Nanotechnology

Nanostructured materials have been suggested to be used as a source of dietary zinc for livestock animals. In this study, we assessed the cytotoxicity of newly synthesized nanostructured zinc carbonate hydroxide (ZnCH) Zn5(CO3)(OH)6 microflakes. Cytotoxicity of the microflakes was assessed against murine L929 cell line and rat mature erythrocytes. Viability, motility, cell death pathways, implication of Ca²⁺, reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) signaling, caspases, and alterations of cell membranes following exposure of L929 cells to the microflakes were assessed. To assess hemocompatibility of the Zn-containing microflakes, osmotic fragility and hemolysis assays were performed, as well as multiple eryptosis parameters were evaluated. Our findings indicate a dose-response cytotoxicity of ZnCH microflakes against L929 cells with no toxicity observed for low concentrations (10 mg l⁻¹ and below). At high concentrations (25 mg l⁻¹ and above), ZnCH microflakes promoted nitrosyl stress, Ca²⁺- and caspase-dependent apoptosis, and altered lipid order of cell membranes in a dose-dependent manner, evidenced by up to 7-fold elevation of RNS-dependent fluorescence, 2.9-fold enhancement of Fura 2-dependent fluorescence, over 20-fold elevation of caspases-dependent fluorescence (caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9), and up to 4.4-fold increase in the ratiometric index of the NR12S probe. Surprisingly, toxicity to enucleated mature erythrocytes was found to be lower compared to L929 cells. ZnCH microflakes induced eryptosis associated with oxidative stress, nitrosyl stress, Ca²⁺ signaling and recruitment of caspases at 25–50–100 mg l⁻¹ . Eryptosis assays were found to be more sensitive than evaluation of hemolysis. Zn5(CO3)(OH)6 microflakes show no cytotoxicity at low concentrations indicating their potential as a source of zinc for livestock animals.

Multilayer rhenium disulfide (ReS2) has attracted considerable attention due to the decoupled van der Waals interaction between its adjacent layers, leading to significantly higher interlayer resistance compared with other layered materials. While the carrier transport in multilayer materials can be well described by the interlayer resistance (RInt) and Thomas–Fermi charge screening length ( λTF) in resistor network models, the electric field scaling of the channel with the back gate voltage (VBG) and the drain voltage (VD) is limited in two-dimensional (2D) multilayer materials. In this report, we present the effects of VBG and VD on the channel migration of ReS2 field effect transistors (FETs) with channel lengths of 0.25, 2.4, and 4.4 μm. For shorter channels, the VBG-dependent conductance (G = (drain current (ID)/VD)) increases with increasing VD, different from the longer channels. Based on the resistor network model, the different behaviors with channel lengths were analyzed by considering the interlayer resistance (RInt) versus the channel resistance and the Thomas–Fermi charge screening length ( λTF). Lower back gate voltage (VBG) in shorter channels builds the channel near the bottom layer close to the oxide, while high VBG shifts the conductive channel to the top sheet exposed to ambient condition. In longer channels, due to the increased channel resistance (Rch), the conductive channel forms near the bottom side close to the oxide. The increase of the threshold voltage (Vth) was observed at higher drain-source voltages (VD), but in opposite for the top side channel, i.e. the decrease of threshold voltage with increasing VD. This study will give a hint on establishing the electric field scaling of 2D material-based FETs with channel lengths and applied voltages of VBG and VD.

A thermal decomposition method is used to synthesize monodisperse Mn ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) by changing Mn concentration from 0.1 to 0.8 mmol. The effects of Mn concentration on structural, compositional, morphological, magnetic, and hyperthermia properties are investigated. Transmission electron microscopic images show that the morphology of the NPs changes from flower-like to polygonal with increasing the Mn concentration. The saturation magnetization reaches a maximum value of 48.32 emu/g and a minimum value of 11.09 emu/g with changing the Mn concentration, whereas the coercivity value decreases from 12.6 to 5.3 Oe. The first-order reversal curve (FORC) analysis enables the estimation of superparamagnetic contribution of the Mn ferrite NPs in the range of 21–59.5%. The highest specific absorption rate (SAR) value is obtained to be 385.37 W/g for Mn0.1Fe2.9O4 NPs with the maximum superparamagnetic contribution using a manganese concentration of 0.4 mmol.

