Journal of Biological Engineering Research and Review

Indonesia is one of the largest countries in the dengue endemic region and ranked first in ASEAN by the highest number of cases in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). The use of chemical agents such as larvicides causes development of resistance, health, and environmental problem. Plant extracts with larvicidal activity from plants, which are easily available in large quantities and are safe for human needed to replace the chemical larvicides. The aim of this research was to obtain polar (methanol) and non-polar (n-hexane) extract fraction from leaves of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) which are known to possess several insecticide and an effective biolarvicide. The experiment was designed as a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) for comparative analysis. Polar and non-polar extract fractions of C. hystrix were tested with concentrations of 500 ppm, 1375 ppm, 2250 ppm, 3125 ppm, and 4000 ppm against the 3rd instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. The experiment was replicated five times. The number of mosquito larvae mortality was calculated after 24 hours of treatment. The dead larvae were counted and the data was analyzed using probit. The results show that non-polar extract fraction from C. hystrix is more toxic and is an effective biolarvicide with LC90 = 2,885 ppm compared with polar extract fraction from C. hystrix which has an LC90 = 3,180 ppm.

The accurate Electrocardiogram (ECG) and heart rate information is one of the vital aspects for the different kinds of heart functioning disorder identification. The work proposed a universal portable, low cost system to acquire ECGs. A very simple algorithm is developed which can compensate base line shift, high frequency noise present in the ECG, peak detection without losing any information along with removing some artifacts. The algorithm accomplished with six order polynomial fitting curve for the purpose of removing baseline shift and digital filtering techniques are applied to overcome with high frequency noise and artifacts. The value of the real time heart rate is displayed in digital format along with the ECG if the system is connected with computer.

Background: The standard of care for Locoregionally Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck (LASCCHN) is Concurrent Chemo-Radio-Therapy (CCRT), with cisplatin at least 40 mg/m 2 per week being standard weekly schedule; so as to keep minimum cumulative dose to be 200 mg/m 2. Methods: The present retrospective study was carried out at department of Radiotherapy, SMS Medical College, Jaipur; on 174 patients with LASCCHN treated with definitive 3DCRT (70 Gy in 35 fractions) with concurrent weekly cisplatin; during July 2013 to December 2014. Results were analysed for compliance, toxicity, locoregional control (LRC), and progression free survival (PFS). Results: Compliance to RT & CT was seen in 90.8% & 76.4% patients, respectively. Treatment interruptions were seen in 76.4% of patients, 81.1% patients required hospitalisation at least once, 28.2% patients required feeding naso-gastric tube insertion, and 15.5% patients required tracheostomy. At three months, complete response was seen in 81.6% patients. Grade III or higher acute dermatitis was seen in 18.9% of patients, mucositis in 41.9%, dysphagia in 16.7%, xerostomia in 13.2%, vomiting in 10.9%, diarrhea in 2.3%, leucopenia in 1.7%, and anemia in 6.3% of patients. The median follow up was 40 months (range, 31-48 months). At last follow up, LRC was 66.9%, distant metastases were seen in 12.1% patients, deaths were reported in 8% of patients, and PFS was 71.8%. Conclusion: The findings of present study match with most of the studies cited in literature. Compliance to both CT and RT was good; acute toxicities were within the accepted levels, and were manageable. Higher LRC was significantly associated with stage III (versus IV, P < 0.001), larynx (versus oral cavity, P = 0.02), and ≥5 CT cycles (P = 0.01);, whereas PFS with stage III (versus IV, P < 0.001), larynx (versus oral cavity, P = 0.03), and absence of treatment interruptions (P = 0.03).

