International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies

The aim of this paper is to represent the results from the conducted research, based on the number of injuries in all of the real organizations that gravitates in the Bitola's region, Republic Macedonia in the period frame January 2012-December 2012. The basic aim of the conducted research is to represent relevant information for the number of injuries in Bitola's region, no ether of the type of the organization, the basic field of action, the size of the same and the number of employees. Actually, this paper is a representation of the conducted research based on the number of injuries, conduced as a part of every year activity of the Safety and Health organization NGO Bitola from Bitola. The paper represents the relevant information about the number of injuries in real enterprises; information's given by the enterprises that are working in the Bitola's region. The given information's are analyzed from several aspects such as: the gender of the person that is injured, the education of the injured person, the work period of the day when the injury is spotted, the body part that is injured, number of work days that are lost as a result of the injury, etc. The paper represents some of the main criteria's that were under research in 2012.

Turning of hardened steels using a single point cutting tool has replaced the cylindrical grinding now as it offers attractive benefits in terms of lower equipment costs, shorter set up time, fewer process setups, higher material removal rate, better surface quality and elimination of cutting fluids compared to cylindrical grinding. In order to obtain desired surface quality by machining, proper machining parameters selection is essential. This can be achieved by improving quality and productivity in metal cutting industries. The present study is to investigate the effect of machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed and depth of cut on surface roughness during dry turning of hardened AISI 4340 steel with CVD (TiN+TiCN+Al2O3+ZrCN) multilayer coated carbide inserts. A full factorial design of experiment is selected for experimental planning and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been employed to analyze the significant machining parameters on surface roughness during turning. The results showed that feed (60.85%) is the most influencing parameter followed by cutting speed (24.6%) at 95% confidence level. And the two-level interactions of feed-cutting speed (F*V), depth of cut-feed (D*F) and depth of cut-cutting speed (D*V) are found the significant effects on surface roughness in this turning process. Moreover, the relationship between the machining parameters and performance measure i.e. surface roughness has been modeled using multiple regression analysis.

The plant Artemisia vulgaris is a perennial weed, belongs to the family Asteraceae, and locally known as Tarkha in Dir and Swat regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (K.P.K), Pakistan. The present study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal activity of methanol extracts of roots, stem and leaves of Artemisia vulgaris against Culex quinquefasciatus. The 3rd and 4th instars larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus were exposed for 24 hours to various concentrations (50, 100, 500, 1000, and 1500 ppm) of methanol extracts of different parts of Artemisia vulgaris. The leaves extract resulted in significantly higher (Pandlt;0.05) mortality when compared to the mortality caused by the root and stem extracts. The LC50 value for roots extract was 9141.0 ppm, stem extract 2224.2 ppm and leaves extract 803.2 ppm. The findings of the present study presented the methanol extract of the leaves of Artemisia vulgaris as a good source of preparations for pest control especially mosquito control.

This study was carried out in White Nile State to determine effects of human activities on forest biodiversity. The area is rich with natural forests. The forestland is continuously deforested and the remaining forests are degraded because of agricultural practices and the absence of management plan. This study aims to investigate the forest cover changes and understand the vegetation dynamics in three zones, zone (I) which represents the tree cover that extends along khores and low lands, zone (II) represents the scatter trees defined as trees outside forests including areas as open grazing land; zone (III) is the agricultural land. Each of them is approximately 400 hectare. The components of each zone included land use categories of forest cover scattered. A social survey was conducted to assess the link between community practices and natural resource development. The questionnaire included a set of questions about tree and their status. The study reveals that the role of community participation is crucial in conservation and sustainable management of natural resources. However, this community solely relies on fuel wood as the main source of energy with a limited use of alternatives sources like kerosene and gas; this may necessitate a shift toward alternatives sources in order to reduce the consumption of wood.

In recent years, the aspect of vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is becoming an interesting research area; VANET is a mobile ad hoc network considered as a special case of mobile ad hoc network (MANET). Similar to MANET, VANET is characterized as autonomous and self-configured wireless network. However, VANET has very dynamic topology, large and variable network size, and constrained mobility; these characteristics led to the need for efficient routing and resource saving VANET protocols, to fit with different VANET environments. These differences render traditional MANET's protocols unsuitable for VANET. The aim of this work is to give a survey of the VANETs routing mechanisms, this paper gives an overview of Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and the existing VANET routing protocols; mainly it focused on vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication and protocols. The paper also represents the general outlines and goals of VANETs, investigates different routing schemes that have been developed for VANETs, as well as providing classifications of VANET routing protocols (focusing on two classification forms), and gives summarized comparisons between different classes in the context of their methodologies used, strengths, and limitations of each class scheme compared to other classes. Finally, it extracts the current trends and the challenges for efficient routing mechanisms in VANETs.

The financial goal of a firm is to maximise the economic welfare of the owners. Owners' economic welfare could be maximised by maximising the shareholders wealth as reflected in the market value of shares. The value of shares is represented by their market price which is a reflection of the firm's financial decisions that include investment or long-term asset-mix decision, financing or capital-mix decision and dividend or profit allocation decision. Among the critical decisions, decision relating to dividend is the most crucial as the financial manager must decide whether the firm should distribute all profits or retain them or distribute a portion and retain the balance. However, the preachers of shareholders value theory have discouraged payment of dividend as it implies inefficiency on the part of the management towards shareholder's wealth maximisation. Taking this argument into account, this paper attempts to study the relationship between dividend payout and economic value added (EVA), an indicator to shareholders wealth creation, introduced by United States based consultants Stern Stewart and Company, New York, in 1990, using data of Square Pharmaceutical Limited (SPL), one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh, for the periods 2004-05 to 2010-11. Using simple regression equation method, the study comes to the conclusion that there is an inverse relationship between dividend payout and EVA and recommends SPL to continue the existing dividend policy of retaining a bulky portion of earnings rather than high payout ratio.

