International Journal of Nursing Studies (INT J NURS STUD)

Bэтoй cтaтьe пpивoдятcя peзyльтaты coциoлoгичecкoгo иccлeдoвaния ceмeйcтв, cдeлaннoгo yчacткoвoй cecтpoй, из кoтopыч пpoиcчoдит 116 дeтeй в вoзpacтe oт oднoгo гoдa дo 14-ти лeт, кoтopыe yмepли в г. Maнчecтepe в тeчeниe 1964–1965 гoдa. Учacткoвaя cecтpa зaпoлнялa aнкeты вo вpeмя бeceд c пoнecшими пoтepю poдитeлями, пoлyчaя тaким oбpaзoм дaнныe o ceмeйныч и дoмaшнич oбcтoятeльcтвaч. Ocнoвoй oтдeльнoй пpичинoй cмepти из клaccифициpoвaнныч пpичин былa cмepть oт нecчacтныч cлyчaeв и cpeди элич ceмeйcтв cyщecтвoвaлo мнoгo coциaльныч пpoблeм. Бoлee 30% этич дeтeй yмepтo oт чpoничecкич бoлeзнeй и нeкoтopым poдитeлям пpичoдилocь yчaживaть зa cвoими дeтьми дoмa, нe имeя нeoбчoдимыч yдoбcтв. B тeч ceмьяч, гдe дeти yмepли oт ocтpыч зaбoлeвaний, нeкoтopыe мaтepи нe cмoгли pacпoзнaть cepьeзнocть бoлeзни peбeнкa, вoзмoжнo, пo нeoпытнocти или пoтoмy, чтo были нeoбpaзoвaны. Cecтpe кaзaлиcь, чтo и дpyгиe нe мoгли дaть вpaчy пoлнyю кapтинy cимптoмoв peбeнкa, тaк кaк вo вpeмя бeceды гoвopили нeчлeнopaздeльнo. Bocпитaниe в гигиeнe ocтaeтcя нeoтьeмлeмoй чacтью paбoты yчacткoвoй cэcтpы и дoлжнo включaть yчoд зa дeтьми, пpeдoтвpaщeниe нecчacтныч cлyчaeв, yчoд зa бoльными дeтьми, coвeты кaк пoльзoвaтьcя мeдицинcкими и плaниpoвкy ceмьи. Maтepям c чpoничecки бoльными дeтьми нeoбчoдимa пoддepжкa co cтopoны yчacткoвoй cecтpы, a тaкжe мaтepям в oпacнocти вo вpeмя ocтpoгo зaбoлeвaния peбeнкa и ceмьям, пoнecшим пoтepю. Чтoбы oкaзaть кaк мoжнo бoльшyю пoддepжкy этим ceмьям, нeoбчoдимo, чтoбы и м бoльницa, и yчacткoвый вpaч, и yчacткoвaя cecтpa paбoтaли coвмecтнo. Oднaкo, нЭoбчoдимa чeткaя фopмyлиpoвкa мeтoдв, кoтopыми бы yчacткoвaя cecтpa мoглa дaвaть oбъeктивнyю oцeнкy мaтepинcкoй зaбoтe и пoтpeбнocтям ceмьи, чтoбы cecтpa cмoглa внecти цeнный вклaд в paбoтy пo гигиeничecкoмy вocпитaнию. Кpoмe этoгo, нeoбчoдимo paapaбoтaть тeчникy плaнoвoгo вeдeния apчивoв, чтoбы бoлee пoлнo иcпoльзoвaть мaccy инфopмaции, coбиpaeмyю yчacткoвыми cecтpaми.

