Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics

This paper focuses on programing mechanics of patterned spacer materials with double inlay-jacquard systems. Because of quite complex warp knitting paths and jacquard principles, an in-depth research on this double-jacquard techniques is conducted and then this paper proposes separate programing models of jacquard loop and jacquard underlap for the first time. Also, it studies a mapping method between the jacquard patterns design and colored loops formation process to automatically transfer what you design and see into what you knit. For the deviation between the design and the knitting result generated during the mapping process, an automatic detection method and an automatic correction algorithm are designed to ensure the accuracy of the mapping model. To comprehensively verify the programing model, an experimental design is exampled and then transferred into knitting parameters based on the programing system to fabricate a corresponding patterned material. This researched programing method shows great potential in increasing design efficiency and decreasing chemicals consumption in printing.

Node design is the most important aspect in membrane structure design, and an appropriate welding length is a prerequisite to ensure the reasonable stress distribution of the membrane structures. This paper presents the research on off-axial tensile behaviors of welding seam of the coated fabrics under different welding lengths. First, groups of off-axial tensile tests were carried out, and the effect of off-axial angle and welding length on the tensile strength and elongation at break of off-axial specimens with welding seam were studied. Then, the failure modes of these specimens were analyzed. Results show the change law of stress-strain curves of off-axial specimens with welding seam is similar to the base material, but the tensile strength and the elongation at break of off-axial specimens with welding seam are less than that of the base material. The tensile strength is maximum at 0° (Warp) or 90° (Weft). The tensile strength and the elongation at break are all minima at 15° or 75°. The tensile strength is second only to that of warp and weft at 45°, but the elongation at break is maximum. As the welding length increases, the tensile strength of specimens with welding seam shows an increasing trend. Four typical failure modes are observed in this test: yarn extract, yarn breakage (in the weld edge and in base material), shear failure, and composite failure.

Using recycled textile fibers in composites is currently one of the most effective approaches to reutilize textile waste. To explore the research progress and trends in recycled fiber composites, a visual analysis of the relevant literature is conducted using the software Citespace. Furthermore, the study systematically reviews the preparation methods, influencing factors, and recent applications of recycled fiber composites with various functional properties. The results indicate that fiber reinforcements, polymer matrix materials, and fabrication techniques are critical factors influencing the performance of fiber composites. Current research primarily focuses on five main areas: reinforcement composites, sound-absorbing and thermal-insulating composites, flame-retardant composites, pressure-sensing composites, and filtration and adsorption composites. Existing manufacturing techniques such as hand lay-up molding (HND), compression molding (COM), resin transfer molding (RTM), and vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) have been employed in the fabrication of these composites, among which VARTM and COM have been more prevalently adopted compared to HND and RTM. In addition, the recycled fibers used in these composites are predominantly cotton and wool, typically accounting for 1–81% of the total composition, with most composites containing less than 50% recycled fibers. It is recommended that future developments of regenerated fiber composites emphasize improvements in durability, uniformity, and sustainability.

To address the challenge of quality measurement in fancy yarns, an improved Pixel Difference Convolution (PDC) for the Pixel Difference Network (PiDiNet) is proposed for measuring the evenness and hairiness of chenille yarn. A computer vision-based image acquisition system is established, utilizing a backlight source for image capture. The captured chenille yarn images show that most textural features align horizontally, while pile yarn introduces hairiness and fiber ends. Therefore, edge detection via image processing technology is crucial for evenness and hairiness measurement. The improved PDC for PiDiNet is designed to remove hairiness, fiber ends, and other noise, which enhancing horizontal features for edge detection. Evenness is subsequently measured by comparing the detected upper and lower edges of the yarn. Canny edge detection is utilized to detect hairiness and, fiber ends. Hairiness is then measured by subtracting the evenness measurement results from the Canny edge detection results. Experiments comparing the proposed method with other existing methods revealed that the yarn core coefficient of variation (CV%) and hairiness area index (HA) for 10 chenille yarn samples closely match manually measured values, highlighting the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method for evenness and hairiness measurement.