This research aimed to invent edible macrofungi in Alas Purwo National Park that can be used as alternative food sources. The method that was used in this research was the explorative method with descriptive analysis. The sampling process took place along the side trail of the tropical rainforest ecosystem of Alas Purwo National Park. The tropical rainforest ecosystem that was reached from Triangulasi Resort with geographics coordinates 8° 39' 20.9" S 114° 21' 39.2" E then going to northwest for around three kilometres until Sadengan Track with geographics coordinates 8° 39' 13.1" S 114° 22' 18.2" E. The other track was from Triangulasi Resort with geographics coordinates 8° 39' 20.9" S 114° 21' 39.2" E then going to east for around five kilometres until Pancur Track with geographics coordinates 8° 40' 38.91" S 114° 22' 25.90" E. The collections of macrofungi samples were limited until five metres left and five metres right of the track. The result of this research showed there were 40 different genera and 22 of them are edible. Those 22 genera are Auricularia, Cantharellus, Clavulina, Collybia, Coltricia, Coprinus, Crepidotus, Dictyophora, Flammulina, Geastrum, Hydnellum, Inocybe, Leucocoprinus, Marasmius, Meripilus, Mycena, Oligoporus, Peziza, Pleurotus, Polyporus, Psathyrella, and Tremella.

Diabetes still remains a rampaging metabolic disorder without a cure and current attentions are focused on the management of its associated complications particularly in type 2 diabetes. The enzyme aldose reductase is one of the validated therapeutic targets in this regard. Seaweeds (brown algae) are known to have beneficial effect in the control of hyperglycemia and other secondary complications of diabetes. Using in silico tools, the current study analyzed the precise interaction of selected bioactive components obtained from seaweed with aldose reductase. In the results, the compounds conveniently occupied active-site pocket flanked by the three flexible loops on top the (α/β) 8 barrel, however with varied degree of penetration (depth) and binding energy values (-5.2 kcal/mol to -9.9 kcal/mol) compared to fidarestat, the reference ligand (-9.0 kcal/mol). The favorable interaction within the catalytic pocket with less ∆G values suggests that the compounds are unique inhibitors of the protein with competitive mechanism of inhibition. Eckol showed fidarestat-comparable penetration into the cleft establishing hydrogen bonds with the partly polar anion-binding pocket residues Tyr48, His110, Leu300, Ala299, hydrophobic bonds with the aromatic amino acids Trp20 and Trp219 as well as π-stacking interactions with Trp219. Few ligands with poor active-site penetration, for instance Phlorofucofuroeckol A, are associated with poor inhibitory effect. The precise interaction patterns obtained in the current study are crucial towards understanding the mechanism responsible for the antidiabetic activity of marine brown algae while the unique binding pattern obtained may provide insights into the differences in the potency (IC50) of these algae-derived compounds.

Sentiment analysis on customer feedback in e-business is a rapid growing research area in the Business Intelligence System (BIS). A huge number of reviews numeric ratings and textual reviews (quantitative and qualitative) are shown on the e-market platforms on every product. These reviews are very helpful for the new buyers, sellers, retailers and manufacturers also. But it is very difficult or impossible to analysis this reviews data manually for business decision. Author proposed and developed a customer feedback or reviews analysis system that can extract the real time online review data from the e-marketing website and then analysis the sentiment of the extract reviews. Marketers and Customers can utilize review mining and feedback analysis, which have influenced the neighboring world by moving their belief on a particular product. Data manipulate in this research work are real-time product reviews (Galaxy S20 5G) collected from e-marketing site (amazon.in) through the web-scraping by python programming. The Author implemented a relative sentiment analysis of retrieved online reviews. This work provides feedback analysis of a mobile phone (smart phone) reviews dividing them into positive class, neutral class, and negative class. The result of this analysis has been visualized by a bar chart, word cloud, and numerical value, which can be used by a customer in decision-making before purchasing a new smart phone. The sellers can also use this system to expand their business.

