International Journal of Linguistics Literature and Culture

Caught in the dilemma of the real and the fictitious, one can only wonder about the connection between literature and the Covid 19 global pandemic. As researcher interested in the writings of William Faulkner, I cannot help drawing analogies between the writer’s fictional Yoknapatawpha and our current Covid 19 situation. In the gendered reactions to the pandemic-imposed reality Yoknapatawpha is always resonant. Masculine rejection of face masks and the ideology underlying such a reaction, the mandatory lockdown which consequently led to rising domestic violence in addition to the popular slogan “My body, my choice” which went viral in social networks are all a reiteration of the narrative of Faulkner’s Yoknapatawpha. Drawing analogies between our contemporary real world and Faulkner’s fictitious county will lead to the conclusion that western cultures and societies have reproduced the same patriarchal ideologies and practices that governed Faulkner’s Yoknapatawpha, turning the writer’s narrative world into a universal world that cannot be anchored in place or time. The paper will study the three phenomena as social realities that echo Faulkner’s fictitious county while referring to psychoanalytical and feminist theories.

This study aims to determine how much effective problem-solving methods are in the third semester of English learning outcomes in the Hospitality Study Program, Tourism Department, Bali State Polytechnic during the Covid-19 pandemic. The background in this study is the lack of student enjoyment in English, inappropriate learning strategies, and the lack of developing student creativity in the learning process. This type of research is quantitative research. Data collection techniques using observation, tests, and documentation. Participants consisted of 60 (29 male and 31 female) third-semester students of the Diploma 3 Program, Hospitality, Bali State Polytechnic, 2020/2021 academic year. The data were collected through a classroom action-based research procedure starting from planning, acting, observing, and reflecting. Through the quasi-experimental design, the collected data were analyzed using paired t-tests and mixed design ANCOVA to identify any significant improvement after the administration of the action. Furthermore, the qualitative data were analyzed based on the results of observations during the giving of the action and the results of the questionnaire.

The lingual representation intended in this paper is the presence of a number of language units, both in the form of words, combinations of words, sentences, and expressions during the COVID-19 pandemic. As is known, that since the end of 2019 or the beginning of 2020 the world has been hit by the corona virus outbreak or commonly called covid-19. The virus has spread almost all over the world, including Indonesia and claimed millions of human lives. To overcome, overcome, and rehabilitate this virus and its effects, the government implements health protocols. Prokes contains government policies that regulate the living system of society in the midst of the spread of the corona virus or often called the new normal life order (New Normal Life). Living in the midst of the spread of covid-19 is a very foreign and new life for humans because that life has never been thought of and experienced before. This environmental change has a significant impact on the way the world community speaks, including Indonesia and Bali.

The study aimed at finding out the multimodal forms of tourism promotional discourse of promoting hotels in Bali in the age of COVID-19. The theory used in this study is the semiotic theory. In addition, descriptive qualitative is a method used to find forms of advertising, text construction, linguistic aspects, and visual elements of hotel advertisements in the Sanur and Kuta areas in the era of implementing the new normal with researchers as instruments or tools in this study. The data, then, were analyzed inductively. Based on the results of the study, the forms of hotel and tourism advertisements during the implementation of the New Normal were categorized into hotel and tourism audiovisual advertisements and printed hotel and tourism advertisements. Text construction in marketing hotels covers three aspects, namely representational aspects, relational aspects, and textual identity aspects. In addition, the type of semiotic system found in hotel and tourism advertisements during the implementation of the New Normal consists of linguistic aspects, visual forms, and body language. Transcreation of tourism advertisements after the implementation of the new normal consists of verbal, visual, and cultural aspects of advertising.

In inaugural addresses, presidents (e.g. Obama and Al-Maliki) intend to convey their intentions and plans and to announce their new political strategies in order to convince the public to accept and support them. To attain such purposes, they have often recourse to shrewd selection of linguistic elements and manipulation of rhetorical devices. Thus, this paper aims to investigate the stylistic hallmarks utilized in Obama's and Al-Maliki's Inaugural Addresses, focusing on the roles realized by these hallmarks in delivering the intended messages. Obama's (2009) and Al-Maliki's (2006) Inaugural Addresses have been selected to be the data of the study. For the data analysis, a qualitative method involving the identification of the most prominent stylistic features is followed. The paper concludes that both Obama and Al-Maliki resort to different stylistic features and devices with relatively different degrees. This slight diversity of this use seems to be due to the nature of the two languages and to the different goals sought by the two speakers. Moreover, metaphor, repetition, parallelism and metonymy are the more dominant devices in Obama's Address than in Al-Malik's. Simile is only observed in Obama's address.