Preterm birth often negatively influences mother-infant interaction. Skin-to-skin contact postbirth has positive effects on maternal feelings toward their preterm infants and on infant development and family interaction. However, little is known about the long-term effects of skin-to-skin contact on mother-late preterm infant interaction when skin-to-skin contact was experienced early postbirth and intermittently throughout the next five days. The purpose of this report was to examine the effect of skin-to-skin contact on mother-late preterm infant interaction through 18 months. Randomized controlled trial with follow-up. Two hospitals in the United States of America. 100 mothers and their late preterm infants, 32 to <37 weeks' gestation, were recruited. Mother-preterm infant interactions were assessed in 69, 70, and 76 dyads at 6, 12, and 18 months. Mothers and their preterm infants were videotaped during a feeding session at 6 and 12 months, and a teaching session at 6, 12, and 18 months. Their interactions were then scored using the Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Feeding Scale and Teaching Scale. Skin-to-skin contact and control dyads had comparable feeding scores at 6 and 12 months. Skin-to-skin contact infants had lower infant teaching scores at six months, a difference that disappeared thereafter. These inconclusive results call for additional studies with larger doses of skin-to-skin contact, larger sample sizes, and other outcome measures of mother-late preterm infant interactions. Such measures include the Parent-Child Early Relational Assessment and behavioral coding during play.

Pregnancy conceived by assisted reproductive technology (ART) carries a higher risk of adverse birth outcomes. So far, there have been very few longitudinal studies of the growth of children born after ART. The purpose of this study was to explore the determinants of growth of children born after ART. Using data of Wave I (6 months old) and II (18 months old) of the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study (TBCS), a national sample of 21,248 pairs of mothers and their children were included for analysis, including 366 pairs resulting from ART (1.7%). Data were collected through field interviews with structured questionnaires, and with references to each child's birth certificate and Passport of Well-baby Care. Compared to children born with naturally conceived pregnancy, children born after ART had a significantly higher incidences of low birth weight (33.1 vs. 6.9%; p<0.001) and prematurity (42.1 vs. 11.3%; p<0.001). Overall children born after ART had a similar trend of growth in body weight from birth to 18 months old, but did not achieve catch-up of body weight by 18 months old. On the other hand, they had a faster growth and evidence of catch-up in both body height and head circumference from 6 months to 18 months old. Stratified by the birth number, for singleton or twin babies, there was no significant difference in most parameters of growth at birth and up to 18 months old between babies born by ART compared with those born through a natural conception. Analysis using generalized estimating equation modeling showed that multiple pregnancy and breastfeeding as well as having the mother herself as the caregiver in daytime through 18 months old are the negative and positive contributing factors, respectively for both growth and the change of growth with time among children born after ART. Though exhibiting a higher incidence of low birth weight as well as prematurity, children born with ART enjoyed a similar or faster rate of growth from birth to 18 months old when compared to those children born through naturally conceived pregnancies. While multiple gestation is always a negative contributing factor, continuous breastfeeding and having the mother herself as the caregiver in daytime are positive contributing factors for the growth and/or change of growth for the children born after ART.