The ionotropic activation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) plays a significant role in different type of neurodegenerative disease, as it is a tetramer with two Glycine binding subunit and two glutamate subunits. NMDA receptor can be inhibited by either blocking of the glycine site or glutamate site. Previously reported inhibitors of NMDA receptor focus on the inhibition of the glutamate subunit, which was reported to be associated with side effects such as ataxia, memory deficits, and neurotoxicity. Therefore, different compounds with antagonistic effect are been explored on Gly/NMDA site. Glide XP docking was employed in screening phyto-constituent of Chromolaena odorata against Gly/NMDA receptor for hit compounds with antagonistic properties. The hit compounds were further subjected to Induced fit docking (IFD) and Lipinski rule of five. The final selection was based on Rigid XP docking score using co-crystallized ligand as threshold docking score, interaction with receptor site residues, and IFD score. Ferulic acid, caffeic acid and scutellarein recorded binding affinity of-8.752Kcal/mol, 10.004 Kcal/mol and-9.096 Kcal/mol respectively, which is higher than the binding affinity of co-crystallized ligand. Induced fit score obtained were-614.38,-614.03 and-616.31 for ferulic acid, caffeic acid and scutellarein respectively. The result obtained in this study shows the potency of phytochemical from C. odorata to inhibit NMDA receptor. ADME study showed that the drug-like nature of these compounds.

Recent pharmacological research has focused attention on biological properties of bioactive compounds derived from medicinal plants. With the aid of in silico modeling and computational studies, the possible antimicrobial activity of phytoconstituents isolated from various Tanzanian medicinal plants was investigated. Out of the eighteen compounds selected and docked against a critical antimicrobial target, Glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase from Escherichia coli (E. Coli), eight (8) compounds including baphikinone, annonaine, rheediaxanthone B, isorheediaxanthone, forbexanthone, amaniensine, 12-hydroxy-des-D-garcigerrin A and baphikixanthone showed high binding affinity towards the enzyme. The molecular interaction, in comparison with the reference compounds, fructose-6-phosphate and fluconazole revealed that the compounds favorably docked on the binding site and the enzyme-ligand complex possessed low binding energy value, implying that the compounds may be potent inhibitors of the enzyme. The binding energy values obtained ranged from-7.0 kcal/mol to-9.3 kcal/mol compared to-7.6 kcal/mol and-6.0 kcal/mol obtained for fluconazole and fructose-6-phosphate respectively. The compounds penetrated and appeared to completely blocked the active site and, engaged amino acid residues at the active site in strong hydrogen bonds. These residues include Val-399, Thre-352, Glu-488, Ser-349, Gln-348, Thre-302, Ala-602, Lys-603, and Ser-303 most of which are required for catalytic activity. Hydrophobic interaction also seemed to participate in stabilizing the enzyme-ligand complex. Overall, the binding affinity and configuration for the selected phytoconstituents were comparable to the control ligands. Hence, the compounds may competitively hinder the synthesis of glucosamine-6-phosphate that is required for bacterial and fungal cell wall production. The results obtained in this study validate the antimicrobial potential of the medicinal plant sources of the compounds and show that they possess the ability to inhibit glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase as a target while providing insights into the possible molecular interaction involved in the antimicrobial effects observed in earlier reported wet experiments.

The grasses- Poaceae (Gramineae), grass family of monocotyledonous flowering plants is the most important group of useful plants. Some of the grass species have been proved to show therapeutic effect and have been effective in treatment of inflammation and sclerosis as they contain bioactive components called antioxidants which delay or prevent the oxidation of cellular substrates. These antioxidants exert their effect by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) or preventing their generation. ROS are usually generated in physiological processes to produce energy and metabolites or to generate defenses against invasive microorganisms but can also cause oxidative damage associated with many degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Polyphenols like flavonoids and phenolic acids are one of the most important natural antioxidants present in this grass family. Examples of flavonoids are glycosides of apigenin, luteolin and tricin and examples of phenolic acids are ferulic acid, caffeic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. These compounds show a wide spectrum of chemical and biological activities including radical scavenging activity. This paper will discuss the total content of phenolic compounds present in the sample of Festuca grass, species of Poaceae family by Folin-Ciocalteu method. The paper will also highlight the total flavonoid content with the help of aluminium chloride colorimetric method. The results indicated that Festuca grass is a good natural source of antioxidant compounds for use in food and pharmaceutical industry.

