Journal of Food Biochemistry

Journal of Food Biochemistry

Published by Wiley

Online ISSN: 1745-4514

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Print ISSN: 0145-8884

Disciplines: Agricultural, veterinary & food sciences

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Top-read articles

129 reads in the past 30 days

A brief overview of properties, processing, and health benefits of little millet.
Types of processing methods.
Influence of various processing techniques on millet nutrients. Source: Data collected from [33, 89–91]. (a) Extrusion. (b) Fermentation. (c) Germination. (d) Popping. (e) Cooking. (f) Milling.
Biological activities of little millet.
Mechanism of action of biological activities by phytochemicals of little millet.
Exploring the Benefits of Nutrition of Little Millet: Unveiling the Effect of Processing Methods on Bioactive Properties

January 2025

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129 Reads

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Pardeep Kumar Sadh

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Ajay Kamboj

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Aims and scope


The Journal of Food Biochemistry publishes fully peer-reviewed original research and review articles on the effects of handling, storage, and processing on the biochemical aspects of food tissues, systems, and bioactive compounds in the diet. Researchers in food science, food technology, biochemistry, and nutrition, particularly based in academia and industry, will find much of great use and interest in the journal.

Recent articles


Optimization of Polysaccharide Extraction Technology From Perilla frutescens Leaves and Its α-Glucosidase Inhibition Activity
  • Article
  • Full-text available

February 2025

Xiaocui Liu

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Zhongqiao Li

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Lin Xu

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Yage Xing

Perilla frutescens (PF) processes medicinal and edible properties, making its flowers, stems, leaves, and fruits versatile and valuable. This study optimizes extraction and evaluates the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Perilla frutescens leaf (PFL) polysaccharides. It compared PFL polysaccharides extraction efficiency using hot water, cellulase-assisted, and microwave-assisted extraction. The experimental results demonstrated that the enzymatic extraction method yielded the highest extraction yield, reaching 4.64%. We used response surface methodology to investigate the four main influencing factors to optimize the enzymatic extraction. The optimized conditions resulted in an improved extraction yield of 6.29%. For optimal enzymatic extraction, use a solid-liquid ratio of 1:35 g·mL⁻¹, a temperature of 50°C, a time of 120 min, and an enzyme content of 1500 U/g. This study also investigated the α-glucosidase inhibition by Perilla frutescens leaf polysaccharides (PFLPs). The results confirmed that PFLP exhibited an inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase, indicating their potential to be utilized as α-glucosidase inhibitor. The study found reversible noncompetitive inhibition, providing valuable clues for finding new potential hypoglycemic drugs from natural sources.


Identification and Expression Analysis of the Terpenoid Synthase Gene Family in Dendrobium nobile

February 2025

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6 Reads

Terpenoid synthase (TPS) is a crucial enzyme catalyzing terpenoid synthesis in plants. However, the TPS gene family and its expression patterns in different growth stages of Dendrobium nobile remain unexplored. This study aims to systematically identify and analyze TPS family members using whole genome sequencing. Results revealed the identification of 50 TPS gene family members, with predicted molecular weights ranging from 14,531 to 162,002 Da. Subfamilies TPS-a, TPS-b, TPS-c, and TPS-e/f were detected in Dendrobium nobile. Furthermore, UPLC-Q/TOF-MS technology was utilized to analyze sesquiterpenoid compounds in the stems of 1-year-old and 3-year-old Dendrobium nobile. The content of sesquiterpenoid compounds, including dendroxine and dendronobiloside A, increased with plant age. That increase in content can be attributed to the upregulation of sesquiterpene synthase, a hypothesis validated through transcriptome sequencing, qRT-PCR, and molecular docking. The results over time suggest that sesquiterpenoid compounds may play a role in regulating sesquiterpene synthesis in Dendrobium nobile in conjunction with TPS genes. We promote the development of Dendrobium nobile into the food field. It is conducive to the rational development and utilization of Dendrobium nobile.


Inhibitory Effects and Mechanisms of Water-Soluble Chitosan/Curdlan Edible Composite Coating on Polygalacturonase and β-Glucosidase

February 2025

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1 Read

Postharvest fruits such as cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme A. Gray) are prone to rot owing to the infection of pathogens, leading to great economic losses to farmers. To investigate the inhibitory effect and mechanism of polygalacturonase and β-glucosidase activity in cherry tomatoes and pathogenic fungi such as Alternaria (Nees: Fr) and Botrytis cinerea, various analyses including molecular simulation, ultraviolet spectrum, fluorescence spectrum, circular binary chromatography, inhibition rate, and enzymatic activity test were studied. The results showed that composite coating of water-soluble chitosan (CTS)/curdlan (CUR) significantly inhibited the activities of polygalacturonase and β-glucosidase in cherry tomatoes, Alternaria (Nees: Fr), and Botrytis cinerea. In addition, composite coating induced changes in enzyme conformation leading to a decrease in the rate of cell wall degradation in cherry tomatoes. The composite membrane inhibited 85% of polygalacturonase and 88% of the polygalacturonase and the ASP ASN ARG PRO GLU GLN and TRP residue of the β-glucosidase, thereby significantly inhibiting the decay of cherry tomatoes. In conclusion, the composite coating might inhibit the enzyme activity altering the enzyme structure, which showed promise as an effective method for fruit preservation.