ФpaицyзCкaя ШTaTнaя ШкOлa КpaCнOгO КpeCTa, OCнOBaннaя B пapижe B 1951 г. былa пepBыM yчpeждeниeM BO Фpaнции, дaющиM BOзMOжнOCTь дaльнeйшeгO OбpaзOBaния MeдицинCкиM CeCTpaM, жeлaющиM зaняTь шTaTнyю дOлжнOCTь либO пO yчOдy зa бOльныMи, либO пpeпOдaBaTeльCкюю. ПOCTeпeннO пpOизOшлO MнOжeCTBO нOBOBBeдeний: был OCнOBaн жypнaл Revue de L'Infirmière et de l'Assistante Sociale: был OpгaнизOBaн кypC пOBышeннOгO Tипa для CeCTep пapижCкOгO paйOнa пpи MeдицинCкOM ФaкyльTeTe; кypCы нa нaциOнaльнOM ypOBнe, BкOTOpыe BчOдили Taкиe пpeдMeTы, кaк пCичиaTpия, pyкOBOдCTBO, пeдaгOгикa; кypCы пO OбщeCTBeннOMy здpaBOOчpaнeнию были BBeдeны B MeдицинCкич шкOлaчдля зaBeдyющич и yчиTeлeй, и B бOльничныч цeнTpaч — для MeдCeCTep. КpOMe TOгO, ШTaTнaя ШкOлa КpaCнOгO КpeCTa пOлyчилa пpизнaниe CO CTOpOны OбщeCTBeнныч BлaCTeй, pOCкOлькy ee yчeбный кypC дaBaл Oфициaльнyю кBaлификaцию MинCTepCTBa ЗдpaBOOнpaнeния; шкOлa Taкжe пpиниMaлa aкTиBнOe yчaCTиe B COCTaBлeнии yчeбныч пpOгяaMM. B 1966 г. шTaTнaя шкOлa OpгaнизOBaлa пOдгOTOBиTeльный кypC для yлyчщeния OбpaзOBaTeльныч CTaндapTOB. B 1970 г., нa экCпepиMeнTaльнOй бaзe и пpи COдeйCTBии MиниCTepCTBa ЗдpaBOOчpaнeния, былO OTкpыTO OTдeлeниe для пOдгOTOBки шTaTныч CeCTep здpaBOOчpaнeния, Taк кaк дO эTOгO BpeMeни BOзMOжнOCTи TaкOгO OбpaзOBaния иMeлиCь TOлькO для пaлaTныч CeCTep и для yчиTeлeй. Teпepь шкOлa зaниMaeTCя pOдбOpOM CTyдeнTOB и COCTaBлeниeM пpOгpaMM; Oнa CTpeMиTCя к пpиCпOCOблeнию и к пepeMeнaM пyTeM пOCTOянныч изMeнeний MeTOдOB Oбyчeния, yTOчнeния цeлeй и CTpeMлeния плaниpOBaTB зapaнee для бyдyщeгO. КpOMe TOгO, дeяTeльнOCTь шTaTнOй шкOлы нaпpaBлeнa к TOMy, чTOбы пOддepжaTь пpOфeCCию, пOBыCиTь CTaндapT CeCTpинCкOгO OбCлyжиBaния, yлyчшиTь OбщeCTBeннyю Cлyжбy, COдeйCTBOBaTь бOлee близкOMy кOнTaкTy C OфициaльныMи yчpeждeнияMи и COздaTь б0лee эффeкTиBнOe COглaCOBaниe C дpyгиMи yчpeждeнияMи, CTpeMящиMCя пOддepжиBaTь OбщeCTBeннOe здpaBOOчpaнeниe.

Nurses are the largest professional group in health care. Nurses' smoking is not only important to their personal health, but also to the public's health. Analysis of smoking prevalences found among nurses in 21 countries in the period 1959-1988 shows that considerable numbers of both female and male nurses are smokers. More often than not there are found as many smokers among nurses as among the general population, sometimes even more. Only in Canada and Finland female nurses smoked clearly less than the population at large. Nurses' smoking prevalences decreased slowly in industrialized countries. An exemplary role is recognized by many nurses; more so by non-smoking nurses than by their smoking colleagues. Factors influencing nurses' smoking are professional socialization, duality of roles, workstress, discrepant expectancies about nurses' role and lack of social support. Theoretical explanations for nurses smoking by means of the theories of strain, of selection, of social control and of professional subculture are discussed. Future research should be internationally coordinated and aimed at comparability within a cultural and organizational context.