Multilayer three-dimensional (3D) fabrics are gaining importance due to their unique properties, which are significantly influenced by the interlocking pattern and govern their end-use applications, particularly in protective textiles requiring higher through-the-thickness mechanical characteristics. This research focuses on developing 3D woven structures with novel orthogonal through-the-thickness interlocking patterns: warp interlocked (WP-IL), weft interlocked (WT-IL), and hybrid interlocked (HB-IL) by using warp and weft yarns simultaneously for interlocking fabric layers. Various performance characteristics, including air permeability, thermal conductivity, compression resistance, bending rigidity, tensile strength, and puncture resistance, were evaluated to assess the influence of fabric structure. Statistical analysis using One-way ANOVA was conducted to determine the significance of the interlocking pattern on these properties. The results indicate that weft interlock structures exhibit the highest air permeability due to their greater porosity, whereas hybrid interlock and warp interlock structures show 20.7% and 18% lower air permeability, respectively, due to their reduced structural porosity. Thermal conductivity results suggest no significant differences in insulation properties among the structures. Hybrid interlock fabrics demonstrate superior compression resistance and tensile strength, with 26.2% higher tensile strength than warp interlock structures and 12.3% higher than weft interlock structures in the warp direction, owing to the balanced distribution of binding yarns. In contrast, warp interlock structures exhibit the lowest bending rigidity in the weft direction, making them more flexible. Additionally, hybrid interlock structures provide the highest puncture resistance, while weft interlock structures show the lowest resistance due to their increased porosity. These findings highlight the critical role of fabric architecture in determining both comfort and mechanical properties, providing valuable insights for selecting optimal 3D woven structures in applications requiring specific performance attributes.

High-performance fibers, particularly UHMWPE (Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene), are widely used in the textile industry due to their remarkable mechanical and chemical properties. However, their inherent inertia to conventional dyes, known as challenging coloration, has led to ongoing research to enhance their dyeing affinity without the use of insoluble pigment dyes. This research introduces an innovative dyeing approach to enhance the clean dyeing efficiency of UHMWPE fibers. The approach involves utilizing a mixture of eco-labeled elementary disperse dyes to develop a cleaner dyeing process. A mathematical model was developed to meticulously select appropriate elementary disperse dyes based on their dyeing performances. This led to the determination of a global color quality index using desirability functions. By utilizing this technique, four yellow, four red, and five blue eco-labeled elementary disperse dyes were selected to create the yellow, red, and blue synergetic blends dye, respectively. The implementation of this innovative clean dyeing process resulted in significant improvements in both dyeing yield and dyeing fastness compared to traditional processes that use individual disperse dyes.

This investigation aimed to optimize both the structural and acoustic properties of bamboo biocomposite as a sustainable sound absorber through a combination of experimental and modeling approaches. Bamboo composite panels were fabricated with varying structural parameters, including density, thickness, binder concentration, and fiber ratio. Following the optimization of the composite, absorption coefficient calculations were conducted using an impedance tube, along with mathematical models such as Johnson-Champoux-Allard (JCA) and Delany-Bazley (DB). Porosity and airflow resistivity (AFR) parameters were directly determined, while the parameters of tortuosity, viscous, and thermal characteristic length were inversely determined using the differential evolution algorithm in MATLAB. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) was also used for the morphological analysis of the samples. The outcomes revealed a significant increase in Sound Absorption Coefficient (SAC) at various frequencies with the augmentation of density and thickness. For the optimal composite (density: 250 kg/m³, thickness: 40 mm, binder concentration: 20%, and fiber ratio F:C = 65:35), the average SAC above 630 Hz was 0.75. Furthermore, the impedance tube results exhibited noteworthy concordance with the predictions of the JCA model. Conclusively, the findings of this research underscore the potential of natural bamboo fiber-based composites as promising sound absorbers for effective sound control in indoor environments.