Bioactive Peptides From Rice Wine Subjected to a Simulation Digestion: Inhibition of α-Glucosidase and Enhancement of Insulin Sensitivity

February 2025

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1 Read

The study investigated the blood glucose regulation potentials of rice wine peptides. α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of simulated digested rice wine was identified by in vivo experiments. After rigorous identification, screening, and validation, two principal functional peptides, LLGDV and NLDSS, were identified as the main contributors to the observed bioactivity of digested rice wine. Molecular docking and dynamics experiments found these peptides were demonstrated to occupy the active pocket of α-glucosidase via hydrogen bonds, van der Waals’ forces, and pi-bonding, effectively inhibiting the enzyme and reducing glucose absorption. Additional cellular experiments were performed to assess the peptides’ effects on cellular glucose metabolism. The outcomes indicated that peptide LLGDV significantly promoted glucose digestion in cells, pointing to its potential in enhancing insulin sensitivity and alleviating insulin resistance. The study’s results enhanced the scientific comprehension of rice wine health-promoting attributes and facilitated the creation of innovative health products. The identification and characterization of the bioactive peptides LLGDV and NLDSS establish a groundwork for forthcoming research, targeting the therapeutic potential of these peptides for diabetes and associated metabolic conditions management.


UVB-Protective Effects and Its Mechanisms of Vitis amurensis Rupr. Methanol Extract in Human Primary Dermal Fibroblasts

February 2025

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2 Reads

Cumulative exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light causes skin photoaging by breaking down the extracellular matrix (ECM), degrading Type I procollagen (COL1A1), and enhancing the proinflammatory cytokine levels in the skin. The extract of the herb Vitis amurensis Rupr. (VA) was traditionally used therapeutically owing to its antitumor and antimicrobial activities; however, its UV-protective effect on skin remains unclear. This study was aimed to explore the photoprotective effect of VA in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) and elucidated the underlying molecular pathway. We quantified the total phenolic/flavonoid content and evaluated the free radical scavenging, antiwrinkling, and anti-inflammatory effects of the VA extract at nontoxic concentrations in UVB-irradiated HDFs. We found that the VA extract scavenged free radicals and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), downregulated matrix metalloproteinases-1 (MMP-1) expression, restored Type I procollagen expression at the gene and protein levels, and reduced the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 expression. Mechanistically, VA primarily downregulated the ERK and JNK pathways to regulate MMP-1 expression and activated the Smad pathway by suppressing the ERK pathway for COL1A1 synthesis. Moreover, we identified ε-viniferin as the major ingredient in the VA extract and that it exerted Type I procollagen expression-promoting activity, indicating its role as the effective compound in the VA extract. These findings suggest that VA is a photoprotective biomaterial that can be used in the cosmetics industry.


TAS values (mmol TE/L) of different flavored coffee samples. ∗Statistically significant difference between other groups at the level of p<0.05.
Comparative Analysis of Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) of Ready-to-Consume Turkish Coffees With Different Flavoring Agents

February 2025

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13 Reads

The production and consumption of both traditional and flavored Turkish coffee varieties are widespread in several countries, including Turkey. However, the health effects of flavorings used to enhance the flavor of commercially flavored coffees remain unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the total antioxidant status (TAS), a biomarker of health, in plain and commercially flavored Turkish coffees (blackberry, wild strawberry, hazelnut, vanilla, rose Turkish delight, and chocolate) commonly consumed by the Turkish population. In this study, a total of 24 different coffee samples of 6 different brands with plain, blackberry, wild strawberry, hazelnut, vanilla, rose delight, and chocolate flavors were examined. TAS analysis of the samples was performed with a commercial test kit based on (2,2′-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, and the results were expressed in mmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/L. The results showed that blackberry-flavored(3.14 ± 0.07 mmol TE/L) and vanilla-flavored (3.13 ± 0.07 mmol TE/L) Turkish coffees exhibited lower TAS levels compared to plain Turkish coffee (3.23 ± 0.01 mmol TE/L) and coffees flavored with wild strawberry (3.24 ± 0.04 mmol TE/L), chocolate (3.22 ± 0.01 mmol TE/L), hazelnut (3.22 ± 0.01 mmol TE/L), and rose delight (3.23 ± 0.01 mmol TE/L) (p<0.05). In conclusion, individuals who want to diversify their Turkish coffee consumption while maintaining or improving their health may prefer wild strawberry-, chocolate-, hazelnut-, and rose delight–flavored coffees over blackberry- and vanilla-flavored coffees. This study highlights the potential health benefits of certain flavored coffees as an alternative to traditional plain Turkish coffee.