Цeлью эtoй paбotы былo oпpeдeлenиe bctyпиteльnoгo ctanдapta, tpeбyeмoгo b naчaлe oбyчenия, пpичeм, пpoизnoдилocь cpabпenиe peзильtata, дoctиtnytoгo na bctyпиteльnoм экзaмene cobeta пo oбщeмy yчoдy зa Бoльnыми и пocлeдyющим пpoгpeccoм 596 мeдcectep. ne былo oбnapyжeno зnaчиteлььnoй paзnицы b ctanдapte кanдидatoб, bыдepжabшич пpeдbapиteльnый гocyдapcbennый экзaмen co bctyпиteльnыми otмetкaми, bыpaжennыми 71 пynкtoм и бoльшe (taблицa 3) и oкonчateльnый гocyдapctbennый экзaмen c otмetкaми, bыpaжennыnи 66 пynкtaми и бoльшe (taблкцa 4). boapact oкaзыbaл oчenь neзnaчиteльnoe bлияnиe na ycпeч; кanдидatы из coeдиnЭnnoгo Кopoлebctba были бoлee ycпeшnы, no ич otмetки пpи пoctyплenии были bышe. Пpичиnы пpэкpaщenия oбyчenия были anaлизиpoпы; пpobaл na пpeдbapиteльnoм экзaмene cлyжил пpичиnoй, кaк для бoльnицы, taк и для кanдидata, для пpeкpaщenия oбyчenия. paбota bo bpэмя bctyпиteльnoгo кypca yкaзыbaлa na бoлee tecnyы кoppeляцию ycпeчa na гocyдapctbennoм экзaмeпe, чeм na bctyпиteльnoм экзaмene. Былo cдэлano зaключenиe, чto кanдидatы c otмetкaми, bыpaжennыми 76–80 пynкtaми, дoctигnytыми na bctyпиteльnoм экзaмene cobeta пo oбщeeeeeeeeмy yчoдy зa бoльnыми, bepoяtъo, ycпeшno пpoйдyt oкonчateльnый гocyдapctbennый экзaмen, чto otnocиtcя и к кaпдидataм c 81–91 и 71–75 пynкtaми. чиcлo ycпeшnыч кanдидatob, c otмetкaми ot 61 дo 70 дynкtob ъactoлькo beликo, чto кaждый otдeльnый cлyчaй зacлyжиbaet ocoбoгo bnимanия, пpичeм peшaющим фaкtopoм дoлжna быtь paбota bo bpeмя bctyпиteльъoгo кypca. Дaльneйший anaлиз бyдэt пpoизbeдeъ пocлe измeneпия пpoгpaммы oбyчenия b бoльnицaч и шкoлaч.

Пpoфилaктичecкoe здpaBooчpaнeниe B пpeдлaч пoнятия BceoбъeMлющeгo здpaBooчpaнeния игpaeт Baжнuю poль, и для тoгo чтoбю пpэдocтaBить ucлuги здpaбooчpaнeния кaждoMu чeлoBeкu B oт дeльнocти, cлuжбa caнитapныч Meдcecтep cчитaeтcя нeoтъeMлeMoй. B 1971 гoдu я пoлuчил нaзнaчeниe быть oдниM из члeнoB нy;ccлeдoBaтeльcкoй гpuппы, кoтopoй былa пpeдocтaBлeнa cтнпeндия для иэuчeния aдMиниcтpaтиBнoй cлuжбы пo эдpaBooчpaнeнию и блaгococтoянию пoд нaзBaниeM «cиcтeMa здpaBooчpaнeния B oтдaлeнныч paйoнaч” Зa ocнoBu этoй cтaтьи Bзятa чacть oтчeтa. B cтaтьe ocBeщaeтcя фaктичecкoe пoлoжeъиe cлuжбы caнитapныч Meдcecтep B япoнии, Bключaя кpaткий oчepк иcтopии cлuжбы caнитapныч Meдcecтep, инфopMaцию oтнocитeльнo кBaлификaции caнитapныч Meдcecтep и aдMиниcтpaтиBнoй cиcтeMы здpaнeния. B тeчeниe 1960–1970 гг. пpиpocт чиcлa Meдcecтep, зaнятыч B paбoтe пo здpaBooчpaнeнию пo Bceй Япoнин был paBeн тoлькo 997. Пo cpaBнeнию c чиcлeннocтью зaнятыч B дpuгич oтpacляч здpaBooчpaнeния — этo oчeн ь Maлaя цифpa. Boльшaя чacть caнитapныч Meдcecтep (cBышe 88%) B B Япoнии пpинaдлeжит к cлeдuющиM дBuM oфициaльныM aгeнcтBaM: к ueнтpaM здpaBooчpaнeния и к Muъиципaлитeтu. Кaждoe из этич aгeнcтB oтличaeтcя cBoeoбpaзныM чapaнтepoM и cпuжбa, пoэтoMu, нocит дBoякий чapaктep B зaBиcиMocти oт тoгo, иMeeтcя ли дeлo c MuниципaлтeтoM или co cтpaчoBюM aгeнcтBoM пo здpaBooчpaнeнию. cuдя пo BoзpacтнoMu cocтaBы, былo oтMeчeнo яBлeниe “Bышaдeния” Meдcecтep B Boзpacтe 30–45 лeт. ocoбeннo ocтpo oщuщaeтcя тaкoe “Bыпaдeниe” caнитapныч Meдcecтep B ычpeждeнияч здpaBooчpaнeния B Beдeнии Muнидипaлитeтa, a тaкжe B Maлoнaceлeнныч paйoнaч.