This study assesses the feasibility of utilizing an invasive and inedible pufferfish species (Lagocephalus sceleratus) for non-food purposes, aiming to help control its population in the Mediterranean Sea. Previous research suggests that the skin of the pufferfish holds promise for yielding valuable and environmentally friendly exotic leather. We investigate various tanning methods to convert pufferfish skin into leather, providing the first comparative analysis of its kind. Our primary focus is to characterize the properties of this leather and offer essential insights for its utilization across different product categories. Industry-standard tests were conducted to assess the quality of the leather, which was then compared with conventional leather. We illustrate how such products can be developed through interdisciplinary collaborations. Our findings clearly demonstrate the high potential, quality, and feasibility of converting invasive pufferfish skin into leather and related products, thus opening avenues for its integration into the fashion industry. Furthermore, we showcase the creation of leather accessories and shoes to highlight potential applications, alongside an analysis of sewing and processing capabilities. In conclusion, this study meticulously presents a successful case study for managing one of the most severe marine invasive species in the Mediterranean Sea under a blue economy framework, while also introducing it as a new textile option for the fashion industry as a novel eco-friendly exotic fish leather alternative.

In this work, it was aimed to develop carbon fiber reinforced epoxy thermoset resin composite tapes for flexible rapier weaving machines. Five different types of epoxy resin (Flex, Norm Medium, Norm Slow, Norm Hard and MGS-LR) and three different types of carbon fabric (200 g/m² plain weave, 200 g/m² unidirectional and 300 g/m² unidirectional) were employed. For laminate production, vacuum assisted resin infusion method was used. The number of carbon fabric layers and their placement or direction in the reinforcement were also changed to obtain different composite properties. It was calculated based on rapier dynamic motion analysis that rapier tapes were subjected to maximum around 500 N at 800 rpm running speeds and below 300 N under 600 rpm industrial running speeds. Load elongation and 3-points bending tests were applied to composite samples. The results were evaluated and compared with the results of a commercially used carbon reinforced composite rapier tape. It was shown with the solution of dynamic rapier motion analysis and load-elongation curve measurements that elongation under 0.1 mm at 500 N was obtained for a 150 mm sample length which is close to commercial rapier tape. Although bending force was calculated well below its breaking value when it is bent to 150–200 mm radius of curvature (radius of rapier drive wheel) for a sample length of 150 mm, both maximum bending force and maximum bending strength values remained under those of commercial composite rapier tape and needed improvement with further studies.

The recent advancements in smart textiles have led to a surge in the use of textile-based sensors to detect various signals, including touch, pressure, body temperature, humidity, and so on. Due to their flexibility, bendability, and lightweight design, all of which make them perfect for a variety of flexible sensing systems. Herein, a capacitive touch sensor consisting of all textile components has been architected through computerized machine knitting technology. The prototype has been realized with the double knit intarsia knitting technique, which enables seamless integration of touch sensing textiles onto non-conductive base fabric during single knitting operations. This simple and easily embedded touch interface enables users to experience soft and ultraflexible electronic textiles with high responsive (response time ~80 ms) sensing capabilities. High reproducibility and repeatability were observed with the manufactured capacitive touch sensor, with negligible change in capacitance within 500 touched-untouched cycles. The sensor also demonstrates outstanding flexibility against various mechanical deformations, that is, twisting, grasping, folding, and pinching. As a proof of concept, a machine knitted touch keyboard, numpad, wristband, and soft switch have been demonstrated as capacitive touch sensing user interfaces for human-machine interaction.

Researchers are working hard to handle the intricate interplay and interconnected relationships between fiber properties, process parameters, and consumer requirements in yarn manufacturing. These relationships make a complex network and researchers tried to develop prediction models through artificial neural network (ANN). This paper provides a systematic and comprehensive up to date (2024) overview on applications of ANN in the textile yarn manufacturing (fiber to yarn) sector. In addition, diverse methodologies, approaches, and specific applications of ANN in fiber to yarn are criticized in this study. The limitations, challenges, and future scopes of this subject have been explored by synthesizing the selected relevant publications in the field of textile yarn manufacture and ANNs. The study contributes to the theoretical and practical implications through this review and concludes with a valuable future opportunity. Notwithstanding the fact that the research shows a clear improvement in the implementation of ANN in the yarn manufacturing sector, substantial work remains to be done in these areas.