The present survey aims at establishing the influence of the dynamic of two arborescent Legumes trees of the Mimosaceae family (Albizia adiathifolia and Albizia zygia) on the woody forest, their evolution during the reconstitution of post-cultural flora. It was conducted at Oumé (West-Center of Côte d'Ivoire) in semi deciduous forest zone. The main objective is to highlight the influence of Albizia adianthifolia and Albizia zygia two legumes tree, on the other woody forest species on the basis of the correlations between biological parameters (growth in height, growth in thickness) resulting of interspecific competition (Albizia-other woody forest species) in order to put it to use in the programs of forest regeneration. Flora inventories and measurements done in 45 gradual age plots (5 to 53 years) showed that at the youthful stadium (0 to 10 years), the growth in thickness of the woody forest is influenced by the one of the two arborescent Leguminous trees (Albizia adianthifolia and Albizia zygia). On the other hand, the influence of the height growth of the arborescent leguminous trees on the one of the woody forest is discernible between 0 and 25 years. Beyond of 25 years the woody forests are progressively higher than the Albizias and finish by imposing themselves after 65 years.

Technology information has increased dramatically in the last years and has contributed to the growth in technology delivered instruction as an important learning and education method. In this perspective, many academic researches considered the importance of e-learning effectiveness.Although the existing models of e-learning effectiveness has improved our understanding of how online training can support and enhance learning, most of published models do not take into account the importance of the relationship between social presence and interaction. Thus, this study develops preceding investigation by extending a model of e-learning effectiveness which adds social presence to other studied variables including computer self efficacy, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, interaction between trainer and trainees, and e-learning effectiveness. Moreover, the model includes the possible relationships between independent factors. In this case, the present research seek to identify the influence of computer self efficacy, ease of use, perceived usefulness, interaction, and social presence on e- learning effectiveness. Furthermore, this study considers the possible influences between individual characteristics, perceptual characteristics and environmental characteristics.Using data from 410 employees, the conceptual model was validated through a Tunisian context. Results indicate the importance of interaction, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and social presence on e-learning achievement. E-learning achievement, in turn, influences e-learning transfer.

The Yaoure gold deposit (Central Ivory Coast, West Africa) is composed of several types of ores: quartz vein, sulphide facies (45-50 m in depth), oxidized facies (35-45 m in depth) and, on the surface, a clayey zone. Therefore some physical features like permeability are essential in the heap leaching method. Taken separately, the ore associated with the clay show some recovery problems, when the humidity level is more than 12 to 15%. For this cause, the Department of science and mining resources of INP-HB has study the blending method thus to face that problem. It's consisting of mixing the clayey ore with different other types of ore proportionally to obtain a heterogeneous ore and increase its permeability thus. A leaching test has been achieved on six samples (blended clayey and lateritic ores) to determine the maximum recovery and the optimum consumption in reagents (NaCN and CaO). The tests results permit to obtain the best figure with 96.63% of reconstituted quantity recovery with reagents consumption of 1.41 kg/t in NaCN and 0.45 kg/t in CaO. In addition, some in column leaching tests must be done often to simulate the leaching in heap with the aim of determining some technical, physical and economic parameters to improve the process and therefore to increase the recovery.

The main characteristic of intelligent devices that compose our environment is their capability to perceive and collect relevant information (context awareness) in order to assist users in their daily tasks. However, these tasks evolve frequently and require dynamic and evolutionary systems (context-aware systems) to improve intelligent devices skills according to user's context. Some context-aware systems are described in the literature, but most of them have extremely tight coupling between the semantic used in the application and sensors used to obtained the data for this semantic interpretation. The objective of our research is to study and implement a proactive approach able to use existing sensors and to create dynamically human-machine conversational situations when needed. The system presented in this paper is named X-CAMPUS (eXtensible Conversational Agent for Multichannel Proactive Ubiquitous Services). It aims to assist user in his/her daily tasks thanks to its ability to perceive the state of the environment and interact effectively according to the user's needs. In this paper we describe our approach for proactive intelligent assistance and we illustrate it through some scenarios showing that according to a given multi-parameters context, our X-CAMPUS agent notifies the user via personalized messages (e.g., suggestion of restaurants according to menus and users' preferences) across the most appropriate channel (instant messaging, e-mail or SMS) and the most appropriate modality (text, gesture or voice). Then, we discuss our quantitative results, based on four principal hypotheses in order to evaluate our system's capability to manage many users simultaneously with different contextual information. We argue and we show that the proactive assistance is very relevant in complex situations with various criteria to take into account (user's profile, location, task, etc.).

Agent-based systems are one of the most vibrant and important areas of the research and development to have emerged in Information Technology in recent years. They are one of the most promising approaches for designing and implementing autonomous, intelligent and social software assistants capable of supporting human decision-making. These kinds of systems are believed to be appropriate in many aspects of the healthcare domain. As a result, there is a growing interest of researchers in the application of agent-based techniques to problems in the healthcare domain. The adoption of agent technologies and multi-agent constitutes an emerging area in bioinformatics. Multi-agent based medical diagnosis systems may improve traditionally developed medical computational systems and may also support medical staff in decision-making. In this paper, we simulate the multi agent system for cancer classification. The proposed architecture consists of service provider agents as upper layer agent, coordinator agent as middle layer agent and initial agent lowest layer agent. Coordinator agent serves as matchmaker agent that uses Naïve Bayesian learning method for obtaining general knowledge and selects the best service provider agent using matchmaking mechanism. Therefore this system can reduce the communication overhead between agents for sending messages and transferring data and can avoid sending the problem to irrelevant agents.