We present a sequential growth scheme, based on pulsed laser deposition, which yields dense arrays of ultrathin, match-shaped Au/CoNi nanopillars, vertically embedded in SrTiO 3 thin films. Analysis of the magnetic properties of these nanocomposites reveals a pronounced out-of-plane anisotropy. We show that the latter not only results from the peculiar nanoarchitecture of the hybrid films, but is further enhanced by strong magneto-structural coupling of the wires to the surrounding matrix. Finally, we provide a detailed overview of the optical response of these vertical nanostructures. Combining ellipsometry measurements with finite-difference time- domain simulations allows to assess the potential of our self-assembly approach, as well as its possible shortcomings, for producing hybrid thin films with well-tailored magneto-plasmonic properties.

Graphene has garnered significant interest in optoelectronics due to its unique properties, including broad wavelength absorption and high mobility. However, its weak stability in ambient conditions requires encapsulation for practical applications. In this study, we investigate graphene CVD-grown field-effect transistors fabricated on Si/SiO 2 wafers, encapsulated with aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) of different thicknesses. We measure and analyze their optoelectronic response across wavelengths from near-ultraviolet to near-infrared. We find that, while having a negligible role in the photogating process, the Al 2 O 3 layer leads to stable and reproducible transferring curves operating in ambient conditions for over a month, with stable responsivities up to 1.5 A/W at the shortest wavelength. Moreover, the transferring curves are stable at elevated temperatures up to 107 °C. We also show that the sample performance can be tuned by changing the thickness of the Si/SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 layer which brings further perspectives in developing robust sample technologies, especially in the ultraviolet region where the responsivity increases. Aluminum oxide encapsulated graphene-based photodetectors can thus be interesting for applications in air and at elevated temperatures.

Purpose Retinal detachment (RD) is a common acute blinding eye disease. DEX, an adrenocorticosteroid drug, has predominant protective effects on RD. However, given its poor water solubility and low bioavailability, we aimed to develop an alternative nano-based treatment approach to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of RD. Methods SF@DEX nanomaterials were synthesized and then successfully characterized. In vitro, phagocytosis was measured by flow cytometry. The expression levels of IL-17 and IL-10 were determined by ELISA. A rat model of RD was established by surgery. Then, rats were orally administered with SF, SF@DEX, and DEX, respectively. The level of IL-17A and FOXP3 was assessed by PCR, and the expression levels of TGF-β1, IL-10, IL-17A, and FOXP3 were detected by Western blot. The apoptotic level of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in retinal tissue was measured by TUNEL assay, and confocal microscopy was used to detect changes in the colocalization content of IL-17A and FOXP3 in retinal tissue. Results Our results demonstrated that the nanoparticles exhibited good stability. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) was 90%, and approximately 60% of DEX was released within 12 hours from the dialysis bag. In vivo, after treatment with SF@DEX, the expression of Th17 cells and IL-17A significantly decreased, while the expression levels of Tregs, FOXP3, TGF-β1, and IL-10 were increased. Furthermore, SF@DEX nanomaterial treatment markedly alleviated the severity of RD in rats. Conclusion Taken together, these findings demonstrate that SF@DEX can protect against RD and inhibit inflammation, mediated by regulating the Th17/Treg immune balance.

The fabrication of quantum well (QW) solar cells with surface photonic crystal (SPC) and embedded photonic crystal (EPC) structures has resulted in solar cells with improved properties. When compared to reference solar cells, the photoluminescence (PL) intensities of SPC solar cells and EPC solar cells have been enhanced by 89% and 114%, respectively. This indicates improved light absorption and emission characteristics in the presence of the periodic patterns. The short-circuit current (Isc) of EPC solar cells is 31% higher than that of reference solar cells, suggesting improved light absorption and carrier generation. On the other hand, SPC solar cells exhibit a 6% higher Isc compared to reference solar cells, and the open-circuit voltage has increased simultaneously. The fill factors (FF) of the solar cells are 84% for reference solar cells, 86% for SPC solar cells, and 76% for EPC solar cells. The higher FF in SPC solar cells suggests improved charge carrier collection efficiency. In terms of photoelectric conversion efficiency, SPC solar cells demonstrate a 10.6% increase, while EPC solar cells show a 7.7% increase. These improvements indicate that the incorporation of periodic patterns in the solar cells enhances their ability to convert light into electrical energy. These findings highlight the potential of photonic crystals engineering for enhancing the performance of solar cells.