L'article présente les conclusions de deux enquêtes effectuées en 1966 et en 1968. Le personnel enseignant de toutes les écoles d'infirmières diplômées d'Israël a été invité à remplir un questionnaire semi-structuré et à évaluation personnelle de données spécifiquement personnelles, éducatives, professionnelles et d'expérience pratique. En plus de ce caractère social et démographique, l'enquête comportait une analyse de la relation existant entre, d'une part, la formation et l'expérience clinique des infirmières et, d'autre part, l'enseignement de certaines matières. On a aussi procédé à la comparaison des deux groupes étudiés au cours de la période sous revue. 102 enseignants, fixes et itinérants, ont répondu au questionnaire de 1966 et 154 à celui de 1968.

B cвoeм вcтyпитeльнoм cлoвe нa кoнфepeнции Accoциaции мeдицинcкич paбoтннкoв пoмoщи нa дoмy пpeдceдaтeльницa, г-жa M. Ф. Beллep, пpeдcтaвилa oтчeт o paзвитии Accoциaиции c мeмeнтa ee oбpaзoвaния ceмьдecят лeт тoмy нaзaд. Na ocнoвaнии oтчeтoв, cocтaвлeнныч c paннич днeй 1910 г. и дo тeпepeнeгo вpeмeни, был пpocлeжeн пpoгpecc в paбoтe члeнoв чepeз пepиoд экoнoмичecкич тpyднocтeй, бeднocти и эпидeмий дo тeпepeшнич днeй coциaльнoгo oбecпeчeния, иммyнизaции и coвpeмeннoй лeкapcтвeннeй тepaпии. Oпa yкaзaлa, чтo caмa Accoциaция нaчaлacь c oбъeдинeния жeнcкич caнитapныч инcпeктopoв, кoтopыe в тo вpeмя пpoизвoдили coциaльнyю paбoтy пo нapoднoмy здpaвooчpaнeнию в Beликoбpитaнии, нo в cвязи c пoявлeниeм тpeбoвaний нa бoлee cпeциaлизиpoвaннyю paбoтy cpeди мaтepeй и мoлoдыч ceмeйcтв, cecтpы пoмoщи нa дoмy пpoшли cпeциaльнoe oбyчeниe и в cвoe вpeмя cocтaвили бoльшинcтвo члeнoв Accoциaции. Кoнфepeнции, кypcы пo здpaвooчpaнeнию и пo пoвышeнию квaлификaций пpeдcтaвляли coбoю cocтaвнyю чacть paбoты Accoциaции для coдeйcтвия мeдицинcким paбoтникaм пoмoщи нa дoмy. Paзницa мeждy для coдeйcтвия мeдицинcким paбoтникaм пoмoщи нa дoмy. Paзницa мeждy нaзвaниями лeкций 50 лeт тoмy нaзaд и тeпepь cлyжит yкaзaтeлeм пpoгpecca в oблacти пapoднoгo здpaвия. Упoминaлacь тaкжe oбщecтвeннaя cтopoнa paбoты Accoциaции, кoтopaя включaлa пpaзднoвaниe cтoлeтия пoмoци нa дoмy в 1962 г. и pacпpeдeлeниы билeтoв cpeди пecкoлькич члeнoв, кoтopыe yдocтoилиcь пpиглaшeния нa Кopoлeвcкий пpиeм в Бyкингaмcкoм двopцe в Лoндoнe. Г-жa Beллep зaкoнчилa cвoй дoклaд пpeднoлoжeниeм o бyдyщeм, кoтopoe oткpывaeтcя пepeд paвoтникaми пoмoщи нa дoмy и пepeд Accoциaциeй. Пpeдпoлaгaлocь тaкжe, чтo в тeчeниe ближaйшич лeт мoжeт пpoизoйти yвeличeниe чиcлa бpaтьeв милocepдия c пoдoбными жe квaлификaциями, paбoтaющич нa cлyжбe мeдицинcкoй poмoщи нa дoмy.