Objective: This investigation was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in patient addressed to the hospital of Oran and to identify parasites causing this infection. Design: The survey was made on 1042 individuals, external and hospitalized, having between one month and 80 years old, addressed te H.U.C. of Oran. For every patient, an analysis of stool sample was done including direct and complementary methods. Results: The prevalence is about 19,96%. Adultes (71,15%) are more parasited than children (28,84%). The sex ratio is equal to 1. It is essentially Protozoa parasitism with 95,7% and Helminth represent only 4,3%. The intestinal parasites founded are : Blastocystis hominis 47,17% Entamoeba coli 18,95%, Giardia intestinalis 15,32%, Endolimax nana 5,24%, Entamoeba histolytica 4 ,83%, Pseudolimax butschlii 4,43%, Enterobius vermicularis 2,82%, Cryptosporidium sp 0,4%, Ascaris lumbricoides 0,4% and Taenia saginata 0,4%. Statistically, it was no significant to the distribution of parasites species by sex. But according to age, it was significant for Giardia intestinalis which infects more children than adults, for Endolimax nana and Blastocystis hominis with the most infection of adults. Conclusion: The majority of parasites listed are not pathological. Their epidemiology is linked to faulty hygiene; this is why developing countries are the most concerned.

The purpose of this paper is to study the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) and empirically examine their effects on the growth of the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) countries. This relationship has largely been analyzed in the economic literature. The results are mixed, some of the theoretical and empirical studies have shown that there is no positive relationship between FDI and economic growth, while others have found that FDI affect positively and significantly the long-run economic growth. Indeed, AMU countries have developed in recent years, an economic policy aimed at promoting the development of their economy. In these economies, FDI is considered as a key factor towards progress in economic sectors. This type of external funding has shown an increasing trend over time; however, the achievements of AMU countries in attracting FDI are still low compared to their potential and their performance to attract more foreign investments. In this paper, we use a dynamic panel system GMM estimator to study the determinants and the growth effects of FDI in three Maghreb countries (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia) during the period 1980-2010. Our empirical investigation suggests that, under particular economic and financial conditions, such as the adoption of an export promotion trade regime, restoring international competitiveness and diversification of exports, foreign direct investment affects positively the growth rate in the long run and improves the economic situation in AMU countries.

This study investigated anaerobic co-digestion of cassava liquid waste (very acid and poor in nitrogen) and human urine. Three experimental digesters were used: manioc effluent; manioc effluent + urine; manioc effluent + urine + cow dung. All digesters have functioned with mesophilic temperatures between 24.0 and 35.6°C. Digesters without urine have a pH varying between 3 and 4 during experimentation. In reactors containing urine, the pH oscillated between 6.46 and 10.29. The COD/TKN ratios recorded in digesters buffered with human urine are lower than those observed in digester without human urine. Volume of gas produced by the two digesters containing human urine was significantly higher than that of the digester without urine. The additions of human urine and cow dung improve highly the methane potential during anaerobic co-digestion of manioc effluent. The flammability test is positive except for the digester without urine. Using human urine as a co-substrate for anaerobic digestion of cassava wastewater requires a large quantity of urine (40% in terms of proportion) for a best productivity. As well as allowing biogas production as a source of renewable energy, this system of co-digestion could help to resolve the sensitive problem of human excreta management in poor area. Indeed, human urine with an alkaline pH and richness in nitrogen can substitute chemicals commonly used to correct the pH during anaerobic biodigestion, in particular for the treatment of cassava wastewater which is very acid.

The potential applications of natural products which are commonly used in the preparation of natural fiber reinforced composites are explored. The increasing demand for environmentally friendly materials and the need for cheaper fibers which increase the desirable mechanical properties forces to search for the natural products. The products that are abundantly available and are not efficiently used are taken in the study. Rice straw and chicken feather are one among the commonly available natural products of agricultural industry and poultry industry respectively which are considered as waste. These materials are disposed causing negative impact to the environment. Composite samples are prepared using untreated, uneven rice straw and chicken feather fibers using general purpose polyester resin matrix. The tensile behavior of the samples prepared with different volumetric proportions of the matrix and fiber were analyzed. The studies show an increase in the fiber loading decreases the tensile strength till an optimum fiber proportion. The tensile strength of rice straw fiber reinforced composites shows a decreasing trend till 40% of fiber volume and then increases. Similar behavior is observed in chicken feather fiber reinforced composites. The hybrid composites (rice straw and chicken feather combination) show an increasing trend till 30% of fiber volume and then decreases for 40% and again it increases.