Unequivocally fish is considered one of the most crucial experimental animal models in basic and applied biomedical research. Fish in the laboratory requires proper housing and handling. The inadequate aquatic facility causes suffering and discomfort to fish. In this article, we discussed the limitations of filtering equipment and their long-term usage associated with hazardous effects on fish health. We attempted to design and construct the aquarium with a simple technique without implementing any filtering equipment. The design resolves to minimize the impact of potential toxins in the aquarium. The design of the proposed aquarium is more appropriate for longitudinal research protocols and housing since it overcomes the constraints of water renewal at the time of experiments without disrupting a test fish's normal behavior. The aquarium provides better functional efficacy for fish welfare. We observed the circadian locomotor activity rhythm of fish and validated it by housing them in test aquarium both singly-and in group-housing conditions under LD 12:12. We concluded that housing in the new test aquarium facilitates better stocking practice when housed for a prolonged duration. The designed aquarium possesses a self-draining facility that helps elude the extent of water deterioration and water turbidity due to suspended wastes, thus enabling a stress-free environment for stocking.

Bacteria resistance to antibacterial antibiotics is made possible by the production of beta-lactamase. Beta-lactamase enzyme confers resistance by breaking open the Beta-lactam structure of antibiotics, thereby deactivating their antibacterial properties. As a result of this, attention shifted into identifying potential lead inhibitor of beta-lactamase, with ability to reduce resistance encountered in bacteria antibiotics. The computational approach was employed in the generation of QSAR model using Automated QSAR, and in the docking of ligands from Chromolaena odorata with Beta-lactamase. The best model obtained was KPLS_Dendritic_43 (R 2 = 0.8564 and Q 2 =0.7819), and was used in predicting the bioactivity of the lead compounds. Docking study revealed that the ligands bind with a higher binding score than co-crystallized ligand and other standard drug employed in this study. Tianshic acid and chromomorate recorded binding energy of-9.305 and-7.989 respectively. The drug-like properties of the ligands were evaluated using the Lipinski rule of Five, which revealed that C. odorata ligands do not only inhibit the activity of beta-lactamase, but the ligands are also drug-like. Therefore, further studies are needed to adequately justify the mechanism of action of these ligands as a beta-lactamase inhibitor.

The banana (Musa acuminate Colla) is considered as an important crop plant due to its high economic value and rich dietary source, a cheapest and very popular fruit of Bangladesh. For analysis of genetic variation, five banana varieties were selected from Kushtia district and DNA was isolated from banana leaves of Bichikola, Chinichampa, Kachkola, Ranginsagor and Sabrikola by modified method of CTAB protocol. DNA fingerprinting was conducted of five banana varieties using 3 RAPD primers (OPA-03, OPD-04 and OPE-20). RAPD analysis was revealed 49 score able bands on amplification and their sizes ranged between 300bp to 1500bp. Among the 49 RAPD bands, 7 bands were monomorphic and 42 bands were polymorphic and 13% polymorphism was observed. The maximum polymorphism was found by the primer OPE-20 (23.07 %). The RAPD based dendrogram were revealed that two major clusters and the inter variety similarity indices between Bichikola and Sabrikola was found the highest (1.29 %) and the lowest 0.33 % value was found between Chinichampa and Sabrikola and average value of variety the similarity (Si) was 0.81 %. The highest linkage distance (3.74) was found in Chinichampa vs. Sabrikola variety pair and the lowest linkage distance (2.65) was found in Kachkola vs. Ranginsagor variety pair. All five varieties are closely related with each other in the samples studied and providing clear informations for any future genetic manipulation.