In inaugural addresses, presidents (e.g. Obama and Al-Maliki) intend to convey their intentions and plans and to announce their new political strategies in order to convince the public to accept and support them. To attain such purposes, they have often recourse to shrewd selection of linguistic elements and manipulation of rhetorical devices. Thus, this paper aims to investigate the stylistic hallmarks utilized in Obama's and Al-Maliki's Inaugural Addresses, focusing on the roles realized by these hallmarks in delivering the intended messages. Obama's (2009) and Al-Maliki's (2006) Inaugural Addresses have been selected to be the data of the study. For the data analysis, a qualitative method involving the identification of the most prominent stylistic features is followed. The paper concludes that both Obama and Al-Maliki resort to different stylistic features and devices with relatively different degrees. This slight diversity of this use seems to be due to the nature of the two languages and to the different goals sought by the two speakers. Moreover, metaphor, repetition, parallelism and metonymy are the more dominant devices in Obama's Address than in Al-Malik's. Simile is only observed in Obama's address.

This study aimed at investigating the effect of Scripted Songs as a teaching technique on English competence of the fourth grade students of primary school in SD Saraswati Tabanan in academic year 2013/2014. Posttest only control group design was used as a research design. The population was all the fourth grade students. Through Cluster Random Sampling technique, two classes were taken as the samples in this study, namely class 4B and 4C. Class 4B was assigned as the control group while class 4C as the experimental group. In total, seventy five students were taken as representative of the population. The students in experimental group were taught by using Scripted Songs, while the students in control group were taught by using Conventional Technique. At the end of treatment, both groups were given a posttest. The result of the posttest was then analyzed descriptively and inferentially. Based on the result of data analysis, it was found that the students who were taught by using Scripted Songs obtained better result than those who were taught by using Conventional Technique. It was proven by the mean score of the experimental group was 79.05, while the control group was 69.5. Moreover, the result of the independent sample t-test showed that the value of t observed (tobs) was 5.000. It was higher than the value of t critical value (tcv)was 1.99 (α= 0.05). This proved that there was a significant effect on English competence between experimental and control group.

The English language is lingua franca, and although perceived as the global language of modernity and success, its viral spread has inadvertently created marginalizing socioeconomic inequalities. This position paper argues that English language educators in higher education should take a more active role in promoting and implementing University Social Responsibility (USR) programs. English teachers need not limit their focus on language teaching and cross-cultural communication but, at the same time, take on other roles aimed at addressing the needs of the marginalized.

The article deals with the inhumane practice of female genital mutilation which is practiced in a large part of the world even today. The practice not only affects the victims physically but it also traumatizes them for life. The article seeks to determine the scale at which it is practiced in different countries. The role of United Nations and its agencies have also been discussed. The author seeks for solutions in her research and discusses the methods already being implemented to end this menace of the society.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the application of Society 5.0 values to the Cisadane riverbank community toward clean rivers and a healthy environment. And want to educate the people on the banks of the Cisadane river in implementing related values. This research method uses qualitative methods that are used to investigate, describe and find the object under study. The data collection technique is through (1). Interviews were conducted with informants. namely traders, the general public, and Rt and Rw administrators. (2). Observation, observing the events that occurred in the field around the Cisadane river, Tangerang, Cisauk, Kranggan. (3). Literacy studies in the form of documentation, archives, important notes, photographs, maps of the Cisadane River, and so on. The results of the research are the human resources of the Cisadane riverbank community, who can consistently create clean Cisadane rivers and healthy environments. A technological innovation starts from input, output, and outcome.

The paper aims at discussing the shift in agricultural culture. Most Balinese people live in the agricultural sector. They have a variety of traditional knowledge and technology called rural knowledge. Knowledge and technology were used as a foundation by the community in carrying out various activities, including agricultural activities. For example, knowledge of ala-ayuning dewasa to start work in the fields. However, the implementation of the green revolution program by the New Order government, to ensure food availability for 111.8 million residents, from 1969-1974, shifted much of local wisdom value. This study used a qualitative analysis method with an interpretive approach. The results showed several factors that were causing the shift in agricultural culture in Subak Abian, Jembrana Regency, for example, modernism, ideological factors, Dutch colonialism influence, economic development orientation, science, and technology. The shifting process of agricultural culture tends to start from changes in aspects of material infrastructure, then affect of social structure, and ultimately also influence the ideological superstructure aspects. The implications of this shift are seen in social, economic, religious life, and community kinship system.

Since the publication of Lakoff and Turner’s seminal book More Than Cool Reason (1989), several studies have been done on poetic metaphor in literature, as reflected in the works of Jaberi et al. (2016), Al-Jumaili, (2020), Johansson (2016), Kravets et al. (2021), and Marugina et al. (2014), showing that conceptual metaphor is pervasive in literature. However, to the best of our knowledge, no single study has offered a systematic cognitive analysis of the poems written by the famous Tunisian romantic poet Ab? Q?sem Ech?b?. This study tried to fill this gap, at least partially. It provided a cognitive semantic analysis of Ech?b?’s poem The Will to Life, by using the CMT theoretical framework, as propounded by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and Kövecses (2002, 2017). The study aimed at identifying the conceptual metaphors underlying Ech?b?’s The Will to Life. It used the methodological tools proposed by CMT, such as linguistic metaphor, conceptual metaphor, target domain (TD) and source domain (SD). Data analysis identified several conceptual metaphors in which abstract concepts, such as LIFE, HOPE, DIGNITY, BEAUTY, DREAM and FREEDOM were reified or personified. This study corroborated the CMT claim that humans- poets and non poets alike - “live by metaphors.”