The academic research on e-learning effectiveness becomes one of the current themes. In this perspective, many efforts have been made to give more comprehension to learning effectiveness determinants. In fact, researchers focus frequently on the variables that maximize the reaction, learning and behaviour changes of trainees. Despite these efforts that aim at giving more comprehension to learning effectiveness determinants, researchers have not reached a consensus on the andquot;nomological networkandquot; of learning results, ruling distinctness over how to explain them and queries as how could they make training experience more effective and interesting in education and corporation area as well. These divergent perspectives suggest that a conceptual and quantitative review of nomological network of learning outcomes antecedents is justified and necessary. The present study addresses the limitation of understanding regarding learning outcomes antecedents by reviewing the empirical results of literature. In this case, a review and Meta –analytic summarizes of studies assessing learning outcomes such as declarative knowledge, skill acquisition, its antecedents, and its relationships with learning transfer are presented. First, the present report provides a narrative review of conceptual framework, focusing only on variables that are linked to learning outcomes and the relationship between learning outcomes and learning transfer. Second, Meta –analysis conducts to derive the average effect size value (ravg), average fisher's Z (zavg) and to address the degree of homogeneity of each relationship. The findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical implication and the limitations of this study are shown.

In this letter, we proposed a comparative study of a rectangular Microstrip patch antenna at Terahertz (THz) frequency ranging from 0.6 to 0.8 THz with and without superstrate. First, the simulation was carried to a simple micro-strip antenna, was then added an upper layer (superstrate) by varying the height to improve impedance matching and optimizing the performance of the antenna. The matching bandwidth and the maximum radiation gain obtained are around 22.47 % (10.43 dBi at 0.6929 THz), respectively. The performance of the dielectric resonator antenna is simulated by electromagnetic simulator CST Microwave Studio.

Citrus senensis peel has many medicinal properties and is widely used against various ailments, such as colic, upset stomach, cancer, diuretic, cormunative, immuno – enhancing, stomachic, tonic to digestive system, immune system and skin. It is also used to treat and prevent vitamin deficiencies, colds, flu, and scurvy and helping to fight viral and bacterial infections. The aim of the study is to verify the ethnomedicinal use of the peel as anti-bacterial. The peels were air-dried and ground to powder using mortar and pestle, extracted with 95% ethanol. The extract was subjected to phytochemical screening using standard procedures. Agar diffusion method was employed to test the antibacterial activity of the extract and the MIC and MBC of the extract were determined by broth dilution technique. The results of the phytochemical screening indicated the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, phytosterols and steroids. The results of the antibacterial activity showed that the isolates were sensitive to the extract, with MIC of 0.25-2.5mg/ml and MBC of 0.5-5.0mg/ml. The antibacterial effects of the extracts suggest their possible use for the treatment of infections caused by the test bacteria. The chemotherapeutic potential of the fruit peel could be due to the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, phytosterols and steroids. The success of this study could lead to the development of cheap, easily available and relatively safe bactericides from a tropical plant.

In Ivory Coast, the phenomenon of decline of water drilling is found in rural and urban areas in the crystalline and crystallophyllian basement. The sub-prefecture of the department Angoda Toumodi does not rest (55%). Although several factors such as the condition of equipment, operating conditions, power conditions, the lithological conditions, problems of monitoring of hydraulic and quality parameters, etc., may partly explain this phenomenon, a fundamental question needs to be asked: drilling decline is it not related to a bad implementation of drilling? Thus, this study aims to analyze the productivity of water wells in operation, implemented by the method geomorphic from geophysical measurements. The study area is sub-prefecture of Angoda which lies between longitudes 5° 00' and 5° 10' West and latitude 6° 35' to 6° 45' North with an area of 660 Km2. It meets the plutonic, volcanic and schistose. The technique chosen is dragged geophysical electrical resistivity of the particular device gradient or rectangle measuring electrical resistivity. The results showed, firstly, poor implementation of some wells on fractures resulting in dieback, and secondly, the proper implementation of further drilling manifested by a specific constant flow. The results show that the method is suitable for the problem. Thus, to overcome the problems of wasting water wells, one must couple the geomorphological and geophysical methods.

The prevention against the pollution of groundwater has been over three decades a major concern for the specialists of the field of water. To that purpose, many methods that use intrinsic parameters have been adopted since 1987. For this study, two methods have been adopted to enhance the robustness of results. It is about DRASTIC and SINTACS who use both the intrinsic features of aquifers. The errors margins have been calculated for both maps so as to appreciate their veracity rate. Finally, these maps have been superposed to translate an infiltration on the salts content map which is supped to translate an infiltration from superficial origin. The results clearly indicate that whatever the method, three classes of vulnerability have been identified: the strong vulnerability class, the average vulnerability and the low vulnerability classes. Globally, the area remains moderately vulnerable. Whatever the errors margin that was determined shows the respective values: 16,74 % and 18,04 % for the DRASTIC and SINTACS methods. The superposition of the salts content map shows that the pollutant found in groundwater might have an origin that might not be from a superficial origin infiltration. The use of statistical tests as contribution to this study could lead to determine the origins of these pollutants.

Energy recovery from waste is not a new field of study, but its implementation continues to be a challenge in some Arab countries. Although there is abundance of useful waste in the urban markets, practices aiming at waste to energy conversion are still negligible. In the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, so-called green markets are abundant with renewable energy potential, but the practical implementation of this potential is missing. Therefore the objective of this paper is the evaluation of waste generation in KSA for the energy recovery purpose, and to show that the conversion of green waste into biofuel is not only environmentally friendly but also financially rewarding. Since the result illustrate that the major portion of the waste generated is organic waste, anaerobic digestion is proposed waste to energy technology because of its feasibility for biodegradation of moist organic wastes into biogas. Diversion of waste into biogas and bio-fertilizer will ensure that it is treated in such a way that it becomes a useful product instead of harmful one. Furthermore as the policy makers and planners in renewable energy sector have intended for kingdom of Saudi Arabia to be andquot;kingdom of sustainable energyandquot; as well, hence they are needed to give special attention toward the largest Saudi Arabia's green market and should invest more to implement this plan.