Ursolic acid (UA) is present in many medicinal plant plants such as Mirabilis Jalapa, Mucuna pruriens and in many fruits like apple, blueberries consumed in daily life. UA present in large quantities in apple peels. Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by progressive degeneration of specific neurons in the central nervous system. In Parkinson's disease (PD), dopamine synthesis is impaired in the nigrostriatal region of basal ganglia, causing symptomatic movement abnormalities. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by abnormal accumulation of extracellular milieus like β-amyloid fiber and intracellular milieu like tau protein accumulation in the specific area of the brain. Psychiatric disorder (SD) also called mental disorder or mental illness is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes the noteworthy destruction of individual functioning. Oxidative stress and inflammation play an important role in the neurodegeneration of these disorders. Ursolic Acid (UA: 3β-hydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid) is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid having both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity which is well-established in other diseases with a relatively fewer side effect. In this review article, we have summarized the potential role and pathway of UA in PD, AD, and SD.

: Head and neck Squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is highly prevalent in North east India. The widespread use of tobacco exposure is a known risk factor, making mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) more susceptible to damage by oxidative stress in comparison to nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial dysfunction being a hallmark of cancer, the study aims to evaluate liquid biopsy involving circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cfmtDNA) as an early diagnostic marker by reducing the dependability over tumor tissue biopsy specimen. A total of 50 HNSCC cases reported at Cancer Hospital, Guwahati Medical College from January 2018 to August 2018 were included in this study. Cell-free DNA was isolated using QIAamp Circulating Nucleic Acid Kit. PCR based amplification of mitochondrial D-loop, followed by direct sequencing. Our result indicated the presence of somatic mutations (73(A/G), 93(G/A), 146(T/C) and 207 (G/A)). Polymorphism was also observed in the sequences (263A>G, 275G>A, 318T>C, 16034T>C, 16257C>A and 16519T>C) upon comparison with reference sequence. Analysis of c-tract region showed the presence of an additional cytosine nucleotide at position 309.Identifying somatic mutations in cfmtDNA using liquid biopsy approach will certainly minimize the dependency of clinicians and molecular biologist over the availability of tumor tissue specimens. The identified somatic variations from our study will help in the implementation of preventive measure. Therefore, our study provides an early mtDNA diagnostic marker using liquid biopsy approach.

Biomarkers are an index develops in living systems before/during pathophysiological situations. Their elevation or reduction can provide the status of diseases and can help in the development of therapeutics for ailment at initial level for the alleviation of etiology of disease. A particular type of the physical characteristics generated in living system can be used to measure or indicate the etiopathological nature of development, effects or progress of a disease, illness or abnormal or pathological conditions. A distinct types of biochemical, genetic or molecular characteristic or substance or indices i.e. an indicator of a particular biological condition or process. Disease biomarkers have been used in several clinical areas, including oncology, metabolic disorders, neurological disease and immune systems malfunctioning. In recent years because of the progress of analysis technology (Biomarker system) several new biomarkers continue to be devised and used as diagnostic, predictive, prognostic, and toxic marker. In drug development area, biomarkers are used as surrogate endpoint to substitute for a clinical endpoint and needed for rational drug development.

Rapid diagnosis, need of early prediction and control of diseases shifted the biomedical interest towards Artificial Intelligence (AI). This prominently fosters the collaborative interactions of machine learning in biomedical engineering. AI aims at mining relevant information directly from the derivative physiological data, leads to better performance in comparison to human that is suffered by status of mind and mental variability. Evolutions of new machine learning algorithms are helping the even disrupted pattern of raw physiological data in terms of better classification. The purpose of this study is to create the interest of new researchers in this field by understand the basic technique and applications to aid in their research further.