Work transactions through platforms enabled by digital transformation have exploded in the wake of COVID-19. Furthermore, the number of workers involved has increased rapidly. With the expansion of non-face-to-face communication even after the end of the pandemic, the transaction market value of delivery services is expected to reach USD 59.8 billion in 2022. The media has reported that transportation for delivery through delivery apps is mainly utilizing two-wheelers. Also riders to make as many deliveries as possible and receive good ratings, most work more than 8 h. This complex work environment and long working hours expose them to physical fatigue, scrapes, bumps, falls, and other accidents, making it more necessary than ever to pay attention to the health and safety of delivery riders. However, research on apparel design for delivery riders is limited. The clothing of delivery riders who work long hours influences their performance, comfort, and mobility. Recent field research suggests that delivery riders are unsatisfied with their current workwear, and ergonomic discomfort mainly affects their safety-critical work patterns and frequent physical movements. An urgent need exists to develop better designs that consider comfort and performance. This study serves as a resource for identifying and reflecting delivery riders’ needs and improvements to their workwear and providing good design. Recent field research suggests that delivery riders are unsatisfied with their current workwear, and ergonomic discomfort mainly affects their safety-critical work patterns and frequent physical movements. An urgent need exists to develop better designs that consider comfort and performance. This study serves as a resource for identifying and reflecting delivery riders’ needs and improvements to their workwear and providing good design.

Female athletes and active women benefit greatly from wearing well-fitting sports bras to provide essential support and control during dynamic movements like running. Understanding how bra components like straps, neckline and underband affect breast motion is crucial for designing sports bras that reduce discomfort and maintain stability. However, evaluating sports bra performance with human participants faces challenges in recruitment and consistency. To address this, this study introduces a soft manikin system that accurately simulates and measures 3D breast movements during running. This system offers a novel method for objectively assessing sports bra effectiveness in controlling breast motion. By incorporating deformable breast forms into the manikin, researchers can consistently evaluate how bra features impact breast movement. The soft manikin’s breast displacement values align well with experimental results in the medial-lateral and vertical directions. This innovative approach provides valuable data for designing activewear bras, enabling informed adjustments to enhance breast motion control during physical activities.

In this research, the mechanical and physical properties of hybrid aloe vera (AV) and raffia palm (RP) fibers-reinforced polyester composite materials were characterized. The AV fiber was extracted using water retting technique from the stem of the AV plant, and the RP fiber was extracted using mechanical retting technique by hammering manually form petiole of the RP plant. These fibers were treated with an alkaline solution, and the composite materials were developed using a hand lay-up technique. The weight percentages (wt.%) of AV and RP fibers were varied from 0 to 30 wt.%, while maintaining a constant 70 wt.% polyester matrix content. A fixed ply angle arrangement of 0°, 90°, 45°, −45°, 90°, 0° was used for all samples. When the weight percentage amount of RP fiber increased, the increments of tensile strength, compressive strength, and flexural strength were observed; however, these properties decreased as the weight percentage of AV fibers increased. The maximum tensile, compressive, and flexural strengths were observed on the sample S-5 (0% AV/30% RP/70% polyester matrix), with values of 120.4, 131.13, and 201.4 MPa, respectively. Sample S-4 (10% AV/20% RP/70% polyester matrix) exhibited the maximum impact strength of 1.21 J/mm². Unlike the tensile, compressive, and flexural strength properties, the impact test findings were not significantly influenced by the hybridization of AV and RP fibers. The water absorption test revealed that the sample S-1 (30% AV/0% RP/70% polyester matrix) had the lowest water absorption value of 1.91 wt.%, while the maximum water absorption (3.15 wt.%) was observed on the S-5 sample. In general, by hybridizing RP and AV fibers, it was possible to develop a composite material with moderate mechanical properties and moisture resistance.