A grid is an open system, a large collection of autonomous systems giving individual users the image of a single virtual machine with a rich set of hardware and software resources. The crest aim of a Grid is to allocate best resource to a job by comparing the user requirements with the resource capabiliities. The process of selecting resources based on user requirements is called andquot;resource matchingandquot;. In Grid environment the resource pool is highly dynamic. The user behavior in the Grid environment is also cannot be predicted. While matching the job with the resources, the average response time to find the best match depends upon the arrival rate of the job and the resources. The average response time to find the best match can be increased by increasing the service rate of the Grid. The service rate of the Grid can be increased by having two queues in the Grid. This paper deals with the impact of time varying arrival rate of job, a large time varying arrival rate of resource, number of queues, in matching the user requirements with the resource capabilities. The arrival rate of job and the resource would require to be in a fashion that the average response time of the job should get minimized.

This article fits into the new strand of literature related to the asymmetric central bank preferences and its effect on the inflation dynamic. In reality, the central banker preferences are more likely to be asymmetric. Central banker can be, for various reasons, more averse toward deviations from target with one sign more than deviations from target with the other sign. The interaction of asymmetric central bank preferences with uncertainty arising from the volatility of inflation and output may affect the inflation movements. This paper aims to check the hypothesis that asymmetric central bank preferences are able to explain inflation rate for the case of Tunisia and to understand Central Bank of Tunisia preferences toward inflation rate and output during the period ranging from 1993 to 2010. We refer to a standard monetary model that includes asymmetric loss function and a linear supply curve which acts as a constraint on the central bank behavior. The results show that the inflation rate depends on the output gap and on the conditional variance of inflation and provide evidence for asymmetric central bank preferences. The Central Bank of Tunisia seems to be more averse to high inflation which is consistent with its ultimate goal explicitly announced to preserve price stability.

Copyright is an intellectual property right and is creation of a statute. In India, the Copyright Act of 1957 forms the basis of protection of the copyright works. The owners of the copyright enjoy variety of rights in the form of economic and moral rights. These rights are transferable and the subsequent owner enjoys certain economic benefits, almost similar to those of the author of the work. Keeping in mind the interest of the authors who transfer their copyright to the producers of the cinematograph films or the sound recordings, some new provisions have been inserted by the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012, which has been drafted in a very impartial manner so as to empathize the authors of the literary or musical works that are included in the cinematograph films or the sound recordings by the producers of such works. For enjoying the fruits of their labor and skill, the authors of the aforesaid works have been embargoed not to assign or waive their right to receive royalties on equal basis with the producers of the respective works. Besides, the authors of the work, independent of their copyright in the work, have also been conferred with the certain special rights.

For the blessing of World Wide Web, the corpus of online information is gigantic in its volume. Search engines have been developed such as Google, AltaVista, Yahoo, etc., to retrieve specific information from this huge amount of data. But the outcome of search engine is unable to provide expected result as the quantity of information is increasing enormously day by day and the findings are abundant. So, the automatic text summarization is demanded for salient information retrieval. Automatic text summarization is a system of summarizing text by computer where a text is given to the computer as input and the output is a shorter and less redundant form of the original text. An informative précis is very much helpful in our daily life to save valuable time. Research was first started naively on single document abridgement but recently information is found from various sources about a single topic in different website, journal, newspaper, text book, etc., for which multi-document summarization is required. In this paper, automatic multiple documents text summarization task is addressed and different procedure of various researchers are discussed. Various techniques are compared here that have done for multi-document summarization. Some promising approaches are indicated here and particular concentration is dedicated to describe different methods from raw level to similar like human experts, so that in future one can get significant instruction for further analysis.

The crisis has thrown the disorder on the effectiveness of the monetary policies. Indeed, the intensity of the financial crisis and the downward pressure it exerted on price stability has prompted many central banks to fix their interest rate at levels historically low. In September, the Federal Reserve conducts a decline in its rate to reach in December 2008, a floor close to zero, The Central Bank, for its part, has begun the process of falling interest rates in October 2008; which is continued until reaching a rate of 0.75% in July 2012. In a crisis, the fixation of the interest rate by the Central bank which is close to the 0% it is essential in order to stimulate economic activity, but, once the floor is reached, the risk of liquidity trap occurs, this leads monetary authorities to rethink their monetary policy and resort to others means of action other than further decline in interest rates. The purpose of this communication is to know whether the adoption by the central banks (European Central Bank and Federal Reserve case) of unconventional monetary policies, especially the policy of quantitative easing, has it enabled expansion of loans to households and finance companies, and therefore, contributed to an economic growth?