The paper is a study in the representation of the systematic abuse inflicted by the American Female Soldier (being an image of American militarism) upon the Iraqi prisoners in the Abu Ghraib jail. The American misconducts exercised are based on political and cultural grounds: it is dramatically evident that the American Female Soldier has prejudicially transformed the stage into a battleground, whereon, post colonially, the Iraqi prisoners are viciously addressed by demeaning terms.

This study aims at providing scientific arguments against the phenomena that appear in the Bible translation especially the extreme poles of literal and free translation versions. These two contradictory poles can be reconciled so that the literal products are not only accurate but also readable and vice versa the products of free translation version are not only readable but has a high level of accuracy. Data is in the form of terms taken from a famous biblical text of English – Indonesian translation entitled “The Sermon on the Mount” from two different versions namely literal and free translations. This study reveals that the reconciliation process of the two extreme poles can be done through the selection of proper translation procedure and by applying the chosen procedure correctly. Based on the finding, the meeting point of literal and free translation versions lies on the literal procedure, whereas the method of choosing correct procedure in literal translation can be done by way of starting from literal procedure to the left and from literal procedure to the right for the free translation version.

Literature is a dual discipline as it deals with human beings and their environment at monist and dualist levels. Duality in literature in this respect arouses considerable interest here. It is explored in West African writings with a particular focus on Achebe’s A Man of the People and Soyinka’s The Lion and the Jewel. Both authors’ use of duality for each is examined by attempting to measure the two literary works’ main characters and the leading themes. Achebe’s Chief Nanga and his antagonist, Odili, are compared to Soyinka’s Baroka and his rival Lakunle. Sidi the center of the conflict in Soyinka’s play is measured to Achebe’s Edna. Both writers’ works are examined under the plane of the conflict of generations. The two literary works exhibit the themes of tradition versus modernity depicted through their characters. The analysis revealed that a character in one genre may be different from or similar to another’s story character from a similar or different setting.

The current paper discussed two points of view, namely; first, analyze critically the methods used to internalize bhakti yoga devotion to followers. Second, to critically analyze the implications that have arisen after the establishment of bhakti yoga ideology. These are very interesting to study because practically bhakti yoga provides “convenience” in achieving physical and spiritual happiness. That is, taking a way that does not twist can accelerate to religion destination, namely the achievement of physical and spiritual happiness. The results showed first, the process of understanding bhakti yoga ideology was carried out by (1) through nawa widha bhakti, (2) hermitage, (3) raising cattle, (4) associating with spiritual teachers (sadhu sangga). Second, the ingrained bhakti yoga ideology has implications for religious life, namely the use of symbols of religious sect identity unlike the use of japamala and tilaka. Implications to socio-culture, there is an interaction of follower’s culture before and after they take part in bhakti yoga in religious sects. The implication for the economy of religious sects and followers is a capital exchange between followers and capital accumulation on followers and organizations.

Every child who was born normally has the potential or language in him. Problems that often attract attention is about how the process of language acquisition a child. This research discusses acquisition of phonology as a young age 2 years named Symeea using contrasting theory and process introduced by Ingram. According to Ingram a child has system phonology adults with the creation its structure own and then change the structure of this if prescience on the system adults better. The development of phonology this through assimilation and accommodation that is constantly (according to the theory of Piaget): change the structure of to harmonized by the fact. Acquisition phonology child occurs through some process of simplification common involving all classes sound. This research using design descriptive qualitative research to described of language acquisition particularly to the field of phonology. Data sources in this research is a recording speech a child up to the age 2 years named Symeea on 27 December 2016. Data in this study collected with the observation to technique record and note. Based on the results of recording that has been done can be concluded that acquisition phonology on Symeea involving process substitution in each the phoneme /r/, /u/, /s/, and /a/. Acquisition phonology on Symeea also involved the process of assimilating especially in the phoneme /e/. In addition, happened the process structure syllables (simplification structure syllable) cluster of to the reduction/r/ in each said [pergi] and [rumah]. Speech of Symeea there was interference language the use of Sasak language inform the phrase.

This article is aimed at discussing Balinese Speech Act Verbs from the semantic perspective. The data are oral and written ones, the former was collected by interview from the key informen from two regencies in Bali namely: Tabanan and Bangli regencies. The later, i.e written data were obtained by observation and note-taking, taken from four Balinese short stories. The collected data was analyzed by applying the Natural Semantic Metalanguage with further discussion seen from (i) mapping and together with (ii) explication. The result shows that there are a number of non-compositional polysemy implied by any lexicon in terms of Balinese Speech Acts. The non-compositional polysemies are including: say and say, say and know, say and feel, say and happen, and the last is say and do.