Biotechnology is the combination of engineering, science and technology where we could evaluate the application of biological organisms, systems, bioprocesses by various industries to learn about the science of life and the improvement of the value of materials and organisms. Since 20 th Century, when five proteins from genetically engineered cells had been approved as drug by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA), biotechnology grown up a height where we can say the upcoming decade would be of the decade of biotechnology. At the present biotechnology has wider application in the major areas, including health care, crop production, agriculture, nonfood uses of crops and environmental issues. Keeping these facts in our mind we, planed this multicentre study. It was started since 2013; A total 43 selected abstract of studies of BTSPARK-14, and BTSPARK-15 were included to evaluate the present status of biotechnology, its implication in various interdisciplinary and translational fields. Studies were categorized in to four subheads first; past evaluation of biotechnology, second, development of newer biotech concepts, third, biotech process development and fourth was discovery development and implication of biotechnology. It is conclude that there is high need of attention to spread biotechnological process and products among common peoples through the biotechnological professional or researchers.

Biotechnology is the combination of engineering, science and technology where we could evaluate the application of biological organisms, systems, bioprocesses by various industries to learn about the science of life and the improvement of the value of materials and organisms. Since 20 th Century, when five proteins from genetically engineered cells had been approved as drug by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA), biotechnology grown up a height where we can say the upcoming decade would be of the decade of biotechnology. At the present biotechnology has wider application in the major areas, including health care, crop production, agriculture, nonfood uses of crops and environmental issues. Keeping these facts in our mind we, planed this multicentre study. It was started since 2013; A total 43 selected abstract of studies of BTSPARK-14, and BTSPARK-15 were included to evaluate the present status of biotechnology, its implication in various interdisciplinary and translational fields. Studies were categorized in to four subheads first; past evaluation of biotechnology, second, development of newer biotech concepts, third, biotech process development and fourth was discovery development and implication of biotechnology. It is conclude that there is high need of attention to spread biotechnological process and products among common peoples through the biotechnological professional or researchers.

Present study was carried out to establish uterine fibroid primary culture system for screening of natural/synthetic compounds against uterine fibroid. For in vitro culture, enzymatic isolation method was used. To characterize, histochemistry (H & E, Masson's Trichrome and Periodic Acid Schiff) staining and immunocytochemistry using marker antibodies (Versican) were performed in vitro. Uterine fibroid tissue showed much intense staining of Masson's Trichrome and Periodic Acid Schiff stain as compared to adjacent myometrium tissue. The primary cultured cells showed significantly higher proliferation, sub-culture efficiency and expression of Versican protein. In conclusion, our results suggest that in vitro cultured uterine fibroid cells may offer a suitable alternative model to evaluate natural or synthetic compounds having antitumor properties for uterine fibroid treatment.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurological disorder of the nervous system, initiated by lessened production of dopamine (DA) in the substantia nigra, it affects circa 50 percent more men than women. Theories reveal that age, genetic and environmental factors are involved in PD etiology but age seems to be the most prominent risk factor. Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) play prominent role in the oxidative deamination of DA in the striatum. Inhibition of MAO-B in the brain may decrease the exhaustion of DA stores and increase endogenous DA level. Glide-XP docking, Quantum-mechanics Polarized Ligand Docking (QPLD), pharmacokinetic studies and biological activity prediction studies were utilized to explain the binding mode, molecular interaction, inhibitory potential and pharmacokinetic properties of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) compounds on MAO-B and compared to standard drugs used for treatment of PD, selegiline and rasagiline. Molecular docking results showed Rutaecarpine and Chrysophanol to have relatively better inhibitory activities than selegiline and rasagiline. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that Rutaecarpine and Chrysophanol show comparative result with selegiline and rasagiline. Also, Rutaecarpine and Chrysophanol PASS prediction for their monoamine inhibitory activity showed greater Pa than Pi value. Our results have shown that Rutaecarpine and Chrysophanol can be a better therapeutic candidate in the treatment of PD.