This study shows the potential for discrimination of lithological units of the Precambrian basement with a monoband RADARSAT-1 low spatial resolution (50 m) image. The methodological approach was to produce and exploit a pseudo-panchromatic (15 m) SAR image. SAR image was first denoised then georeferenced using the panchromatic band of Landsat ETM+. The wavelet fusion and multi-resolution analysis technique has been used to produce a pseudo-panchromatic SAR image (15 m) marked andquot;PRandquot;. The andquot;Wallisandquot; adaptive filter, synthetic colors transformation and texture parameters calculation were applied to andquot;PRandquot; to enhance the lithological units contours. Primary analysis associated with the interpretation of images deriving from the directional weighted 7x7 Sobel filters, revealed image discontinuities similar to geological fractures. The use of images derived treatments applied to andquot;PRandquot; has allowed bringing out lithostructural various information. According to tone and texture variations, four major geological ensembles consist of mafic and intrapaléozoïques Birimian formations were distinguished from six images facies that characterize the region's geology. These are Baoulé type granite of craton forming the Korhogo massif, Baoulé type granite of geosynclines forming the Ferké massif, sedimentary facies Birimian series forming the Dioula and Haut-Bandama series. The lineaments and major fractures study gave the main structural directions with SW-NE as the dominant orientation. Similarly, extensions of some fractures, not apparent on existing maps, have been revealed. Synthesis of this information gave a new lithostructural map. Comparing it with previous works showing that the geological contours mapped are the same with those references. However, the Niellé massif and Dioula volcano-sedimentary series could not be differentiated. Similarly, simulated image was ineffective at detailed mapping.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the socio-economics of cassava marketing in Benue State, Nigeria. Data were collected from randomly sampled 107 cassava marketers in Benue State, using a structured questionnaire. The study revealed that most of the cassava marketers had secondary education (72.9%). The study also revealed that marketing of cassava is mostly undertaken by females (57%). The result showed that married people (59.8%) were mostly involved in the marketing of cassava. The study revealed that cassava marketing is operated in a competitive market environment and the marketing margin obtained by an average cassava marketer is 31%. Cassava marketing is a profitable venture in the study area. It was also revealed that greater percentage of cassava traded in the study area was primarily obtained from the farmers. Majority of the respondents (92.5%) belong to cassava marketing association. The most pressing problem (46.73%) faced by the marketers is high taxes during transportation. Majority of the cassava marketers use the revenue generated from cassava business to train their children in schools and buildings of modern houses (57.0).There is the need to: open centralized cassava market in the study area; construct good network of feeder roads; establish processing companies/facilities; restructure the entire marketing system. Traders should be encouraged to form agricultural marketing cooperatives in order to eliminate the exploitative activities of the middlemen. Marketing agencies should be enforced by government to take care of the marketing problems that are associated with the speculative activities of the middlemen.

Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) attempts to find consistent relationships between the variations in the values of molecular properties and the biological activity for a series of compounds. These physicochemical descriptors, which include parameters to account for hydrophobicity, topology, electronic properties, and steric effects, are determined empirically or, more recently, by computational methods. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) generally take the form of a linear equation where the biological activity is dependent variable. Biological activity is depended on the parameters and the coefficients. Parameters are computed for each molecule in the series. Coefficients are calculated by fitting variations in the parameters. Intermediate values of the biological activity are obtained by some formulas. These formulas are worked in tabulated values of biological activity in Quantitative structure-activity relationships. These formulas are worked in the conditions and all conditions are based on the position of the point lies in the table. Derived formulas using Newton's method for interpolation are worked in conditions which are depending on the point lies. If the point lies in the upper half then used Newton's forward interpolation formula. If the point lies in the lower half then we used Newton's backward interpolation formula. And when the interval is not equally spaced then used Newton's divide difference interpolation formula. When the tabulated values of the function are not equidistant then used Lagrangian polynomial. Mathematical expressions are derived for estimation of errors using intermediate values and formulas.

This study is made in order to establish a database, which can be used as reference value for the current contents in Heavy metals, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in the manganese and gold-bearing region of Blafo-Guéto at the Center-South part of Côte d'Ivoire. So, the soil Diagnosis based on the pedogeochemistry background, throuth two lines, the one on the hill Blafo, the other one on the hill Guéto, allowed to know that except the manganese (Mn) and the copper (Cu), the studied heavy metals, does not exceed the naturally indicated limit values and are thus polluted. These measured values are included between 0.2 to 1.9 mg.kg-1 for Cd, 12 to 56 mg.kg-1 for Cr, 25 to 299 mg.kg-1 for Cu, 6000 to 50000 mg.kg-1 for Mn, 13 to 38 mg.kg-1 for Ni, 13 to 49 mg.kg-1 for Pb and 25 to 110 mg.kg-1 for Zn. For As and Hg, the measured values are lower than 0.25 mg.kg-1 and, Only Mn and Cu indicated a geochemical anomaly, because exceeding the natural contents in soil. The ranking, in the decreasing order, from the geochemical anomaly to the lowest contents measured in the Blafo-Guéto soils, indicates that: Mnandgt;Cuandgt;Znandgt;Crandgt;Pbandgt;Niandgt;Cdandgt;As, Hg.

The present study deals with the spatial and temporal variability of the climatic parameters and their consequence on the drying up of streams Bô and Débo and on the refill of the ground-water sheet in Soubré area. Methodology used is articulated around the study of the hydrological assessment according to Thornthwaite in the two catchments, the study of the seasonal and interannual variability of the climatic variables and the study of drying up by the determination of the coefficients of drying up and the mobilized volumes as well as their evolution. The hydrological assessment reveals that evapotranspiration is very active in the area of Soubré and has particularly contributed to reduce water resources of the area. Indeed, on the totality of rainfall, only 5.24% joined the underground network to refill the groundwater. The evolution of the curves of drying up reveals that, in Débo and Bô catchments, drying up lasts in general between 30 and 160 days. The coefficients of drying up in the both watersheds knew a rise of 1983 to 1991. Since 1991 there has been a relative decline in these coefficients. Thus, the coefficients of drying up continued to increase in recent years inversely with volumes participating in the reduction of water resources in the area and affecting in a pejorative way the groundwater refill.