Disagreement has been widely regarded as one of the most interesting speech acts in EFL context since the way the speaker expresses her or his opposing view can affect the addressee’s self-image and view of the addressor. This article attempted to identify various strategies native speakers of English realized this speech act through a qualitative method by analyzing two sets of authentic data from two half-hour interviews. Next, it investigated the lack of emphasis on disagreement in EFL materials before offering possible suggestions to equip non-native learners of English with pragmatic competence to disagree effectively. The findings and recommendations had implications for EFL teachers, course designers, and materials developers in how and why speech acts and pragmatic competence should be emphasized in order to ensure that nonnative speakers of English could communicate effectively without being perceived as pragmatically inferior.

The purpose of this study is to identify the verbal form and function of students' speech acts in the classroom, using the ethnographic approach Hymes communication in order to express the way they interact in class. Data was gained from the speech acts of students and teachers during the learning process. Furthermore, this study applied a qualitative descriptive approach. From the results of the study, it is found that the verbal form and function of directive speech acts in classroom were questioning, commanding, and advising.

This research is a preliminary study on vocabulary of agricultural tools and activities in the Kuala dialect of Banjarese using an anthropolinguistics approach. This study aims to describe and explain anthropolinguistics analysis of the vocabulary of agricultural tools and activities in the Kuala dialect of Banjarese. The anthropolinguistics research method from Danesi (2004) is utilized in this research. The data analysis technique uses semantic analysis techniques in anthropolinguistics. There are some findings in this study, they are: (1)Vocabulary of agricultural tools and the activities of sabalum batanam (prabatanam) in the Kuala dialect of Banjarese, (2) Vocabulary of agricultural tools and activities of wayah batanam (planting time) in the Kuala dialect of Banjarese, (3)Vocabulary of tools and farming activities of wayah mangatam (harvesting time) in the Kuala dialect of Banjarese, (4) Vocabulary of tools and activities of mangatam (post-harvest) in the Kuala dialect of Banjarese, and (5) Activity vocabulary related to the tradition of limbah tuntung maulah banih becomes baras (after processing paddy grains becoming rice) and mahadang musim batanam (waiting for planting) in the Kuala dialect of Banjarese. The pedagogical research implications are very useful for the development of teaching materials for agricultural vocabulary with local content in Banjarese.

Prosocial behavior must always be possessed by every student, especially student scout members. The low prosocial behavior possessed by students of the scout members of SMAN 4 Bone, is very influential in establishing interactions in their environment. This research wants to see an increase in prosocial behavior through caring boy scout activities. The design in this study uses The One Group Pre-Post Test Design. The number of participants in this study were 22 students who were members of the scouts of SMAN 4 Bone using purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using a scale of prosocial behavior consisting of 40 items. The statistical test used is Wilcoxon with RStudio software version 1.2.1335. The results of this study indicate that the pretest score was M = 108.6 and the post-test score was M = 120.4. The results of testing the hypothesis obtained values Z (-4.06) and p (.00 < .05), so there is an increase in prosocial behavior through scout care activities. The difference in the pretest and posttest scores shows that the scout care activities are activities that can improve the prosocial behavior of students, especially for students who are members of the Boy Scouts of SMAN 4 Bone.

This research discusses the use of illocutionary acts uttered by the characters in Wonder a novel by R.J. Palacio. It explores how the acts of illocutionary are conveyed by the characters in the whole novel. The purpose of this study is to find the type of illocutionary acts uttered by the main characters, the intended meaning of utterances, and the character’s purposes in using such assertive. This research applies the pragmatics theory about speech acts to analyze the use of illocutionary acts in conversations. This study is qualitative research and it uses document as the source of the data that is Wonder a novel by R.J. Palacio. The result of this study shows that there are four types of illocutionary uttered by the characters. The types of illocutionary acts are assertive, commissive, directive, and expressive. Those utterances have the intended meanings that are influenced by the context of the situation in every phenomenon.

The novel Snowing in Bali is an international bestseller novel telling the story of Bali’s hidden drug world. Some utterances in the novel contain kinds of speech acts. The text of the novel is analyzed to find out the kinds of speech acts. The research aims to analyze speech acts and their kinds. Speech acts is a subfield of pragmatics studying how words are used not only to present information but also to carry out actions. There are three kinds of speech acts, for instance, elocutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts. A locutionary act can be defined as performing an act of saying something, an illocutionary act is viewed as an act in saying something, and a perlocutionary act is an act by saying something. A large number of those are found in the novel. This research is aimed to find out and analyze the elocutionary acts, the illocutionary acts, and the perlocutionary acts. The theory used is of Austin (1962), considering that people do not only use the language to assert things but also to do things.