This study evaluates yarn stiffness measurement techniques, focusing on 3-point and 4-point bending tests, the cantilever method, and the hanging pear loop method. It examines the effects of force and bending moment distribution on the stiffness of yarns such as recycled polyester, carbon, Kevlar, Vectran, and glass. The 4-point bending test consistently provides higher stiffness values than the 3-point method., reducing shear deformation and stress concentration. This difference is especially pronounced for carbon, Kevlar, and Vectran yarns, while glass and recycled polyester yarns exhibit more stable stiffness behavior. Alternative methods, like the hanging pear loop and cantilever techniques, also show differences based on stress application. A proposed buckling force evaluation for thin composite yarns with high fiber volume fractions demonstrates strong correlations with other methods. The findings emphasize the importance of selecting appropriate testing techniques based on yarn characteristics and accuracy requirements.

A large amount of wastewater with a high dye content is discharged from the textile printing and dyeing industry. Synthetic dyes, which are essentially exogenous chemicals, predominantly exhibit the property of poor biodegradability. Consequently, they are capable of persisting stably within the environment over protracted time spans. The high-chroma dye wastewater not only results in severe water pollution but also breaks ecological balance, thereby rendering it a pivotal and formidable facet in the realm of industrial wastewater treatment. Consequently, the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater prior to its discharge is of utmost necessity. This article offers a relatively comprehensive exposition of the treatment methods for dye wastewater, with a specific focus on the adsorption method, the photocatalysis method, and their respective characteristics. Nano-TiO2@adsorbent composites, which integrate the advantages of adsorption and photocatalysis, have been widely studied for the treatment of dye wastewater. This paper provides a broad overview of the classifications, the adsorption-photocatalytic mechanism, and influencing factors of nano-TiO2@adsorbent composites. Nano-TiO2@adsorbent composites integrate the processes of adsorption, catalysis, and degradation, thereby significantly improving the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation for organic pollutants by titanium dioxide catalysts. Furthermore, the suggestion for the research and development of photocatalyst @textile composite materials for dye wastewater treatment is put forward in this article.

The light absorption properties of dyes constitute a pivotal characteristic that significantly influences their performance and application. To investigate the relationship between the molecular structure of mono-azo orange series disperse dyes and their corresponding maximum absorption wavelengths, a predictive model was developed. Employing Gaussian quantum chemistry software, the relationship between the molecular structures of four mono-azo orange series disperse dyes and their respective maximum absorption wavelengths was systematically examined. In the present study, the initial conformations of selected disperse dye molecules were generated, followed by the optimization of the energy-minimized conformations using quantum chemical DFT. The thermal correction to free energy and single-point energy were computed to determine the Gibbs free energy and the Boltzmann distribution ratio at 298.15 K. Conformations exhibiting a Boltzmann distribution ratio of at least 5% were selected for subsequent excited-state calculations, which yielded the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra and the corresponding maximum absorption wavelength. A fitting prediction model based on optimization for the maximum absorption wavelength was then established. The results demonstrate that when this model is applied to predict the maximum absorption wavelength of a single azo orange series disperse dye, the testing error rate remains within 6%, suggesting a high degree of consistency within an acceptable range of accuracy. These findings suggest that the model could serve as a valuable technical reference for predicting the absorption performance parameters of disperse dyes, thus contributing to the green innovation and sustainable development of these materials.