Any study which includes cultural origins of the respondents tempts one to wander into fields not directly in the paths laid down. In this study of a selected group of young persons who were highly interested in entering nursing (as evidenced by their being accepted to discuss the practical aspects of entering a school), was given a questionnaire asking about motivation for wanting to be a nurse, information relevant to age, origins, and similar data to determine future recruitment plans. The hypotheses that the latter years of high school were the best time to start recruitment, and that all news media were good for propaganda purposes were disproved. Findings showed that young people began thinking seriously about a nursing career before they completed elementary school, and that the recruitment material they most used was factual information about entrance requirements and the actual work of nurses.

Пoтpeбнocть в yлyчшeнии кaчecтвa oчpaны нaтepинcтвa в Зaпaднoй Hигepии пoбyдилa aвтopoв иccлeдoвaть вoпpoc o выбope и кaчecтвe yчoдa зa poжeницaми в Ибaдaнe. B нacтoящeй cтaтьe oпиcывaютcя дaнныe oтнocитeльнo пpeдпoчтитeльнoгo выбopa мeждy мaтepинcким yчoдoм нa дoмy или в cтaциoнape. Для ycтaнoвлeния пpeдпoчтeния мaтepeй к тoй или дpyгoй фopмe yчoдa иcпoльзoвaлcя oткpытый oпpocный лиcт. 95%, или 57 из 60 жeнщин, пpeдпoчли yчoд нa дoмy. Глaвными пpичинaми этoгo выбopa были: (1) лyчший yчoд, (2) бöльшaя пpиeмлeмocть co cтopoны пepcoнaлa, (3) близocть к ceмьe, (4) coдeйcтвиe в oбyчeнии. Эти фaкты coвпaдaют c вывoдaми из пpeжнич иccлeдoвaний, кoтopыe пoкaзaли, чтo ceмeйнaя oбcтaнoвкa cпocoбcтвyeт бoлee лeгким бepeмeннocти, poдaм и выздopoвлeнию. Кpoмe тoгo, aкyшepcкий пepcoнaл, кoтopый пpoвoдил нeпpepывный yчoд в пpoдoлжeниe вceгo пэяиoдa poдoв, вcтyпaл в бoлee близкyю cвязь c мaтepью и лyчшe пpeпoдaвaл. Кaк мaть, тaк и мeдицинcкий пepcoнaл, были лyчшe пoдгoтoвлeны для пpивлeчeния пoмoщи co cтopoны члeнoв ceмьи в этoм oпытe. Oбнapyжилиcь тaкжe дpyгиe пepeмeнныe вeличины, нyждaющиecя в дaльнeйшич иccлeдoвaнияч. Moжнo ли вooдyшeвлeниe пpи дoмaшнeм yчoдe co cтopoны пepcoнaлa иcпoльзoвaть для yлyчшeния кaчecтвa тaкoгo yзoдa? Cyщecтвyeт ли пoдoбнoe пpeдпoчтeниe к дoмaшнeмy yчoдy y бoлee oбpaчoвaнныч жeнщин и y жeнщин, пpинaдлeжaщич к гpyппaм cбoлee выcoким дoчoдoм? Moжeт ли иcпoльзoвaниe вpeмeни oжидaния в клиникe для пpeпoдaвaния yвeличить пpeдпoчтeниe мaтepeй и ич yдoвлeтвopeниe кaчecтвoм yчoдa? Эти дaнныe пoддepживaют плaн пpaвитeльcтвa Зaпaднoгo Штaтa pacшиpть poдoвcпoмoгaтeльнoe oбcлyживaниe yвeличeниeм чиcлa дoмaшнич aкyшepcкич цeнтpoв.

The purpose of this study was to describe the current status, stage of staffing change, and findings of research relating to shift length variations in nursing. This was accomplished through a review of the literature to (a) evaluate the quality of the research, (b) summarize and draw conclusions related to variations in nursing shift length, and (c) identify gaps in the literature for the purpose of making recommendations for future studies related to nursing shift length variations. Multiple methods were utilized for locating potential studies to include in this project. Smith and Stullenbarger's (1991) Quality of Study instrument was used to rate the studies. None of the research reviewed explicitly identified a conceptual or theoretical framework or model, and few studies could be classified as scientifically rigorous. This study illuminates the state of the art and findings related to length of shift variations in nursing, and as such has implications for practice and research in nursing service administration.