Cloud computing referred to as the on demand technology because it offers dynamic and versatile resource allocation for reliable and warranted services in pay as-you-use manner to public. It is a technology that uses the web and central remote servers to take care of data and applications and permits users to use applications without installation and access their personal files at any computer with the assistance of internet access. This technology allows rather more efficient computing by consolidative data storage, processing and bandwidth. The specialty of this technology is that any variety of cloud services can be simultaneously accessed by any variety of users. So it is necessary that every user should get sufficient resources in a well-organized manner. The resource allocation in cloud computing is nothing but integrating the cloud provider activities in order to utilize and allocate scarce resources. The service level agreement satisfaction is incredibly necessary concerning the user as well as the service provider. Minimum SLA violation brings most client satisfaction. Here in this paper a survey is meted out on the realm of resource management strategies that tries to preserve the customer satisfaction to its maximum. There are some metrics which are able to evaluate the potency of these resource allocation strategies. The deserves and demerits of each technique are also mentioned.

The objective of the work consisted in modeling and optimizing the juice extraction physicochemical characteristics from Hibiscus sabdariffa L., in order to be able to put forward its qualities. This was done using response surface methodology (RSM). The models obtained at 60°C using Doehlert experimental design were of second order with interaction. The validation of those models used the coefficient of correlation R2 (0.998 and 0.994 respectively for turbidity and extract), the absolute average deviation (AAD) (0.068 and 0.056 respectively for turbidity and extract), the bias factor (0.95 and 0.98 respectively for turbidity and extract) and the exactitude factor (1.08 and 1.05 respectively for turbidity and extract). In this study, factors as calyxes/water ratio and maceration time which influenced significantly on juice turbidity and extract was modeled and optimized. The calyxes/water ratio contributions were 34% and 43% respectively for turbidity and extract while, the maceration time contributions were 23% and 10% respectively for turbidity and extract. At 60 °C of extraction temperature, we were able to have turbidity up to 307.22 NTU and extract up to 12 °B. When optimizing the responses, it was possible to have juices with less turbidity (|[asghar_aw]| 200 NTU) and high extract (≥ 6 °B).

The climate variability has affected pejoratively the groundwater recharge in Soubre area. Thus, the simulation of surface flows is an answer to the problematic of water supply in the area. The aim of this study is the simulation of surface flows in Debo catchment by estimating flood flows.The methodology is based on the application of morphological transfer function (MTF) of DEMIURGE software (Digital Elevation Model In Urgency). It consisted of the determination of fractal parameters related to water systems, the estimation of maximum flow at the outlet, the study of the sensitivity of the simulated hydrographs based on the simulation time step.The results show that the reference time is t = 20 minutes. For simulation times different from t = 20 minutes, the geomorphologic pulse histograms (GPH) do not fit the times transfer frequency histogram. The specific flow at the outlet of the catchment is 3.394 m3.s-1 for a rise time of 31.33 hours under the assumption of a uniform effective rainfall of 1 mm. The maximum flows simulated evolve with the rainfall blade and the rushed water. For a blade of 188.08 mm past, the maximum flow rate is at least 634.111 m3.s-1. For a rise time of 33 h 20 minutes, the volumes assessed are estimated at 1.06.108 m3.

The study investigated the Challenges of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in secondary schools in Ondo state. It sought to find out the level of access to ICT among secondary school teachers and students. Also the study investigated the level of utilization of ICT for instructional purposes and the attitude of teachers and students towards ICT utilization of ICT in secondary schools. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. The sample for the study consisted of 450 teachers randomly selected from two hundred and ninety six (296) secondary schools in the eighteen Local Government Areas of Ondo State. A combination of multistage, stratified and simple random sampling technique was used in selecting the sample. A questionnaire titled andquot;Challenges of information and communication technology for secondary schools teachers (CICTSST)andquot; was designed and validated. The data obtained were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, mean and bar chart.The result of the findings showed that: ICT facilities are not available in schools. Majority of the teachers and students do not have access to ICT. There are significant factors affecting the utilization of ICT for instructional purposes. The study also revealed that teachers show positive attitude toward utilization of ICT in teaching and learning.

The present work concerns the study of the nutritional quality of the raw milk, on samples resulting from centers of collection of the milk (cooperatives) and from farms, from the region of Tadla (Kssiba and Fkih ben Saleh) and the region of Kelaa. The investigations concerned two periods of year 2011 (Period I: February-March-April and Period II: September-October-November). The analysis results show that for the three nutritional parameters, protein content (TP), fat (MG) and defatted dry matter (ESD), there are variations between samples. Assessing the nutritional quality of milk is required to highlight the variability in the nutritional quality of milk production, evaluating the quality of milk produced in those regions and determine the factors influential to improve production and profitability. This quality is demonstrated through the determination of three main parameters of milk constituents, namely fat (MG) Protein content (TP) and nonfat dry (ESD). Milk quality plays an important role in marketing milk and quantity of product plays a very important role to meet the demand of the market in terms of milk and its derivatives. The effect of time and the origin of milk (cooperative or farm) are the two parameters that influence in a significant way the nutritional quality of milk. The results of exploratory analysis by applying the principal component analysis (PCA), illustrates the importance of these two parameters.