Literary adaptation is a process, which reproduces the pre-existent literary piece of work into a series of altering characters, settings, actions, and storylines. Adaptations of canonical texts of great authors such as Shakespeare had won the universal dignity. By using Hutcheon’s adaptation theory, this research aimed to scrutinize the impact of the transcultural adaptations of Macbeth as Raees by Government College University Dramatic Club, Lahore. The reception of Shakespeare as the manifestation of the British culture involved many social, cultural, and political factors that were analyzed in this research by using Hutcheon’s concept of "indigenization" (2103:150). I had collected data from source texts, scripts, articles, interviews, observations, questionnaires, and group discussions. The Government College University Dramatic Club, Lahore team made the variations in the text to make it appropriate to the native/local culture. These variations were significant in making the transcultural adaptation as a success in the native culture.

There were several main topics discussed in this article, especially how the Spanish suffix -mente contributed in changing an adjective to an adverb. This writing also explained the kind of adjective which could be attached with the suffix -mente, as there was more than one kind of adjective in Spanish according to its gender, masculine and feminine. The data analyzed were taken from a novel entitled El Quijote by Miguel de Cervantes. Thus, the translation was applied to the data in this research. The method used was adopted from the previous research done by Sergi Torner. In the end of the research done, it was known that -mente­ belonged to a derivational morpheme and worked the same way as the English suffix -ly. Because of this matter, the morphological theory was conducted in this research.

The current study aimed at developing English instructional materials for listening and speaking as additional learning sources. The research was conducted at Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram, Indonesia. The population was university students of semester three in academic year 2018/2019. There were 48 students as the respondents of 20 questionnaires. The current study followed Research and Development Procedures proposed by Borg & Gall (1979). It involves (1) a preliminary stage and collects information, (2) planning, (3) develop of product, (4) expert validation, (5) small-scale and large-scale field tried-out the students. The result of the research has shown that Indonesian students have confirmed the need for listening and speaking English materials. Since the existing materials used in learning had weaknesses, including the lack of opportunity for listening and speaking, the researchers have developed the TEFL materials to meet the standard. After being validated by the experts, and tried-out to the students, the developed TEFL materials have been able to improve students’ speaking ability.

The novel the Good Earth is one of the popular novels that tell the story about Chinese culture. Some sentences contain an adverb of manner and its translation from English into Indonesian. The text is analyzed and viewed to find the translation of the adverb of manner. The purpose of this study is to analyze the source translation and get the meaning and its sentence. As we know that an adverb is a word that changes the meaning of a verb, adjective, and a sentence. Adverbs are words like hurriedly, quickly, slowly, and instantly. It modifies a verb or verb phrase. An adverb gives information about the manner, time, place, frequency, or certainty. Adverbials are words groups in which an adverbial phrase tells us something about the verb. They could be taken in the forms of adverbs, adverb phrases, temporal noun phrases or prepositional phrases. Some classifications of adverbial are found in the novel. It is called adverbial of manner. The research aims to find out the translation of manner adverb. The theory used is Brown and Miller (1992) describing that adverb of manner indicating how the event described by the verb.

This scientific writing is categorized as a literary that discusses about figurative language in advertisements, particularly used in Visitor’s Guide to Bali that is one of the tourism elements or facilities in Bali. The title of this paper is “Kinds of Figurative Language Found in Printed Advertisement.” In analyzing the figurative languages in these advertisements, I applied the theory from L. Larson in his book entitled Meaning Based Translation as the main theory and as the supporting theories I took the theories from a book entitled Matriculation English Course written by Neisfield and David Nunan in his book entitled Discourse Analysis. In this theory I also found a lot of discussion discussing about figurative language. Some other supporting books that relevant to the topic are also used to assist the analysis. The method of analyzing the data is a library research in which the data were taken from the text advertisements of Visitor’s Guide to Bali Advertisement.

Automotive commercial advertising is an advertisement that is often aired on television. As one of the countries with the largest automotive vehicle consumers in Asia, many advertisements are issued by motor vehicle manufacturers so that the products they offer are purchased by the public. This paper will discuss how the existing advertisement structure displays signs that are effective and efficient so that with a short duration, an advertisement can provide a lot of information. The problems discussed in this paper are what the role of the icon, index, and symbol in the automotive advertisements that are broadcasted on television. The data source in this paper uses advertisements data from Yamaha and Honda motorcycles. The research method in this paper uses the Peirce semiotic method that discusses the icon, index, and symbol in the advertisement. The method used in presenting the results of the analysis is formal and informal methods.

The article deals with the language of advertising in Uzbek Language. The objective of the work is to provide the analysis of language of advertising from linguistic point of view and specify linguistic means used in advertising texts. The format of the advertising text is a certain difference compared to other functional properties of the text style. This is one of the distinguishing features mentioned are used in the title of any kind of short news reports in newspapers. The title of the advertising is important to the composition of the advertising creation relevant information. It’s the most important and interesting part of the target audience to attract attention. Text title, in general, does not explain all the details. We have the scientific language of the advertising text in a statement issued through the media; we will focus on the style characteristics of scientific and scholarly texts.