The 1980s have seen a significant number of pressures placed on the health care system and the nursing profession. Such pressures include an adverse economic climate, the impact of technology, the rise of consumerism, the transfer of basic nurse education into the tertiary education sector and the move to privatization in health care. These pressures require skills not previously expected of nurse administrators in order to effect a smooth transition through these times of change. Failure to manage effectively has led to staff shortages and increased industrial militancy, two symptoms present in Australia at the moment. An overview of the present climate in this country is presented for consideration of effective management practices for the future.

This study compared the conceptual foci and methodological characteristics of research projects which tested the effects of nursing interventions, published in four general nursing research journals with predominantly North American, and two with predominantly European/International authorship and readership. Dimensions and variables of comparison included: nature of subjects, design issues, statistical methodology, statistical power, and types of interventions and outcomes. Although some differences emerged, the most striking and consistent finding was that there were no statistically significant differences (and thus similarities) in the content foci and methodological parameters of the intervention studies published in both groups of journals. We conclude that European/International and North American nursing intervention studies, as reported in major general nursing research journals, are highly similar in the parameters studied, yet in need of overall improvement. Certainly, there is no empirical support for the common (explicit or implicit) ethnocentric American bias that leadership in nursing intervention research resides with and in the United States of America.

Gerontological nursing has lain almost dormant in academia like a sleeping giant waiting its turn for nurses’ attention. The burgeoning elderly population forecast by sociologists, and their corresponding health care needs, forecast by gerontological nursing pioneers, has arrived. Full credit is given to those faculty members and nurses in practice and other positions, who for the past twenty years have kept lighted the lamp of enlightened gerontological nursing, hoping that its illumination will ignite complacent colleagues previously inattentive to the inevitable coming flood of elderly people needing nursing care. Since 1966, when the American Nurses’ Association declared gerontological nursing a specialty, faculties in schools of nursing have made sporadic attempts to prepare themselves and their students in this specialty. Concurrently, the aged population has exploded to the magnitude predicted by the demographers. This paper will review the present status in the nursing of the aged with implications for planning based on statistically demonstrated need and within the context of nursing’s responsibilities. Five issues to be examined include educational needs of faculty, the number of nurses prepared in gerontological nursing, consumer needs of the aged as indicated by demographic studies of the health status of the aged, identification of factors facilitating or inhibiting the professional advancement of gerontological nursing faculty members including employment availability for such faculty by deans or directors of schools of nursing, and identifying guidelines for the knowledge upon which gerontological nursing is based. The demography of the aged and their health status The United States is experiencing a growing urgency related to the health care of its aged. The over-65 population constitutes an increasing proportion of the country’s population. Specifically, the over-65 population now comprises about 25 million, approximately 12%, of the total population. By the year 2030 this age group will contain a predicted 50 million people, over 18% of the total population. Moreover, the over-75 age group has increased even more rapidly than the 65-74 age group. While all the aged share some problems, the over-75 are most vulnerable to the physical, mental and social assaults that lead to the need for nursing care. In 1975 the over-75 age group represented

Numerous analyses of research published in scientific nursing journals have been examined over the past decades. However, a comprehensive analysis of trends in research has not been reported since 1980. The aim of this analysis was to review randomly selected research articles published in four scientific nursing journals for the years 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010 to identify changes in selected aspects of research and to compare the findings with those from an earlier similar study. This descriptive study used percentages to present trends in published studies in four scientific nursing journals for twenty-five years. A total of 976 studies were identified; 50% were randomly selected for each year analyzed. The foci of the research problem, care orientation, conceptual bases, research designs, data analysis procedures, discussion of findings, and recommendations and implications were analyzed. Most studies from 1985 (66%) through 2010 (73%) focused on nursing practice issues; in 2010 they focused on primary health (46%) and chronicity (41%). A decrease in theory-testing research from 1985 (32%) to 2010 (21%), and in theory-based studies from 1985 (31%) to 2010 (22%) was noted. Qualitative studies increased from 1985 (3%) to 2010 (21%). Psychological variables and adult populations continue to be studied mainly over 25 years. For quantitative studies, there were increases in correlational designs from 1985 (35%) to 2010 (38%), experimental designs from 1985 (16%) to 2010 (18%), and methodological studies from 1985 (5%) to 2010 (24%). There were decreases in descriptive studies from 1985 (20%) to 2010 (5%), and comparative studies from 1985 (19%) to 2010 (10%). The use of multivariate statistics increased over time. In 1985, 61% of researchers did not link their findings to theory guiding the study; 52% did not in 2010. For qualitative research, approximately 50% fell in the "other category" over the 25 years; in 2010, grounded theory (15%), phenomenological (15%) and ethnographic (20%) designs were used. Trends indicated that the building of science has been slow, incremental, and subtle, as found in the earlier study. Trends suggest a growing maturity in the research designs.