We present a straightforward method which may greatly simplify and lower the threshold for determining the phase of the relatively enigmatic quantum material-ZrTe 5 . In this study, without directly probing the band structure, we identify the topological phase of the three-dimensional (3D) bulk ZrTe 5 crystal solely through low-temperature electrical and magnetotransport measurements. A two-dimensional (2D) weak antilocalization (WAL) effect was observed in our bulk ZrTe 5 crystal, along with clear Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations. The large prefactor α derived from WAL analyses indicates the presence of multiple conducting channels in the bulk ZrTe 5 crystal, where each channel is associated with individual 2D ZrTe 5 layers. It is the large α value provides insights into the topological Dirac semimetal phase inherent to our ZrTe 5 crystal. Additionally, we analyze the pronounced linear magnetoresistance and saturation behavior under a perpendicular magnetic field. Our results suggest that bulk ZrTe 5 crystals, which exhibit unique layered transport features, serve as a promising platform for further research in quantum phases and transitions in 3D quantum systems.

In the GaAs/Inx(Al,Ga)1-xAs core/shell nanowire geometry, narrow cores exhibit significant bandgap reduction and enhanced electron mobility because of their ability to sustain extreme tensile elastic strain. In such an elastic state, the coherency limits and the resulting physical properties of the nanowires are governed by the strain field distribution and plastic relaxation mechanisms. Using atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy, we determined the three-dimensional strain field, critical misfit, and plastic relaxation relative to the indium content of the shell, while maintaining constant core-shell dimensions. The strain was mapped experimentally in both coherent and plastically relaxed nanowires with a core radius of 10 nm and thick shells and was compared to atomistic and continuum calculations. Our findings reveal that, while axial strains remain uniform, elastic relaxation induces radial and tangential strain gradients. This is attributed to the strain concentration at the sharp interfaces, which persisted even after plastic relaxation. For the pertinent growth conditions, the maximum sustained elastic strain in the cores was observed for the GaAs/In0.5Al0.5As nanowires. The plastic relaxation of nanowires with shells of high indium content involved Frank partials delimiting horizontal intrinsic stacking faults, misfit dislocations gliding on inclined close-packed planes, and stair-rod dislocations along stacking fault junction lines attributed to nanowire bending. Ab initio calculations showed that the heterojunction remained type I even for the highest elastic strain, despite the existence of strain gradients at the core-shell interface. Our results elucidate the elastoplastic behaviour of core-shell nanowires with narrow cores, offering new perspectives on growth strategies to further push their coherency limits.

Developing effective and low-cost enzyme-like nanomaterials to kill bacteria is vital for human health. Herein, Nanorod-assembled NiCo 2 O 4 microsphere were prepared though a facile hydrothermal method, and it showed highly enhanced peroxidase-like activity than pure Co 3 O 4 due to its large surface area and abundant active sites. The NiCo 2 O 4 possess the ability to catalyze H 2 O 2 to generate large amounts of •O ²⁻ , which can be used for bacteriostatic application. Especially, the antibacterial system combining the spiky NiCo 2 O 4 particles and a low concentration of H 2 O 2 (100 μM) exhibits an excellent bacteriostatic efficiency against both E. coli (94.44%) and S. aureus (93.45%).

Large area graphene patterning is critical for applications. Current graphene patterning techniques, such as electron beam lithography (EBL) and nano imprint lithography (NIL), are time consuming and can scale unfavourably with sample size. Resist-based masking and subsequent dry plasma etching can lead to high roughness edges with no alignment to the underlying graphene crystal orientations. In this study, we present hot punching as a novel and feasible method for patterning of CVD graphene sheets supported by a PVA layer. Additionally, we observe the effect of such hot punching on graphene supported by PVA via optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, AFM, and TEM, including wrinkling, strain and the formation of nanoribbons with crystallographically aligned and smooth edges due to fracturing. We present hot punching as a facile technique for the production of arrays of such nanoribbons.

Single-phase NiCo2O4 (NCO) nanoparticles (NPs) with an average particle size of 12 (±3.5) nm were successfully synthesized as aggregates in urchin-like nanofibers via a hydrothermal route. Magnetization data measured as functions of temperature and magnetic field suggest a superparamagnetic-like behavior at room temperature, a ferrimagnetic transition around a Curie temperature TC ∼ 200 K, and a spin blocking transition at a blocking temperature TB ∼ 90 K, as observed at a field of 100 Oe. The spin blocking nature has been investigated by analyses of the field-dependence of TB in the static magnetization and its frequency-dependence in the ac susceptibility data measured in zero-field cooling regime, both indicate a low-temperature spin glass-like state. Below TB, the coercivity increases monotonically up to 1.7 kOe with decreasing temperature down to 5 K. Our results indicate that the magnetic behavior of NCO NPs, which is mainly determined by the cations’ ratio, oxidation states, and site-occupancy, can be controlled by a synthesis in appropriate particle size and morphology.