The current article presents the results of a content analysis of a popular Ghanaian gospel song with anti-suicide themes and lyrics that have great potential to prevent suicidal behavior among listeners. The analysis was conducted against a backdrop of public intimations that suicide rates in the country were rising. The results of the analysis show that several lines in the lyrical text implore the listener to resist suicide while offering messages of patience, hope and encouragement, that can serve as preventative to suicide. It is impossible to quantify the full impact of the song on listeners and there is no way of knowing how many suicides have been prevented by the lyrical text of the song and the accompanying video presentation of events captured in the video. That the song has had a powerful impact on people who listen to it is evident in the listeners/viewers comments left at the site of the song/video. The final segment of the article provides excerpts from some individuals’ experiences with the song. The message of hope in the song, that things will get better has had a major effect on people.

Women, particularly in Africa, need feminism so as to advocate for their rights in the patriarchal setting of African societies. But the fact that some women, under the umbrella of it abuse children, men, and even their fellow women are problematic in contemporary African novels. Liberal and radical feminisms are part and parcel of feminisms in championing women’s rights. This article examines women’s liberal and radical feminist stratagems with the lens of African social appraisals in giving an answer to the following question: what are the African social appraisals of women’s liberal and radical feminist stratagems in their quests for women’s rights? Or what do the stratagems applied by liberal and radical feminists lead women to in contemporary African societies? Through liberal and radical feminist readings of selected contemporary African male and female writings such as Amma Darko’s The Housemaid (1998), Daniel Mengara’s Mema (2003), Asare Adei’s A Beautiful Daughter (2012), and Lola Shoneyin’s The Secret Lives of Baba Segi’s Wives (2010), we have examined how women with liberal/radical feminism are treated and considered in African patriarchal setting. In short, the result shows that African women need a feminism that gives way for consistent dialogue and which goes in line with non-violent stratagems like the one of liberal feminism in their quest for women’s rights. The contrary, as in radicalism via violence against children, men or women, leads to men’s violence on women, isolation of women and humiliation of women in contemporary African societies. The position of the contemporary African female and male novels, we have worked on proves that violent stratagems adopted by African feminists in advocating for women’s rights should be reconsidered so as to assure the respect for human rights and take into account the socio-cultural realities of African societies.

Water is one of the abiotic elements that is widely discussed in the treasures of traditional Indonesian literature, one of which is Kakawin Purwaning Gunung Agung. This text is a kakawin created in modern Bali by Ida Pedanda Made Sidemen. Kakawin Purwaning Gunung Agung discourses on the water in various narratives to harmonize the universe and relate to the entities of the gods. Water is considered a medium whose presence depends on Lord Shiva as a superpower figure. With the reading of deconstruction as stated by Jacques Derrida, water can be interpreted as not just an element of God's creation that is completely subject to Lord Shiva. Water and its representatives fight against Shiva's domination. Readers will be offered new ideas that nature must be protected and used wisely with the principles of sustainability.

There were many scientific discoveries in the history of mankind. They were widely spread among the people and influenced various branches of science. Most scientific discoveries, although of Russian, technical nature, had a strong influence on the humanities and were widely used. For example, one of the main objects of the image of literature was scientific discoveries, historical miracles. The creators described in their works their views on the role of Science in the life of society, its importance for mankind, through various scientific debates, the description of discoveries. One of such scientific discoveries was the mirror of Alexander the Great (Iskandar), widely described in Eastern literature and became an important traditional image. In the article, the image of Alexander the Great, which played an important role in Eastern literature, the history of its creation, its peculiarities and genesis were studied in comparative aspect. The views on the Alexandria minaret are also analyzed and it is proved that the Alexandria minaret, widely described in Eastern literature, is the lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the Seven Wonders of the world.

The hero of this short story travels from his village for a while and when he returns, he finds himself unwanted and ignored by its people because he has not lent a hand to the development of the village he belongs to. In an isolated tribal society, help, and cooperation are expected. Hence, we notice this reaction from the people of this village.

The current study was intended at determining the reasons for character education through diksha suputra. It was implanted on ambar ashram. It was to describe the process of character education. The last one was to elaborate on the implications of character education through diksha suputra for students, family, and community. The present research was field research. The qualitative research was applied on analyzing the data. Data collection was conducted based on observation, in-depth interviewed, and document study. Data analysis was performed with interpretative descriptive techniques. The theory was used namely structural-functional theory, social learning theory, and essentialism theory.