Flavor Quality Characterization of Rapeseed Oil During Storage by Physicochemical Analysis, Sensory Evaluation, Electronic Nose, and GC–O

February 2025

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8 Reads

Background: Rapeseed oil is the most widely consumed vegetable oil globally. However, the key aroma-active compounds of rapeseed oil and their changes during storage are unclear. In this study, the flavor of rapeseed oil during storage was characterized by physicochemical analysis, sensory evaluation, electronic nose (E-nose), and gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O). Results: Peroxide value, acid value, and anisidine value gradually increased, while polyphenol content, tocopherol content, and sterol content showed a downward trend during storage. The E-nose combined with the linear discriminate analysis (LDA) method could discriminate rapeseed oil with different storage times. The sensory attributes changed significantly from distinctive pickled aroma to rancid, green, and fried aromas during storage. This work provides the aroma-active markers based on GC–O–MS for the quality evaluation of rapeseed oil during storage. A total of 136 volatile compounds were detected by GC–MS, and 16 odorants were identified by GC–O combined with aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). Finally, seven aroma-active volatile compounds (3-butenyl isothiocyanate, 2(5H)-furanone, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, (E)-2-octenal, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, and 3-methyl-pentanoic acid) with the odor activity values (OAVs) greater than 1 were identified as potential key aroma volatiles that contributed significantly to the overall aroma of rapeseed oil. Conclusion: This study provided a comprehensive method to monitor the flavor quality change of rapeseed oil during storage. The identified volatile compounds could be the markers to characterize the quality changes of rapeseed oil during storage.


Valorization of Bael Fruit Shell to Natural Emulsifiers: Formulation of Emulsifier Stabilized Chia Seed Oil-Loaded Antimicrobial Nanoemulsion Against Food Pathogenic Microorganisms

February 2025

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33 Reads

Natural emulsifiers originating from unconventional sources have attracted attention due to their exceptional functional properties. Bael fruit shell is typically considered an agricultural byproduct and is often discarded as waste. This research, therefore, focuses on valorizing it by developing bael fruit shell extract (BFSE). The utilization of bael fruit shells makes this approach both a sustainable and functional innovation. Proximate analysis showed that bael fruit shell powder (BFSP) is rich in carbohydrates (57.89 ± 0.32%) and proteins (7.53 ± 0.90%). Compounds, including polysaccharides, proteins, and other bioactive components, were extracted from BFSP at different pH levels (4, 5, 6, and 7) with microwave treatment (950 W for 3 min). The optimal pH was identified as 5, yielding the highest soluble fractions (80.08 ± 0.46%), polysaccharide, and protein content (180.98 ± 0.34 and 56.98 ± 0.37 mg/g). The optimized BFSE powder (pH 5) showed a porous structure, excellent thermal stability, high water and oil absorption capacities, and excellent emulsifying activity and stability. The BFSE nanoemulsion showed excellent stability compared to the conventional lecithin-based nanoemulsion. The BFSE-based nanoemulsion effectively reduced the viability of S. aureus, E. coli, and Candida albicans, suggesting its potential as an antimicrobial agent that could be utilized for enhancing food safety and extending shelf life in food preservation.


The Characterization of Nanoliposomes of Oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia) Extract and Their Effect on the Oxidative Stability of Low-Fat Mayonnaise

February 2025

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27 Reads

Due to the high fat content and the use of synthetic antioxidants in the mayonnaise formulation, in this study, nanoliposomes (NLPs) of oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) extract were used, and the physical and structural properties of the mayonnaise were investigated. In the research’s second phase, the quince seed mucilage (QSM) and soybean protein isolate (SPI) at concentrations of 1% and 2% were used in mayonnaise as a fat substitute. The NLPs were added to the low-fat mayonnaise formulation at concentrations of 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%. Two samples without additives and TBHQ (200 ppm) were produced as a control. The samples were kept at 4°C for 6 months. The highest encapsulation efficiency, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), antioxidant activity, and the smallest particle size were observed in the NLP-500 NLP (p<0.05). In differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry thermograms, NLP-1000 showed the lowest thermal stability and weight loss. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images showed that NLPs are spherical and homogeneous. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the entrapment of extract in phospholipid layers and a slight change in the peaks. All control treatments showed the highest fat content and pH (p<0.05). TBHQ and treatments containing 2% QSM + SPI and 2% NLP (Sample 10) and 1% QSM + SPI and 2% NLP (Sample 5) showed the lowest acid, peroxide, thiobarbituric acid, and totox values during storage (p<0.05). Therefore, NLPs containing oleaster extract can prevent the oxidation in mayonnaise.


Evaluation of Metabolites and Biological Activities of Areca Nut (Areca catechu L.) Under Different pH: Untargeted Mass Spectrometry–Based Metabolomics Approach

February 2025

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1 Read

Chewing areca nuts (ANs) produces a mild sense of excitement and happiness, particularly under alkaline conditions. To identify the substances responsible for these effects, we conducted a nontargeted metabolomics analysis comparing AN metabolites at different pH levels. Subsequently, AN’s active components were determined, and the in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated. The results showed that pH affected the expression of flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathways, leading to changes in flavonoid, alkaloid, and organic acid levels. Alkaline conditions facilitated the hydrolysis of arecoline and guvacoline to arecaidine and guvacine, respectively. Twenty-eight alkaloids were identified as AN metabolites, of which 22 are reported for the first time. Among these, arecoline, arecaidine, scopolamine, and theobromine may be responsible for the excitatory effects of AN. The active component content and antioxidant activity of AN were significantly influenced by pH. The antioxidant activity of AN was highest at pH 12, which might be another reason AN consumer products require alkaline conditions. The excitatory effects of AN under alkaline conditions are likely owing to the combined effects of various active ingredients. In conclusion, we clarified the effect of pH on the composition and activity of AN and determined the biochemical basis of the excitatory effect of AN. These findings provide theoretical guidance for further development and utilization of active AN functions.