Given the small diameter of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the difficulty in studying its radial mechanical properties laid in the challenge of applying a precise and controlled small force. In this work, the radial mechanical properties of DNA were measured in the AFM. DNA adhesion properties were analyzed through force-distance curves and adhesion images. The adhesion force values applied on DNA obtained from the force-distance curves were consistent with those obtained from the adhesion images. The Young’s modulus of DNA was determined by collecting the data of indentation depth and the force applied on DNA and using the Hertz model for calculation. At the same compression speed, the Young’s moduli increased with increasing forces, but exhibited a nonlinear growth. This reflected the complex stress–strain behavior of DNA. The impact of speeds on mechanical properties of DNA was explored. Higher speed resulted in greater Young’s moduli and adhesion. This study not only deepens the understanding the mechanical properties of DNA, but also provides a strategy for investigating the mechanical properties of other thin and soft materials.

Miniature energy storage devices are vital for developing flexible and wearable electronics. This paper discusses the fabrication of flexible laser-induced graphene-based micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) using graphene oxide (GO) coated polyimide film as the precursor for laser scribing. The areal capacitance of the MSCs was assessed daily after applying a H2SO4/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel electrolyte. The capacitance displayed a substantial increase in the early days before stabilizing at a consistent value. The stabilization time was evaluated through systematic experimentation conducted over ten consecutive days. The experiments showed that the capacitance stabilized after six days. Various concentrations of GO were used to assemble the MSCs, and their performance was evaluated to determine the optimal concentration. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that the supercapacitor fabricated with the optimum concentration of GO exhibited the lowest resistance. The optimized MSC displayed an areal capacitance of 10.07 mF cm⁻² at a current density of 13 µA cm⁻². The device could maintain a reliable output at different bending states and retain 87.9% of its original capacitance after 5000 charge-discharge cycles, highlighting its suitability for flexible and self-powered systems.

This Focus aims to provide a platform for the latest research progress in atomic and molecular layer deposition (ALD and MLD), which collects 10 original research articles and 2 review papers. The original research articles present new precursors, new processes, and new applications. The review papers give a timely summary on the surface chemistry of metal ALD processes and flexible electronics resulting from ALD and MLD, respectively. This ensemble forms a valuable collection that advances our understanding and knowledge of ALD and MLD, and inspires the continued development of these valuable technologies.

Due to the easy transformation to the non-luminous yellow δ-CsPbI3 phase in air, α-CsPbI3 nanocrystalline materials with red light emission find limited applications. Lifting its structural stability is a challenge in its QD lighting field. Here we studied the doping of Mn2+ ions (5.0%) and processing by a small amount (0.315 mL) of TOP molecules on the OA capped CsPbI3 nanocrystals. It is found that after the successful introduction of Mn2+ into CsPbI3 nanocrystal, the grain size reduces, that leads to a stronger quantum confinement effect than the undoped QDs, which lead to the blue shift of PL and absorption spectra. The incorporation of Mn2+ simultaneously reduced defects and lifted the luminescence efficiency and lifetimes of quantum dots, the cause for above optical behavior is due to the formation of antiferromagnetic polaronic(AMP) excitons near the bandedge. On the other hand，the treated TOP molecule on the OA capped NCs did not have a significant effect on their room temperature luminescence, but improved the low temperature emission performances of QDs significantly. Moreover, the TOP treated quantum dots fixed in the PMMA film can transform into rod-like shapes in the acidic environments, giving strong stability for emission, especially for the Mn doped CsPbI3 QDs. These findings reflect the Mn doping and TOP processing play a important role to improve the emission profile and stability.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess many unique properties that make them ideal for field emission. However, screening due to high density and poor substrate adhesion limits their application. We tested the field emission of various patterned vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) arrays adhered to copper substrates using carbon paste. After many fabrication steps to improve uniformity, we found that the field emission was dominated by individual CNTs that were taller than the bulk VACNT arrays. After testing a sample with silver epoxy as the binder, we found that the failure mechanism was adhesion to the substrate. Using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, we found that the carbon paste migrated into the VACNT bulk volume while the silver epoxy did not. The migration of carbon paste into the volume may explain why the carbon paste had greater adhesion than the silver epoxy.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) possesses excellent potential for applications in the field of optoelectronic detection. However, the atomic-level thickness of the monolayer MoS2 leads to weak light absorption and a restricted absorption spectrum. The performance of monolayer MoS2 devices has reached a bottleneck. Fortunately, the above issues can be effectively solved by coupling with various types of photosensitivity nanostructures. In this work, a 0D/2D MoS2 QDs/MoS2 hybrid dimensional homojunction photodetector was fabricated by utilizing the synergistic effect to combine the light absorption efficiency of MoS2 QDs and the optoelectronic performance of MoS2 films. Optical and electrical studies have shown that the incorporation of MoS2 QDs improved the light utilization efficiency of monolayer MoS2 as well as the separation velocity of photogenerated carriers, which enhanced the performance of the monolayer MoS2 photodetector benefitting from increasing the responsivity and detectivity across the entire spectrum of wavelength bands. The results will pave the way for the future development of high-performance MoS2-based photodetectors.