This article employs critical discourse analysis to analyze the representation of the “war on terror” in the political speeches of Presidents George Bush and Barack Obama in the decade following 9/11; it examines Aristotle's approach into the study of the language of persuasion through his three main rhetorical appeals: ethos, pathos, and logos, identifying several strands of the war on terror discourse and analyzing the way they influence the persuasiveness of the speeches and therefore the ability to generate public debate. The findings show substantial similarities in representation patterns among the two presidents' discourses and end up to the conclusion that the language of the war on terror is not simply a neutral or objective reflection of policy debates of terrorism and counterterrorism; rather, it is a carefully and deliberately constructed public discourse designed to make the war on terror look reasonable and morally justified.

This study is entitled Passive Clauses Argument Structure of Give Verbs in Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). It is concerned with the argument structure which is mapped to the grammatical relation. This study aimed to recognize the grammatical relations in passive clauses which have “give verbs”. This study is library research. The data of this study were taken from Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) which is concerned with passive clauses. To collect the data, the documentation method and note-taking technique were applied. The descriptive-qualitative method was applied in analyzing the data. The data were described and explained based on the theory argument structure and the theory of passive. Based on the analysis, the grammatical relation operated within passive clauses with the class of give verbs involves subject, object, and oblique. Verb feed, give, and pay in passive can be constructed with S-V, S-V-O, S-V-OBL, and S-V-O-OBL. However, the construction found with verb lease in passive is S-V and S-V-OBL. On the other hand, the possible construction found in verb lend in passive is S-V, S-V-OBL, and S-V-O.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the social context, the text organization, and the text structure. The data that are analyzed in this study are taken from the book entitled Tales of Wisdom. There are two main texts are used in this study. The theory used was Halliday (1978) advocated placing the context of situation into a broader social context. The result of this study revealed that all of the elements of the context of situation (field, tenor, mode) were found in the texts. Both of the texts were well organized seen from the text organization including starting (orientation), content (complication), and ending (resolution). In terms of text structure, the use of reference and conjunction were frequently occurred. Of the four sub conjunctions, only three sub conjunctions were appeared and additive is the most one of all.

This paper accounts for the suffix -ang in Balinese and it focuses on its syntactic and semantic representation. Using I Madé’s Sugianto’s Ki Bari Gajah, a one hundred fifty-page Balinese novel and informants as the data, and applying the RRG theory by Van Valin and Randy (1999) other thoughts of the experts of Balinese, it was found out that -ang functioning as a transitivizing suffix can attach to noun, adjective, adverbs and verbs and imply various syntactic structures and semantic representations. Suffix -ang attached to the base in imperative sentences express no meaning. In this case, it is just used to imply that the sentence is in the form of imperative. Like other languages, English for example, one derived verb with -ang may be used transitively or intransitively.

Balinese language is one of the regional languages in Indonesia that has a unique talk system, it is still alive and used as an instrument of communication of Balinese tribe so that it should be well maintained in order to still exist as a cultural vehicle of Bali. The Balinese language has anggah-ungguh kruna (level-word) that an important role in the formation of speech-level or anggah-ungguh basa Bali. This paper aims to describe the identification anggah-ungguh kruna (word level arrangement) which is the specific feature of speaking Balinese. This research is a qualitative research discuss with structuralism theory. Data collection was done by observation and interview method, assisted by recording technique. The collected data is processed by analytical descriptive method. Based on the results of data analysis, it can be described that anggah-ungguh kruna basa Bali include: (1) kruna nenten alus (kruna kasar, mider, and andap); (2) kruna alus, include: (kruna alus singgih, alus sor, alus mider, and alus madia).

Translating metaphor and metaphoric expressions is one of the disputable problems in translation studies due to the conceptual discrepancies which exist between the source culture and the target readership, moreover, if the metaphor plays a crucial role in creating an appeal to the reader as in the political text. In this respect, it is under the discussion of how to deal with a metaphor when translating political discourse, and what are the dominating strategies and traditions of translating metaphoric units in Turkish translations. Caused by the theoretical and practical urgency of the problem, this paper is aimed to analyze strategies of conveying metaphors from English to Turkish based on the novel “Animal Farm” by George Orwell and its Turkish translations by Sedat Demir and Celal Üster. To achieve the aims of the research the efforts were undertaken to compare the original text with its two different translations. For the precise analysis, Old Major’s speech was thoroughly scrutinized on the point of the metaphoric expressions in the text and their correspondences in the Turkish translations.

Currently, knowledge era is not only concern on books but also technology use as the product to enhance the intellectual capability. This technology development can support the process of teaching and learning English in the classroom activities and language laboratory. Computer and audio visual is the essential media to assist a lecturer, besides books or hand out distributed to the students which also supported the method of teaching according to their needs. In this research, we have observed and analyzed 94 students from the Faculty of Animal Science in two different classes, 46 students in class A and 48 students in class B, year 2014/2015 by using Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) system for about one semester. Basically, collaborative materials were given on the scope of Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking related to animals and their habits by using videos displayed that combined with ONIC DL-300 plus program provided at the English laboratory, Faculty of Animal Science, Udayana University as the supporting element in teaching and learning English. The progress of learning English can be observed and analyzed from their result of evaluation in the classroom and language laboratory. In this case, the result of achievement evaluated from their final scores of soft skill including assignments and participation, practicum, mid test and also final test. It showed that 100% students passed the final range scoring in class A and 96% students passed in class B.