Green Production Pathways, Instability, and Stability of Resveratrol: A Systematic Review

February 2025

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10 Reads

Resveratrol (RES) is a nonflavonoid polyphenolic compound present in various plant species. Extensive research has confirmed the diverse biological activities of RES, rendering it highly promising for multiple industries. However, its stability is influenced by intrinsic factors, such as structure, and extrinsic factors, including light exposure, oxygen exposure, elevated temperature, and pH variations. RES also faces challenges related to low solubility, rapid metabolism, and limited bioavailability, which impede its application in the food and medical sectors. The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of the most up-to-date advancements in green and efficient RES production pathways and to evaluate RES instability and strategies for stabilization. The green and efficient production of RES is mainly achieved through plant extraction and biosynthesis. The RES plant extraction methods include deep eutectic solvent (DES) methods, ultrasound-assisted, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and enzyme-assisted extraction technology. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are compared in this paper. The biosynthesis of RES can produce a high yield in a short period, and the use of genetic engineering and other techniques to improve and optimize the yield has brought the possibility of the mass production of RES. More importantly, RES can be stabilized or protected by encapsulation, combined with other natural compounds, structurally modified and synthesized by chemo-enzymatic and other methods, which is of great significance for food, medicine, and clinical applications.


An Integrated Strategy for Discovering the Active Components and Pharmacological Mechanisms of Indigo Naturalis in Ameliorate Atherosclerosis Injury

January 2025

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1 Read

Atherosclerosis (AS), a chronic inflammatory vascular disease, is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Indigo naturalis (IN) is a medicinal and edible plant with obvious pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammation, improving blood circulation, and antibacterial. However, its therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of action against AS remain unclear. This study aims to integrate network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro and in vitro experimental evaluations to uncover the active components and multitarget mechanisms of IN against AS. 10 active ingredients and 96 related target genes were identified, and gene functional enrichment analysis suggested that the toll-like receptor signaling pathway plays a core role in IN’s action against AS. Molecular docking revealed strong binding affinities between IN’s key ingredients and hub genes. In vitro, IN regulated the expression of inflammatory factors, migration factors, and TLR4, NF-κB, and MyD88 proteins in cell inflammation models as predicted. In vivo, IN reduced aorta damage, cell apoptosis, blood lipids level, and inflammatory factors in LPS-induced AS mice, further downregulating the expression levels of TLR4, NF-κB, and MyD88. This study confirmed the feasibility of IN for AS treatment from an anti-inflammatory perspective, highlighting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway as a critical mechanism. These findings provide a basis for developing IN as a potential candidate for anti-AS clinical application.


Effects of Ganoderma lucidum Supplementation on Obesity and Metabolic Alterations Induced by High-Carbohydrate-High-Fat Diet in Rats

January 2025

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35 Reads

Ganodermalucidum (GL), commonly called Reishi mushroom, has been utilized in traditional medicine against multiple ailments including obesity and metabolic complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of the powdered supplementation of GL (2.5% w/w of diet) and its ability to ameliorate obesity and associated metabolic alterations in high-carbohydrate-high-fat (HCHF) diet–fed obese female Wistar rats. Thus, after 56 days of feeding the mice with different treatments, we measured physiological parameters to evaluate the effect. Phytochemical analysis by HPLC identified the bioactive polyphenols in GL. Results demonstrated that GL supplementation significantly (p<0.05) prevented the net rise in body weight and reduced organ weights and abdominal fat deposition in obese rats. It improved glucose intolerance, decreasing blood glucose level (6.2 nmol/L) compared to HCHF diet–induced obese rats (8.67 nmol/L). It also significantly ameliorated the plasma lipids parameters including total cholesterol (106.4 mg/dL), triglyceride, LDL-C (55.26 mg/dL), and VLDL-C, restored the elevated serum profiles of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and elevated the antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) (42.58 U/g tissue), catalase (CAT) activities, and glutathione (GSH) (62.63 nmol/g tissue) in obese rats. Furthermore, GL prevented hepatic fat infiltration in HCHF diet–fed rats preventing steatosis. Different bioactive polyphenols including catechin, rutin, cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, quercetin, ferulic acid, and kaempferol were detected in GL by HPLC analysis, which might be responsible for its activity. Bangladeshi cultivated GL possesses antiobesity effect and is rich in phenolics that could prevent obesity-associated metabolic disorders.