Two-dimensional M2C-MXenes, characterized by their lightweight nature, tunable surface structures, and strong affinity for hydrogen, hold significant promise for addressing various challenges in hydrogen energy utilization. This study focuses on investigating the hydrogen adsorption and desorption properties, as well as the stability of hydrogenated compounds in 19 pure M2C-MXenes nanosheets. The results indicate that hydrogen adsorption on M2C primarily occurs through weak physisorption, with Mn2C and Fe2C from the fourth period, and Ag2C and Cd2C from the fifth period exhibiting the lowest adsorption energies. In contrast, hydrogen atoms are adsorbed on M2C primarily through chemisorption, leading to the potential dissociation of H2 molecules into two hydrogen atoms. Among the M2C-MXenes, Ti2C, and Zr2C in the d4 and d5, respectively, demonstrate the most stable hydrogen atom binding. Hydrogen evolution is most facile on Cu2C and Ag2C surfaces. Two types of stacking configurations, face-centered cubic (fcc) and hexagonal close-packed (hcp), are observed for hydrogenated M2C surfaces (e.g., Co2C and Zr2C), showing excellent thermodynamic stability. This work elucidates the hydrogen utilization performance of pure M2C-MXenes nanosheets and guides future research aimed at achieving high hydrogen storage capacities through the functional tuning of MXenes.

This review focuses on the recent progress of wet-chemistry-based synthesis methods for infrared (IR) colloidal quantum dots (CQD), semiconductor nanocrystals with a narrow energy bandgap that absorbs and/or emits infrared photos covering from 0.7 to 25 micrometers. The sections of the review are colloidal synthesis, precursor reactivity, cation exchange, doping and de-doping, surface passivation and ligand exchange, intraband transitions, quenching and purification, and future directions. The colloidal synthesis section is organized based on precursors employed: toxic substances such as mercury- and lead-based metals and non-toxic substances such as indium- and silver-based metal precursors. CQDs are prepared by wet-chemical methods that offer advantages such as precise spectral tunability by adjusting particle size or particle composition, easy fabrication and integration of solution-based CQDs (as inks) with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductors, reduced cost of material manufacturing, and good performances of IR CQD-made optoelectronic devices for non-military applications. These advantages may allow facile and materials’ cost-reduced device fabrications that make CQD-based infrared technologies accessible compared to optoelectronic devices utilizing epitaxially grown semiconductors. However, precursor libraries should be advanced to improve colloidal infrared quantum dot synthesis, enabling CQD-based IR technologies to be available to consumer electronics. As the attention of academia and industry to CQDs continues to proliferate, the progress of precursor chemistry for IR CQDs could be rapid.

Magnetic domain walls and skyrmions in thin film micro- and nanostructures have been of interest to a growing number of researchers since the turn of the millennium, motivated by the rich interplay of materials, interface and spin physics as well as by the potential for applications in data storage, sensing and computing. This review focuses on the manipulation of magnetic domain walls and skyrmions by piezoelectric strain, which has received increasing attention recently. Static strain profiles generated, for example, by voltage applied to a piezoelectric-ferromagnetic heterostructure, and dynamic strain profiles produced by surface acoustic waves, are reviewed here. As demonstrated by the success of magnetic random access memory, thin magnetic films have been successfully incorporated into complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor back-end of line device fabrication. The purpose of this review is therefore not only to highlight promising piezoelectric and magnetic materials and their properties when combined, but also to galvanise interest in the spin textures in these heterostructures for a variety of spin- and straintronic devices.