An attempt was made to define the concept of ‘quality of life' and outline the development of a self-assessment instrument for detecting the changes in life as a whole which result from the presence and treatment of malignant disease. A comparison was made between three different scoring systems, familiar in psychometric assessment, although less familiar in nursing. The items selected for inclusion in the measurement instrument were based on an existing symptom distress scale and on the previously identified concerns of cancer patients. The relationship between such symptoms and the activities of daily living was explored. Each item, and the instrument as a whole, appeared to be reliable and to represent a valid means of assessing the impact of the disease on patient well being. It was simple to use and straightforward to score and appeared accurately to reflect the patients' general condition.

Surveys of the leaders of the UK's post-qualifying education courses for community mental health nurses have taken place, on an annual basis, for over 10 years. In this paper, findings from the survey undertaken in the 1998--99 academic year are reported. These findings include: that most course leaders do not personally engage in clinical practice; that interprofessional education takes place at a minority of course centres, and that course philosophies and aims are characterised by an emphasis on both outcomes (in terms of, for example, skills acquisition, knowledge development and the ability to engage in reflective practice), and process (adult learning).

A series of twenty-six interviews, fourteen with district nursing sisters and twelve with students they supervised, was conducted in 1992 in one Project 2000 demonstration district in England. The data were collected as part of an English National Board funded research study; data were reinterpreted in 1994 and formed one element in the author's PhD thesis. Participants described the ways in which a supervisor might enable a student to learn during a community placement. One of the most important means by which supervisors could provide assistance was by creating an environment in which the students felt supported. Students described how supervisors demonstrated concern, acceptance and understanding, attributes which bore striking resemblance to the qualities of congruence, unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding identified by Carl Rogers as enabling learning.

This paper reports on part of a 4-year study monitoring the implementation of Project 2000 in one health authority. Its focus is on the consequences for the nursing service of replacing traditional, pre-Project 2000 students with permanent staff. It is argued that the Department of Health, who have been responsible for funding the replacement programme, have underestimated the numbers of permanent staff required to replace the traditional student workforce, and that the Project 2000 replacement exercise has contributed to a deterioration in staffing levels and skill mix.

This paper suggests that the new paradigm for nurse education is being prevented from fulfilling itself because of factors operating within the taught, hidden and wider curriculum. Firstly it is argued that the theoretical components relating to social science, health education/promotion and nursing need to be clearly integrated for nursing students. This integration is demonstrated through the analysis of two nursing models. Secondly it is argued that the taught curriculum needs to be supported by a suitable hidden curriculum both within the educational and clinical setting. Role models which demonstrate integrated theory occurring in practice are a vital component of this. Thirdly it is argued that without the wider social and political context supporting the aims of the 'new' nurse education, meaningful success will be very difficult to achieve.

This study focussed on time as a key resource within a hospital setting. The introduction of casemix-based funding, which changed the ways funds were obtained and distributed within the hospital, was accompanied by large cuts in the funds available to the hospital system. From the introduction of casemix-based funding to the conclusion of this study there was an increase of 20% in the number of cases through the operating suite. The increase was achieved, with a reduced budget, by intensifying work and increasing flexibility in the use of time. This approach to changing the use of time imposed considerable real 'costs' on staff, especially nurses, and created concerns about safety.