The neurons show remodeling in their dendritic arbor and spine/synapse number in many brain regions including the hippocampus, amygdala and the prefrontal cortex. The dendritic spine density is reported to be changed due to experiences and stressful conditions. The dendritic spines are the small protrusions arising from the dendritic shaft of the neurons. They have basic shapes as large mushroom spines, short stubby spines and thin spines. The morphology of spines changes rapidly in response to various stimuli that may be internal such as hormones and external such as environmental changes. Dendritic spine density plays a major role in classification of principal neurons i.e. multipolar and pyramidal neurons. The principal neurons may be classified as sparsely spinous, moderately spinous and heavily spinous on the basis of density of spine over the dendritic branches. In response to environment dendritic remodeling takes place in the form of spine shapes, spine turnover and spine density etc. Synaptic plasticity primarily takes place in dendritic spines and enriched environment have positive effect while social isolation have negative effect on synapse formation. Exposure of animals to environmental complexity may improve the learning and memory by providing adaptive changes in the dendritic spine density.

Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) consist of three closely related isoforms that produce nitric oxide (NO) a free radical. The overproduction of NO by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is related with a number of neurodegenerative disorders; therefore, selective inhibition of nNOS over eNOS and iNOS is a desirable therapeutic goal. A number of selective inhibitors are reported for nNOS expressed in Rat. We performed a study to test the hypothesis that the inhibitor shows higher selectivity in Rat's nNOS has differential selectivity for human nNOS. Three highly selective rat nNOS inhibitors re-docked with bovine eNOS, mouse iNOS and rat nNOS for validation and with human NOSs for evaluation of the hypothesis. 7-nitroindazole showed selectivity for human eNOS and N-Omega-Propyl-L-Arginine as well as 3,5-Bis(2-(6-amino-4-methylpyridin-2-yl) ethyl) benzonitrile exhibited selectivity for human iNOS. Results suggest that these inhibitors lose their selectivity for human nNOS as displayed for the rat.

Recent digital photography has shown rapid growth over the past few years, the use of digital image has become an important aspect of our daily life, such as magazines, newspapers, courtroom, social media, news channel etc. Nowadays, image manipulation is easy, due to availability of powerful photo editing application software like Adobe Photoshop and availability of cheap camera enabled mobile devices. And possible to add or remove new features from an image without leaving an important clue or trace. In this paper, we focus on the detection of copy move digital image forgery, it is one of the most common types of photo forgery techniques and compare with existing method. We mostly utilize two types of methods to identify copy-move forgery: block-based and key point-based. In block-based approach to identify tampered images, block features are extracted and compared. In this method, we used discrete cosine transform (DCT) algorithm for detection of copy move forgery detection. We are discussing about an important image forensics and image authentication tools. The digital image forensics tools have been designed to detect the origin of a digital image or if the content is real or changed without having any prior knowledge of the image under investigation. The goal of this study is to give a complete overview of the current state of the photo forensics.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important intracellular signaling molecule, generated by catalysis from nitric oxide synthases (NOSs). In the face of NO playing beneficial roles, its overproduction by the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is detrimental in neurological disorders, whereas that derived from the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is beneficial. Therefore, dual inhibition of iNOS and nNOS without inhibiting eNOS is a promising neuroprotective approach for combating stroke. Withania somnifera (WS) has been used for centuries as a nerve tonic and Nootropic agents in Ayurveda. Present structure-based molecular docking study was performed to identify novel, potent and dual iNOS/nNOS inhibitor by screening the Withania somnifera constituents. A ligand database containing 36 phytochemicals present in W. somnifera along with nNOS and iNOS selective inhibitor was molecularly docked onto catalytic heme domain of three NOS isoforms. This approach identified two phytosteroids withanolide-M and stigmasterol that have higher selectivity, bind with the lower binding energy and established a number of H-bonds or hydrophobic contacts with the catalytic oxygenase domain of iNOS and nNOS than their selective inhibitors (AT2 and S19). Their suitability for Lipinski's Rule of Five, the ability to cross the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB), high human intestinal absorption score make them a potent possible neurotherapeutic agent to combat neurological disorders mediated by nNOS and iNOS activation.