This study investigates the binding of seven gas molecules—N 2 , CH 4 , C 2 H 2 , CO 2 , H 2 O, SF 6 , and CHCl 3 —within the central cavity of the nanoscale porous organic cage CC3, using a high-level local coupled cluster method that accounts for single, double, and perturbative triple excitations, extrapolated to the complete basis set limit. This results in the formation of the CC3@7 dataset, which presents unique challenges due to the need for accurate descriptions of confinement effects and many-body interactions that contribute to binding. The CC3@7 dataset is used to evaluate a variety of lower-cost computational approaches. Among the methods tested for accurately predicting the binding order for all seven gas molecules, the recommended MP2-based approach is MP2+ ai D(CCD), which achieves a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.4 kcal/mol. For density functional theory (DFT) methods, B97M-V+E ABC , B97M-V, M06-L-D3, B97M-rV+E ABC , PBE0+D4, and PBE+D4 are recommended, with MAEs ranging from 0.3 to 0.4 kcal/mol. Additionally, r ² SCAN-3c and ωB97X- 3c are identified as low-cost options, with MAEs of approximately 1 kcal/mol. Considering both accuracy and stability, PBE0+D4 is recommended for investigating nanoscale host-guest bindings when only DFT methods are feasible. Furthermore, PBE0+D4 has been successfully applied to study the binding of additional atoms and hindered solvent molecules, demonstrating the flexibility of the CC3 cage to accommodate larger molecules that exceed its cavity size.

Nanowire (NW) optoelectronic and electrical devices offer unique advantages over bulk materials but are generally made by contacting entire NW arrays in parallel. In contrast, ultra-high-resolution displays and photodetectors require electrical connections to individual NWs inside an array. Here, we demonstrate a scheme for fabricating such single NW vertical devices by contacting individual NWs within a dense NW array. We contrast benzocyclobutene and SiO2 planarization methods for these devices and find that the latter leads to dramatically improved processing yield as well as higher-quality diodes. Further, we find that replacing the metal top contact with transparent indium tin oxide does not decrease electrical performance, allowing for transparent top contacts. We improve the ideality factor of the devices from a previous n = 14 to n = 1.8, with the best devices as low as n = 1.5. The devices are characterized as both photodetectors with detectivities up to 2.45 AW⁻¹ and photocurrent densities of up to 185 mAcm⁻² under 0.76 suns illumination. Despite poor performance as light emitting diodes, the devices show great resilience to current densities up to 4 × 10⁸ mAcm⁻². In combination with growth optimization, the flexibility of the processing allows for use of these devices as ultra-high-resolution photodetectors and displays.

The irritation and adhesion of wound healing biomaterials to wet wounds should be addressed for achieving effective wound healing. In this study, a stable multifunctional hydrogels (BGs/HA suspension gels) were prepared using superfine powder of bioactive glasses (BGs), the biocompatible materials hyaluronic acid (HA) and carbomer940, which had good adhesion and low irritation properties for use in moist complex wounds. The average particle size of BGs/HA suspension gels was 13.11 ± 0.29 μm, and the BG content was 15.8 ± 0.2% (m m⁻¹). The results of cell proliferation, cell migration, and immunofluorescence staining experiments showed that in the initial stage of wound healing, the ionic extract of BGs formulations promoted the proliferation and migration of L929 cells and induced the secretion of α-SMA and collagen I. In the final stage of repair, the ionic extract of the BGs formulation regulated the differentiation of fibroblast, which contributed to the reduction of pathological scar formation. In vivo experiments showed that the wound healing rate of BGs/HA suspension gels group exceeded higher than that of the conventional BGs superfine powder group. Although BGs/HA suspension gels were comparable to its commercially available counterpart (Dermlin paste) in promoting wound healing, it addressed the problem of localized irritation caused by the high pH and low adhesion of BGs products. This study confirmed the specific regulatory effect of BGs/HA suspension gels on L929 cells, which provided a reference for the clinical application of BGs in wound dressing.

Graphene exhibits promise in gas detection applications despite its limited selectivity. Functionalization with fluorine atoms offers a potential solution to enhance selectivity, particularly towards ammonia (NH+) molecules. This article presents a study on electron-beam fluorinated graphene (FG) and its integration into gas sensor platforms. We begin by characterizing the thermal stability of fluorographene, demonstrating its resilience up to 450°C. Subsequently, we investigate the nature of NH3 interaction with FG, exploring distinct adsorption energies to address preferential adsorption concerns. Notably, we introduce an innovative approach utilizing XPS cartography for simultaneous analysis of fluorinated and pristine graphene, offering enhanced insights into their properties and interactions. This study contributes to advancing the understanding and application of fluorinated graphene in gas sensing technologies