Neptunea cumingii Extract Inhibits Adipogenesis and Stimulates Browning of Adipocytes in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes

January 2025

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7 Reads

This study investigates the potential antiobesity effects of Neptunea cumingii extract (NCE). Our findings illustrate that NCE effectively reduces lipid accumulation and triglyceride content, while simultaneously increasing free glycerol release. The reduction in lipid accumulation and induction of lipolysis were evidenced by the downregulation of lipogenesis proteins, such as fatty acid synthase and lipoprotein lipase, and the upregulation of hormone-sensitive lipase expression. Furthermore, the downregulation of adipogenic transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, indicates the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation. Additionally, NCE treatment induced brown adipocyte phenotype by upregulating brown adipose tissue–specific proteins, such as uncoupling protein 1 and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α. Moreover, NCE led to the phosphorylation of AMPK, the master regulator of energy homeostasis. Pharmacological inhibition of AMPK using an AMPK inhibitor (Compound C) attenuated the lipogenesis inhibitory effect of NCE and reduced lipolysis and adipocyte browning. This suggests that AMPK activation is involved in these processes. GC–MS analysis reveals that NCE primarily consists of cholest-5-en-3-ol (27.15%) along with an array of fatty acids which possess favorable antiobesity properties. Collectively, these results highlight the potential of NCE as a lipid-lowering agent for the intervention of obesity.


Emodin Suppresses Fluoride-Induced Pyroptosis in SH-SY5Y Cells Through the Inhibition of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation

January 2025

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5 Reads

Our preliminary investigation has unveiled that emodin may inhibit the neurotoxic effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) on SH-SY5Y cells by deactivating ERK and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. This action thereby restores synaptic damage and reduces excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. To delve further into the neuroprotective effects of emodin on neuronal cells, our study revealed that 48 h of NaF treatment disrupted the balance between mitochondrial fission and fusion in SH-SY5Y cells. This disruption significantly upregulated proteins associated with pyroptosis pathways, including NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and GSDMD expression, while inhibiting NF-κB phosphorylation. Notably, pretreatment with emodin effectively reinstated these alterations induced by NaF exposure, indicating its capacity to not only mitigate ROS production but also regulate mitochondrial dynamics and pyroptosis pathways. This counteraction of the toxic effects of NaF on SH-SY5Y cells provides valuable insights into the neuroprotective role of emodin.


Docosahexaenoic Acid Inhibits p62-Dependent Autophagy by Targeting HSP70A1A/TGM-2 Axis to Alleviate Arecoline-Induced Oral Submucosal Fibrosis

January 2025

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6 Reads

Background: The role of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in fibrosis of other organs has been studied, but its function in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) has not been reported. This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of DHA in OSF. Methods: OSF rat and cell models were established induced by arecoline. Through a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments, the function of DHA in OSF was investigated. Mechanistically, the interaction of TGM-2 with HSP70A1A and p62 proteins was validated using co-immunoprecipitation. Additionally, in cells transfected with overexpression vectors of HSP70A1A or TGM-2 and treated with DHA and arecoline or co-treated with a p62 inhibitor XRK3F2 along with DHA and arecoline, the function of the DHA/HSP70A1A/TGM-2/p62 axis in OSF was explored. Results: In vivo, arecoline caused severe pathological damage and fibrosis in rat oral mucosal tissues and induced overexpression of HSP70A1A. Arecoline treatment also elevated tissue ROS levels and the expression of α-SMA, Collagen I, TGM-2, and LC3 II/I, while decreasing tissue p62 protein expression and serum GSH levels. Treatment with DHA reversed these changes and improved the pathological damage and fibrosis in OSF rats. In vitro, arecoline induced the expression of HSP70A1A in a concentration-dependent manner, and DHA inhibited its expression by directly binding to HSP70A1A and reducing the expression of α-SMA, Collagen I, TGM-2, LC3 II/I, and ROS levels induced by arecoline in cells, while increasing p62 protein expression and GSH levels in cell supernatants. Furthermore, arecoline induced TGM-2 expression, and overexpression of HSP70A1A counteracted the protective effect of DHA on cells and the suppression of TGM-2 expression. TGM-2 interacted with HSP70A1A and p62 proteins. Overexpression of TGM-2 or treatment with XRK3F2 activated autophagy and abolished the protective effect of DHA on cells. Conclusion: DHA inhibits p62-dependent autophagy through targeting the HSP70A1A/TGM-2 axis, thereby alleviating arecoline-induced OSF. These results suggest that DHA and its mediated autophagy regulation mechanism can be a therapeutic target for OSF.