Durability and service life of structures are guaranteed towards the reparation and rehabilitation of concrete. Repair materials are usually cementitious matrixes reinforced with fibres. Partial replacement of cement by supplementary cementitious materials in repair products is important to decrease the consuming of cement, conserve natural resources, reduce waste as well as assisted to advanced sustainable building materials. For this purpose, six self-compacting repair mortar (SCRM) reinforced by polypropylene fibre (PPF) were prepared with replacement of cement by marble powder (MP) at different percentages 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% according to the EFNARC 2005 specifications. First, the optimization of fibre’s dosage is obtained at fresh and hardened states (compressive and flexural strength) at 28 days. Then, SCRM reinforced by polypropylene fibres was evaluated in different methods, at fresh states (slump flow) and hardened states (compressive and flexural strength and elasticity modulus) at 3, 7, 28 and 90 days. In addition, durability was studied on sorptivity at 28 days and adhesion strength on composite specimens (half SCRM/half substrate mortar) at 7, 28 and 90 days. The obtained results of fresh mortar revealed that the addition of PPF contributed to workability enhancement. The combined use of PPF and MP showed good mechanical properties of SCRM which fulfilling the requirements of class R4 materials for structural repair products. On the other side, elasticity modulus has decreased with the increment of marble powder content however, a good correlation is attained between elasticity modulus and compressive strength. Adhesion test indicated that 15% of MP is the optimum dosage which provides 20% of gain in adhesion strength.

Cannabis sativa (Hemp) is renowned for its diverse applications across multiple industries. This versatile plant is utilized in food production, paper manufacturing, pharmaceutical development, cosmetic formulations, biofuel generation, and most notably, in the textile sector. The hemp fiber’s mechanical performance, low cost, and environmental sustainability make it a promising alternative to conventional fiber but the plant is highly susceptible to several agronomic and environmental factors, particularly herbicides. Our research investigates the impact of glyphosate and metribuzin herbicides on Cannabis sativa fiber quantity and quality. Cellulose and hemicellulose content, mechanical properties, and morphological features of fiber from treated plants were analyzed. Herbicide treatments significantly affected fiber composition and properties. Treatment with low-concentration glyphosate resulted in a reduction of both cellulose and hemicellulose content, whereas low-concentration metribuzin induced a slight increase in cellulose levels. Exposure to high concentrations of either herbicide led to a significant decrease in both cellulose and hemicellulose components. Mechanical tests and X-Ray Diffraction revealed that low-concentration glyphosate weakened fiber’s tensile strength, whereas low-concentration metribuzin enhanced it. However, high concentrations of both herbicides decreased tensile strength. Bast fiber content initially increased with low herbicide concentrations but declined at higher levels. Scanning electron microscopy revealed progressive structural damage to fiber with increasing herbicide concentrations. Glyphosate caused surface disruption, while metribuzin induced more severe degradation, including surface erosion and bubbling at high concentrations. These findings highlight the complex effects of glyphosate and metribuzin on Cannabis sativa fiber properties, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of herbicide use in hemp cultivation for textile production.

With the increasing emphasis on health, environment, and advancements in science and technology, the sustainability of denim products has garnered growing attention. This study proposes a new denim fabric to enhance the sustainability of jeans in terms of raw materials and usage. UMORFIL Beauty Fiber, a bionic cellulose fiber composed of collagen peptides upcycled from fish-scale waste, was used for this purpose. Considering that fibers combine collagen and plant fibers, they are an excellent choice for fabricating skin-friendly and wash-resistant clothing. Notably, its excellent deodorant properties make it highly suitable for producing denim clothing that requires minimal washing. Therefore, a novel denim fabric utilizing fibers to envelop Lycra elastane was designed and used in this study. The analysis in this study demonstrates that the upgraded denim fabric possesses favorable tactile attributes and effective deodorizing properties. By preventing the occurrence of unpleasant odors in the denim fabric, the number of washings can be reduced, thereby preventing consumer dissatisfaction with deformations and early discarding of jeans. Because contemporary jeans encompass not only durability but also various design and styling elements, rendering them essential in the world of fashion, this innovation holds significant importance. Furthermore, a reduction in the number of washing cycles led to decreased detergent usage and a decline in the generation of pollutants during discharge, thereby contributing to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly denim fabric. These findings are crucial for promoting the sustainable development of the jeans industry.