This research is aimed to figure out the syntactic structure of Balinese proverbs, the relation of meaning between the name of the animals and the meaning of the proverbs, and how the meanings are constructed in logical dimension. This research belongs to a qualitative as the data of this research are qualitative data which taken from a book entitled Basita Paribahasa written by Simpen (1993) and a book of Balinese short story written by Sewamara (1977). The analysis shows that the use of concept of animals in Balinese proverbs reveal similar characteristics, whether their form, their nature, and their condition. Moreover, the cognitive processes which happen in resulting the proverb is by conceptualizing the experience which is felt by the body, the nature, and the characteristic which owned by the target with the purpose of describing event or experience by the speech community of Balinese. Analogically, the similarity of characteristic in the form of shape of source domain can be proved visually, while the characteristic of the nature and the condition can be proved through bodily and empirical experiences. Ecolinguistics parameters are used to construct of Balinese proverbs which happen due to cross mapping process. It is caused by the presence of close characteristic or biological characteristic which is owned by the source domain and target domain, especially between Balinese with animal which then are verbally recorded and further patterned in ideological, biological, and sociological dimensions.

This study aims at knowing: 1) types of questions and answers used in English as Foreign Language (EFL) classroom dialogue of Junior High School in the city of Kupang, Indonesia; and 2) grammatical errors of questions and answers used by teacher and students in EFL classroom dialogue of the school studied. The research used a qualitative research method. Its subjects were one EFL teacher and His grade VIII students that have been chosen purposively. The instruments used for data collection were interviews and observations. Data were analyzed descriptively. The result shows that there were five types of questions and answers used by teacher and students in EFL classroom dialogues. They were descriptive questions, relational question, causal questions, the grammatical form including polar questions and non-polar questions. The errors found in the teacher and students’ questions and answers were ommission, misformation, and misordering.

The recent research is related to the cultural hegemony which is contained within the novel Merpati Kembar di Lombok written by Nuriadi. The problems to be studied are the form of cultural hegemony which is contained within the novel Merpati Kembar di Lombok written by Nuriadi. Then the objectives of this research are describing the form of cultural hegemony. This is a descriptive qualitative research. Documentary method and note-taking technique are applied during data collection. Meanwhile, data analysis is conducted by applying the theory of hegemony proposed by Antonio Gramsci with several steps to follow such as data identification, data reduction, data analysis, data presentation and conclusion drawing. Then, the results of data analysis are: the form of cultural hegemony committed by the noble group/society within the novel Merpati Kembar di Lombok is categorized into two levels namely declining hegemony and minimum hegemony.

This study aims at presenting the comprehensive insight on the commodification of Tektekan Calonarang in Puri Anyar Kerambitan which uses sacred barong and rangda for tourism. The data was collected through observation, in depth-interview, and literature study. The collected data then analyzed using the descriptive qualitative method. The theories of deconstruction, social practice, aesthetic, and power/knowledge are used to undertake this study. The results of the study reveal that positive and negative influences of tourism occur in the context of traditional performing arts. The emergence of creativity is very evident in the rapid development of various types of performing arts in Bali including the increasing number of art activists, but at the same time several sacred dances including ritual procession elements, such as Tektekan Calonarang in Puri Anyar Kerambitan have become in between sacred or profane because they have been shown to tourists.

This article examines vulgarism and dialectisms, which are considered to be elements of vulgarity in personal correspondence. In the linguistic examination conducted in anonymous cases, the form, frequency, and pragmatic content of the use of non-literary elements also play a leading role in determining the age of a person. The article examines the pragmatic direction, communicative purpose, frequency of use of non-literary elements in the correspondence of individuals aged 17-27 on average, and concludes. A survey was also conducted among school-age students to study the influence of the family environment on the use of non-literal lexical elements in a child’s speech. The nature of the use of non-verbal elements in personal correspondence depends on neurological, psychological, and sociological factors. Unethical behavior can also be related to a person's emotional state. Some personal correspondence uses obscene lexical elements, some positive and some negative. Speech situation and communicative purpose also played an important role in the use of non-literary lexical items.

The research had the purpose of determining the reading-writing in the development of text in the students at the School of Basic Education Dr. Aquiles Valencia. In this sense, the general objective was to analyze literacy in the development of text in the students of this educational institution. The investigative approach was quantitative, allowing the recovery, analysis, and assessment of information, through surveys and the analysis of statistical results. As a result, it is proposed that, because it is a segment of the population with limited economic resources, the academic level of the parents does not help to collaborate with their children. The methodologies of the teachers, it is considered that in the medium term the literacy deficit will not be reduced.