Liquiritin Ameliorates Palmitic Acid-Induced Hepatic Steatosis in Mouse Primary Hepatocytes by Suppressing the VEGFA Signaling Pathway

January 2025

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7 Reads

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a global pandemic, imposing a significant socioeconomic burden. Hepatic steatosis is a key pathological event in NAFLD. However, there is still lack of effective drugs for NAFLD treatment. Liquiritin (LIQ), derived from licorice root, exhibits antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, making it valuable in managing various conditions such as dermatological disorders, respiratory ailments, and gastritis. Here, we investigated the impact and underlying mechanisms of LIQ on hepatic steatosis in mouse primary hepatocytes (MPHs). Our study found that LIQ significantly decreased palmitic acid (PA)-induced lipid accumulation in MPHs. Additionally, LIQ remarkably increased the mRNA expression of Cpt1a, PPARα, Ehhadh, Cyp4a10, and Acox1, suggesting that LIQ achieves its lipid-lowering effect by regulating mitochondria-mediated lipid β-oxidation. Furthermore, the regulatory effect of LIQ on the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process was confirmed by Seahorse analysis. Mechanistically, bioinformatics analysis predicted VEGFA as a crucial target mediating the beneficial effects of LIQ against PA-induced lipid accumulation in MPHs. Notably, treatment with purified VEGFA protein partially counteracted the lipid-lowering properties of LIQ. Additionally, our data showed that LIQ promoted VEGFA degradation through the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. Therefore, our findings not only confirm the lipid-lowering effects of LIQ in MPHs but also identify VEGFA as its potential target. These results highlight the therapeutic promise of LIQ in managing NAFLD and introduce VEGFA as a novel target for treating hepatic steatosis.


Resveratrol and Its Metabolites by Gut Microbiota Inhibit Human and Rat Gonadal 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: In Vitro Assay, Structure–Activity Relationship, and In Silico Docking Analysis

January 2025

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24 Reads

Introduction: Resveratrol and its analogs have potential therapeutic usage. Resveratrol is metabolized to various metabolites by gut microbiota, including dihydroresveratrol, lunularin, pinostilbene, and oxyresveratrol. However, they might have side effects by inhibiting human gonadal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (h3β-HSD2) and rat homolog r3β-HSD1, thereby interfering with steroid biosynthesis. Methods: Herein, we analyzed the inhibitory strength via in vitro assay, mode of action, structure–activity relationship, and docking simulation of resveratrol analogs on 3β-HSDs. Human KGN cell microsome was used as h3β-HSD2 source, and 90-day-old male Sprague–Dawley rat testicular microsome was used as r3β-HSD1 source. The conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone by 3β-HSDs was analyzed. Results: IC50 values for h3β-HSD2 were 4,4′-dihydroxystilbene (8.87 μM) > pinostilbene (10.51 μM) > resveratrol (50.04 μM) > lunularin (96.10 μM), while those for r3β-HSD1 were pinostilbene (5.11 μM) > 4,4′-dihydroxystilbene (15.16 μM) > resveratrol (26.58 μM) > lunularin (34.32 μM). Most resveratrol analogs were mixed/competitive inhibitors of both 3β-HSDs. Lipophilicity (LogP) and lowest binding energy determined the inhibitory strength. Docking analysis showed that resveratrol and its analogs bind to the NAD⁺-/steroid-binding sites of 3β-HSDs. Conclusion: Resveratrol can inhibit both human and rat gonadal 3β-HSDs, thereby interfering with the metabolism and concentrations of steroid hormones such as progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol. Practical Application: Consequently, this interference could hold significance for conditions related to hormone imbalances, such as polycystic ovary syndrome and certain cancers. Disorders marked by elevated levels of androgens, like hyperandrogenism, might find therapeutic benefit from interventions aimed at modulating 3β-HSD activity. Hence, resveratrol and its metabolites could present themselves as natural or supplementary treatment options for managing such conditions.


Cow’s Milk Protein May Induce Allergy and Inflammation in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Through Regulating HOTAIR Expression and NF-κB Signaling Pathway

January 2025

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5 Reads

Background: Cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA) is associated with activation of proinflammatory signaling pathways and overexpression of inflammatory mediators. Long noncoding RNA (LncRNA) HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) is a LncRNA, which is involved in the occurrence and development of many biological processes and diseases. HOTAIR can prevent necrotizing enterocolitis. This study aims to explore the effect of milk protein on NCM-460 cells and its mechanism of action with HOTAIR. Methods: NCM-460 cells were induced by cow’s milk protein to establish in vitro cell models. CCK-8 and EdU staining were used for evaluating the effects of cow’s milk protein on the viability and proliferation. ELISA was used for comparing the levels of inflammatory cytokines. TUNEL staining was conducted for evaluating the apoptosis. Expression levels of HOTAIR were detected by RT-qPCR. The expression of NF-κB signaling pathway–related molecules in cells was explored to evaluate the mechanism of HOTAIR in improving ALI. Results: Cow’s milk protein decreased the viability NCM-460 cells and also decreased the expression of HOTAIR. Moreover, it can induce the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on NCM-460 cells, and overexpression of LncRNA HOTAIR can partially reverse the effects of cow’s milk protein. In addition, overexpression of LncRNA HOTAIR reversed the effects of cow’s milk protein on NF-κB signaling. Conclusions: Cow’s milk protein may induce the allergy and inflammation in intestinal epithelial cells through regulating HOTAIR expression and NF-κB signaling pathways.