In modern society, a wide variety of electronic devices, such as those linked to Wi-Fi routers and power outlets, emit significant electromagnetic radiation. This radiation poses risks not only to human and animal health but also to data security, potentially serving as a source of sensitive information leakage. While short-term exposure to low-frequency radiation typically does not result in adverse effects, prolonged exposure has been associated with various health issues, including depression, nausea, anxiety, headaches, and, in some cases, miscarriages in women. The best solution to protect human from radiation is to cover human body with electromagnetic shielded textile fabrics. Author developed five different mesh-knitted structures and compared their properties with a plain single jersey structure. The purpose of developing mesh knitted fabric is to create curtains that can block or lessen electromagnetic radiation while still allowing light and air to pass through. Composite yarn containing stainless steel wire and carbon fiber was used. Fabric construction was carried out using a fully automatic flat knitting machine. The MH3 and MH5 mesh knitted structures were newly invented. The results showed that the MH3 mesh knitted structure exhibited the highest EMI SE among all the mesh knitted fabrics. The plain single jersey fabric (PJ0) included for the comparison with mesh knitted structures and it exhibited the highest value of electromagnetic interference shielding and UPF rating.

Complex composite structure design is frequently practiced in today’s aerospace and automotive industries. This study deals with the winding optimization of polymer composite frames having complex 3D geometry using rovings, winding heads, and industrial robots. This problem is addressed mainly from a geometrical perspective using a novel mathematical model and approach. Attention is given to maintaining the required winding angles, avoiding gaps, minimizing roving overlaps during winding, and ensuring the homogeneity of the windings process. Determination of the optimal number of rovings used and their width during the winding process is solved first for the case of a straight frame, where the central axis of the wound roving forms a straight helix on the frame surface. The winding technology for curved parts of the frame is more complicated. In practice, the curved section of the frame often forms geometrically part of a ring torus. The central axis of the wound roving then forms a toroidal helix on the torus. Optimization procedures are also solved for this type of frame. The verification of the derived theoretical conclusions was done using practical examples is a part of the research.

This study explores the potential of utilizing natural fibers, including flax, hemp, banana, jute, and sisal, as alternatives to cotton in textile manufacturing as no one has compared the blends of these fibers with cotton under identical conditions. The study aims to address environmental issues in cotton cultivation by using two blend ratios (80:20 and 60:40) of cotton and alternative natural fibers to create yarns and woven fabrics. The fabrics were then dyed and treated with softener and bio polish to assess how these treatments affect mechanical and thermphysiological comfort properties of the fabrics. The results indicated that higher cotton blends exhibited increased tensile and tear strength, with the cotton/sisal blend achieving a maximum tensile strength of 289 N, while the cotton/flax blend displayed the highest tear strength at 11.5 N. Softener and biopolish treatments improved the Relative Hand Value (RHV) by 20% and 30%, respectively. Fabric composition predominantly influences drape properties and resilience scores, with the cotton/banana blend showing drape values and the cotton/flax blend demonstrating resilience scores that are closer to those of pure cotton than other blends. Additionally, the fabric composition improved the air permeability of the samples, with the cotton/banana blend showing the greatest increase, reaching 483 mm/s. The cotton/jute blend exhibited the highest water vapor permeability at 98, while the cotton/sisal and cotton/hemp blends demonstrated moisture management properties with values of 0.76.

Textile and fiber materials lead in combination with nanomaterials to innovative and functional products of high scientific interest. However, also industrial and consumer products are based on this combination. With this background, the current review presents and categorizes different nanomaterials in respect to their application on textiles. The main goal of the current review paper is to present nanomaterials and its possibilities in combination with textiles for achievement of new and functional materials. For this, several types of materials are presented in detail, as sol-gel coatings, effect pigments, electro spinning and many more. Also, a view on several applications and functionalities is given, as photoactivity, luminescence, antimicrobial properties etc. Altogether a structural paper is supported guiding the reader through this topic concerning those innovative materials.