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase A and acyl-desaturase and downregulated acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, and acyl-CoA oxidase genes activate Kennedy pathway of SER. Kennedy pathway uses chloroplast-generated acyl-CoA and generates triacylglycerol (TAG) as the final metabolite, lipid
Overview of algae cultivation in urban and peri-urban regions by integrating biomass production for industrial applications coupled with wastewater treatment and recycling
Schematic diagram showing using brackish and seawater as cultivation media for algae. The treated water can be used for the irrigation process. In contrast, the algal biomass or their extract can be used as a bio-stimulant to improve plant growth by improving soil fertility
Schematic diagram of biocrust development stages and its role in reclamation of poor soils
Emerging trends in algae farming on non-arable lands for resource reclamation, recycling, and mitigation of climate change-driven food security challenges

August 2024

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174 Reads

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3 Citations

The current agri-food systems are unable to fulfill global demand and account for 33% of all greenhouse gas emissions. Conventional agriculture cannot produce more food because of the scarcity of arable land, the depletion of freshwater resources, and the increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, it is important to investigate alternate farming methods. Algae farming is a feasible alternative that produces food, feed, and feedstock using wastelands and unconventional agricultural settings such as coastal regions, salt-affected soils, and urban/peri-urban environments. This review focuses on three emerging scenarios. First is seawater, which makes up 97.5% of the water on Earth. However, it is nevertheless used less often than freshwater. Second is a growing trend of people moving from rural to urban regions for improved employment prospects, living standards, and business chances. However, most rural migrants are essentially skilled in agriculture, which limits their applicability in metropolitan environments. The third scenario focuses on excellent crop yields and soil fertility; it is essential to maintain appropriate levels of organic matter and soil structure. In this case, algae have remarkable potential for osmoregulation-based salt tolerance and may provide valuable metabolites when cultivated in brackish or saltwater. Using brackish water, treated wastewater, and saltwater, algal culture systems may be established in arid/semi-arid, urban/peri-urban, and coastal areas to fulfill the increasing need for food, feed, and industrial feedstocks. It may also provide migrants from rural areas with work possibilities, which would allay environmental footprints.


Breakthrough innovations in carbon dioxide mineralization for a sustainable future

July 2024

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204 Reads

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7 Citations

Greenhouse gas emissions and climate change concerns have prompted worldwide initiatives to lower carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and prevent them from rising in the atmosphere, thereby controlling global warming. Effective CO2 management through carbon capture and storage is essential for safe and permanent storage, as well as synchronically meeting carbon reduction targets. Lowering CO2 emissions through carbon utilization can develop a wide range of new businesses for energy security, material production, and sustainability. CO2 mineralization is one of the most promising strategies for producing thermodynamically stable solid calcium or magnesium carbonates for long-term sequestration using simple chemical reactions. Current advancements in CO2 mineralization technologies,focusing on pathways and mechanisms using different industrial solid wastes, including natural minerals as feedstocks, are briefly discussed. However, the operating costs, energy consumption, reaction rates, and material management are major barriers to the application of these technologies in CO2 mineralization. The optimization of operating parameters, tailor-made equipment, and smooth supply of waste feedstocks require more attention to make the carbon mineralization process economically and commercially viable. Here, carbonation mechanisms, technological options to expedite mineral carbonation, environmental impacts, and prospects of CO2 mineralization technologies are critically evaluated to suggest a pathway for mitigating climate change in the future. The integration of industrial wastes and brine with the CO2 mineralization process can unlock its potential for the development of novel chemical pathways for the synthesis of calcium or magnesium carbonates, valuable metal recovery, and contribution to sustainability goals while reducing the impact of global warming. Graphical abstract


Graphic representation of the chain elongation process according to Wu et al. (2019a). The intermediates of reverse beta-oxidation highlighted in orange delineate the pathway from condensation to the end products highlighted in green (medium-chain fatty acids). Image created by using PowerPoint 2016
General scheme of steps involved in EDs, SCFAs and caproate production from FW
A bacterial outlook on the caproate production from food waste

As an essential strategy for transitioning towards a circular economy for a sustainable society, food waste (FW) can be efficiently used for the biological production of added-value compounds such as medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs). The microbial conversion of FW into MCFAs is an ecofriendly, sustainable and cost-effective approach that reduces the great pressure on land and water resources associated with traditional MCFAs production methods. Among the MCFAs, caproate holds high economic value and a large market size due to its widespread application in several industrial areas. The biological production of caproate from FW is a complex mechanism that requires a deep understanding of microbial dynamics, metabolic potentialities and functional stability for process optimization and large-scale application. This review aims to outline the existing knowledge about bacterial component involved in the caproate production from FW. Innovative approaches to address current research gaps, ensuring a thorough and up-to-date understanding of the biological caproate production are herein identified and proposed. Graphical Abstract


Strategies for heavy metals immobilization in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash: a critical review

June 2024

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93 Reads

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9 Citations

Incineration is an integral part of the waste management process to reduce the enormous volumes of municipal solid waste generated daily. Of the various incineration products, bottom ash makes up a major portion, which subsequently needs to be disposed or reused. Unavoidably, trace amounts of heavy metal content present in incineration bottom ash (IBA) can be leached out over time, ending up in water bodies and eventually entering the food chain. This can lead to toxic bioaccumulation of heavy metals in animals and humans. To minimize leaching, it is essential for heavy metals in IBA to be effectively immobilized. In this review, we critically evaluate the effectiveness of various heavy metal immobilization strategies to treat IBA in terms of their suppression of heavy metal leaching based on past research examples. Furthermore, these strategies are assessed for their medium to long term stabilities, potential impact on the environment, as well as challenges that may be faced in their successful implementation. Finally, some future directions in heavy metal immobilization efforts are proposed in light of the present climate crisis. Graphical abstract


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