Impact of Ultraviolet-C Light on Softening and Senescence During Storage of Peach Fruit

January 2025

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15 Reads

Ultraviolet-C (UV-C), as a physical preservation technology, has the advantages of energy saving, safety, and sanitation and has broad application prospects in fruit storage. In this study, peach cultivated “Xiahui 5” was used as material to investigate the impact of UV-C on the softening, senescence, and postharvest quality of peaches. It was discovered that the application of UV-C postponed the peak of respiration, retarded the loss of firmness, and inhibited ethylene biosynthesis during peach fruit storage. The UV-C treatment led to the inhibition of the growth of soluble pectin content and the reduction of cellulose and hemicellulose content, together with the suppression of the activities of enzymes that break down cell walls. The application of UV-C treatment resulted in an increase in the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of peach fruit, accompanied by a corresponding enhancement in the activities of glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). This contributed to maintain the fruit’s normal redox balance and antioxidant capacity. The application of UV-C treatment resulted in a reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) content and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, thereby indicating that the oxidative damage of peach fruit during storage was inhibited by the UV-C. The application of UV-C maintained higher ATP content and induced the increase of cytochrome C oxidase (COX), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), H⁺K⁺-ATPase, and Ca²⁺-ATPase activities involved in energy metabolism and had a significant impact in maintaining cell energy status. The findings suggest that UV-C treatment postpones peach fruit softening and senescence by maintaining cellular structure and energy homeostasis.


Epigallocatechin Gallate Inhibits Cell Proliferation Promoted by TNFα/IL1β-NFκB-PLAU Inflammatory Signaling in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

January 2025

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10 Reads

Background: Proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL1β drive esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell proliferation. However, the underlying molecular mechanism and potential therapeutic interventions to target this inflammatory signaling remain unclear. Methods: Plasminogen activator urokinase (PLAU) expression was analyzed using the public database (GEO and iProX) and molecular experiments (qRT-PCR and Western blotting). The DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) at the promoter of PLAU was analyzed using several online servers (AnimalTFDB, JASPAR, PROMO, Cistrome, and UCSC) and confirmed through ChIP-qPCR. The role of PLAU in ESCC proliferation was investigated through PLAU overexpression experiments, GO annotation, CCK8 assay, and 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay. Results: PLAU expression was significantly higher in ESCC tissues compared to normal tissues and in ESCC cells compared to immortalized esophageal epithelial cells. Treatment with TNFα and IL1β induced NFκB binding at the PLAU promoter in ESCC cells, leading to increased PLAU expression. Conversely, treatment with BAY11-7082, an NFκB inhibitor, significantly blocked this upregulation. Overexpression of PLAU promoted ESCC cell proliferation. Thus, our findings demonstrate that the TNFα/IL1β-NFκB-PLAU axis promotes ESCC cell proliferation. Moreover, EGCG inhibited NFκB binding to the PLAU promoter, thereby preventing PLAU upregulation in TNFα/IL1β-treated ESCC cells and inhibiting ESCC cell proliferation induced by PLAU overexpression. Conclusion: EGCG effectively blocks the inflammatory signaling TNFα/IL1β-NFκB-PLAU, thereby inhibiting ESCC cell proliferation. Our study provides new insights into blocking the pro-proliferative role of inflammation in ESCC and highlights EGCG as a potential therapeutic agent.


Polyphenols From Morchella sextelata Induce Apoptosis of Colorectal Cancer Cells Through ROS-Mediated Endogenous Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway In Vitro

January 2025

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18 Reads

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy of the digestive tract. Although chemotherapy is considered the most effective method for the treatment of CRC, these drugs have significant side effects. The identification of antitumour active ingredients with high efficiency and fewer toxic side effects from natural products is important. The effects of polyphenols from artificially cultivated Morchella sextelata (MSP) on CRC were analysed at the cellular level. The antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of MSP on HCT 116 and HT-29 CRC cells were determined by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, a colony formation assay, morphological observation and flow cytometry. The anti-CRC effects and their molecular mechanism were subsequently explored by RT-qPCR, Western blotting, mitochondrial membrane potential assays, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level assays and antioxidant enzyme system assays. MSP had dose-dependent cytotoxic effects as revealed by the inhibition of colony formation and induction of morphological changes and apoptosis in HCT 116 and HT-29 cells. The RT-qPCR results revealed that MSP treatment decreased the expression of Bcl-2 and upregulated the expression of Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9, which were verified by Western blot experiments. Furthermore, MSP led to the destruction of the mitochondrial membrane potential, which suggested that MSP induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in these two cell types. In addition, treatment with MSP increased ROS levels and reduced the levels of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione S-transferase (GSH-ST) and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) in the two cell lines. The apoptotic effects induced by MSP were significantly reversed by the ROS inhibitor N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), indicating that MSP induced apoptosis by increasing the intracellular ROS content of these two cell types. The above results indicated that MSP induced the apoptosis in the CRC cell lines HCT 116 and HT-29 through the ROS-mediated endogenous mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. The conclusions drawn from these experiments were based on in vitro cell experiments, and the results of this study provide a research basis for further in-depth experiments.


A brief overview of properties, processing, and health benefits of little millet.
Types of processing methods.
Influence of various processing techniques on millet nutrients. Source: Data collected from [33, 89–91]. (a) Extrusion. (b) Fermentation. (c) Germination. (d) Popping. (e) Cooking. (f) Milling.
Biological activities of little millet.
Mechanism of action of biological activities by phytochemicals of little millet.
Exploring the Benefits of Nutrition of Little Millet: Unveiling the Effect of Processing Methods on Bioactive Properties

January 2025

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129 Reads

Many terrible illnesses and disorders that modern man is dealing with today were not even known to ancient man. The only factor contributing to this disastrous situation is dietary habits. Thus, by avoiding and controlling them, replacing meals high in empty calories with nutrient-dense millets helps to alleviate the combined burden of contemporary metabolic illnesses and malnutrition. Because millet contains various nutrients, including proteins, minerals, lipids, vitamins, phytochemicals, dietary fiber, and complex carbohydrates, it positively impacts the immune system. Among whole millets, little millet (Panicum sumatrense) is one nutritious millet that contributes significantly to the supply of macro- and micronutrients and bioactive substances, including phenols, tannins, and phytates. However, some processing techniques, such as germination, fermentation, milling, and extrusion, impact little millet’s nutrients and bioactive chemicals by increasing or decreasing these phytochemicals. These nutrients and bioactive substances have physiological and beneficial properties related to health, such as weight management, antioxidants, antidiabetics, anticancer, antiobesity, and cardiovascular disease potential. It is also beneficial in preventing the risk of inflammatory, antirheumatic, and chronic disorders, as it possesses various value-added bioactive compounds such as kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin. Little millet also contains some antinutrients such as tannins, oxalate, trypsin inhibitors, and phytate. These substances bind to the necessary nutrients, rendering them unavailable or limiting their utilization. The nutrients, processing effects, bioactive compounds, and health advantages of these compounds in little millet are all summarized in this paper.


The Material Basis for the Beneficial Effects of Paidu Powder on Hyperuricemia: A Network Pharmacology and Clinical Study

January 2025

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4 Reads

Background: Paidu powder (PDP) is a formula that is used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) practices and has been demonstrated to be effective to lower blood uric acid (UA) level. Methods: Network pharmacology was employed to probe the mechanistic basis for the beneficial effects of PDP. Then, PDP was subjected to Aspergillus oryza AS3.042 fermentation, and the primary bioactive compounds in the resultant samples were analyzed via HPLC. A clinical study was then performed to test the therapeutic effects of unfermented and fermented PDP on HUA. Results: Network pharmacology strategies identified 122 active compounds and 924 HUA-related target genes, with 61 overlapping targets relative to PDP and HUA ultimately being selected. These target genes were associated with 474 GO biological process terms and 136 KEGG pathways. Moreover, good binding was observed between three main bioactive compounds of interest and nine primary target proteins. Notably, the levels of the top three bioactive compounds (quercetin, kaempferol, and naringenin) were significantly elevated by 308.96%, 1386.44%, and 719.21%, respectively, following fermentation. Clinical analyses indicated that both PDP and fermented PDP treatment significantly reduced UA, CRE, and BUN levels (p<0.01), with a higher overall efficacy rate in the fermented PDP group relative to the unfermented PDP group (p<0.01). Fewer adverse reactions were also observed in the fermented PDP group. Conclusion: These results offer novel insights into the putative mechanisms through which PDP can exert its beneficial effects against HUA, offering a novel basis for the identification of the pharmacological effects of this popular TCM prescription.


Thymus longicaulis subsp. chaubardii Ethanolic Extract Ameliorates Acetic Acid–Induced Rat Ulcerative Colitis Model by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis

January 2025

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41 Reads

The search for new drugs to treat ulcerative colitis (UC) is ongoing, with the use of herbal extracts emerging as a current research focus in this field. This study primarily intended to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the ethanolic extract of Thymus longicaulis subsp. chaubardii (TLC) in vitro. Secondly, we aimed to perform an acetic acid (AA)–induced rat UC model and assess the effects of TLC extract (200 mg/kg/orally/day, during three days) using ELISA test in terms of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-10, Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, TLR-9, MMP-3 level, caspase-3 and caspase-9, luminol, lucigenin, and SOD. In addition, we accomplished macroscopic and histological evaluations. Our phytochemical investigation revealed TLC contained secondary metabolites including total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total triterpenes in quite concentrated amounts. The extract demonstrated anti-2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity that was 2.3 times more potent than ascorbic acid, anti-2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging activity that was 3.28 times less potent than Trolox, and antilipoxygenase Type V (LOX-5) activity that was 1.31 times more potent than indomethacin in vitro. Due to colitis, increased luminol and lucigenin CL, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-17, TLR-9, caspase-3, caspase-9, MMP-3, and macroscopic and microscopic scores and decreased IL-10, Na+/K + -ATPase levels in colon ameliorated with TLC and sulfasalazine (as reference drug) treatments. As a result, it can be said that TLC improves UC in rats, mainly on account of its free radical scavenging activity, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects.


Journal metrics


3.5 (2023)

Journal Impact Factor™


23%

Acceptance rate


7.8 (2023)

CiteScore™


39 days

Submission to first decision


$2,570

Article processing charge

Editors