Polymeric phosphates in detergents are used widely in construction and hence have a significant concentration in the wastewater. Phosphate may result in sewage and industrial waste is waste from the body. Phosphate caused a rapid growth of aquatic plants such as algae and it is disturbing factor in the treatment processes. For example, concentrations in the range ppm 2/0 in order to reduce the turbidity of water contract will play the role of the intruder. Nitrogen gas (N2) and the primary component of natural gas and the atmosphere is extremely stable. Nitrogen is a component of proteins. Chlorophyll and Nitrogen also is found in many biological compounds. Nitrate fertilizers polluting groundwater and surface water sources are in nature. Presentation of the nitrate concentration in milligrams per liter (Mg NO3L) or milligrams per liter nitrogen as nitrate (Mg NO3-NL) has caused many problems and errors. There is no significant difference between the two units. The combination of infection for humans in Europe the nitrate directive committee row is non-toxic compounds. This paper examines the effects of phosphate and nitrate in the plant in ShahinShahr Use of water, steam Oil Refinery reviewed and analyzed and the results are listed at the end.

This paper presents the comparison of various Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) strategies for the three phase Diode Clamped Multi Level Inverter (DCMLI). The main contribution of this paper is the proposal of new modulation schemes with Variable Amplitude (VA) and various new schemes adopting the constant switching frequency and also variable switching frequency multicarrier control freedom degree combination concepts are developed and simulated for the chosen three phase DCMLI. The three phase DCMLI, is controlled in this paper with Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) reference along with triangular carriers and analysis is made among both without carrier overlapping and with Carrier Overlapping (CO) techniques to choose the better strategy by performing simulation using MATLAB-SIMULINK. The variation of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and fundamental RMS output voltage is observed for various modulation indices. It is observed that among the various equal amplitude PWM strategies, COPWM-C provides less THD and higher RMS voltage. It is recognized that among the various variable amplitude PWM strategies, VACOPWM-C provides less THD and VACOPWM-B provides higher RMS voltage. By comparing the equal amplitude PWM strategies with the variable amplitude PWM strategies it is inferred that VACOPWM-C provides less THD and VACOPWM-B provides higher RMS voltage. It is also inferred that carrier overlapping techniques provides better results compared to the without carrier overlapping techniques.

The study area is the N'zo-Sassandra watershed (Ivory Coast) located between longitudes 7°15' and 8°05' West and latitude 6°50' and 7°50' North. Its surface is estimated at 4310 km2. The climate regime prevailing at the N'zo-Sassandra watershed at Kahin is a mountain climate (subequatorial regime) with annual rainfall amounts sometimes exceeding 2000 mm. N'zo-Sassandra has a single hydrological regime. The N'zo-Sassandra watershed is a part of the West forest zone characterized by a degraded dense forest. This study aims to identify trends in the rainfall-runoff relationship from an overall conceptual modeling monthly runoff. The data (rainfall, ETP, flow) used in this study cover the period of 1980-2000.The methodological approach is based on the one hand, on the evaluation criteria of the model used (GR2M) and secondly, on the crossed simulations method (1980-2000). The results showed that the GR2M model was efficient and robust on the N'zo-Sassandra watershed. Indeed, the values of the Nash-Sutcliffe obtained are greater than 60% in the calibration phase (81.95%) as validation phase (72.40%). Degradation recorded at the Nash-Sutcliffe criterion passing the validation phase in the calibration phase is less in absolute value than 10%. In addition, it is shown that there is a vast majority of the positive signs in relation to the negative signs. These results highlight the existence of non-stationarity of the rainfall-runoff relation at the N'zo-Sassandra watershed during the period 1980-2000, suggesting a rising trend of monthly runoff.

Condition-based maintenance is a kind of maintenance which conducted before fault by judging device exception and predicting device fault based on device condition information provided through monitoring device condition. The analysis result of fault diagnosis technology and production management information system which has namely arranged the maintenance plan. The implement device maintenance in light of device health condition due to prevents excessive maintenance or disrepair of device to the utmost extent. During operation, primary device of hydropower plant constantly suffers from sand abrasion, cavitation damage, mechanical wear and other mechanical or electrical damage, which reduces the efficiency of generating equipment and shortens the service life. If timely monitoring and diagnosis and appropriate maintenance are not provided, accident may be induced and cause great economic losses; to make primary devices for production and transmission of electric energy of hydropower plant have high reliability and be in good operating conditions, such primary devices must be maintained. The aim of this paper is to define the gradually improving sensor and monitoring technology which offer the possibility of condition-based maintenance of hydroelectric generating unit and the extraction and analysis methods of fault characteristics. Therefore discussion is summarized briefly on composition, configuration and functions of Condition-based Maintenance System (DSS). And also describes the short introduction of Condition-based Maintenance (DSS) system in typically project of Songjianghe Hydropower Plant as used for primary devices.

Manganiferous soils have high contents of manganese, which, combined with trace elements could affect the physico-chemistry of the soil and lead to serious hazard on the environment and human. This study aims to assess the levels of trace elements on manganiferous soils of Côte d'Ivoire. A recognition site by manganiferous soil survey on three areas was applied. In these manganiferous soils abundance order of ETM, each site individually, is identical to the global abundance order : (Fe andgt; Mn andgt; Cu andgt; Zn andgt; Cr andgt; Ni andgt; Pb andgt; Co andgt; Cd). However, a difference is observed in Korhogo, at Ni andgt; Cr. Among the ETM studied, Cu (172.8 mg.kg-1), Zn (110.73 mg.kg-1), Cd (1.06 mg.kg-1) and Mn (9228.96 mg.kg-1) are in the range of critical levels in soils, which can cause toxicity. A North-South gradient of increasing accumulation is for Cd. The opposite is observed for Zn. Mn is more abundant in Guitry but low in Bondoukou. Other ETM (Fe, Ni, Cu, Pb and Co) are more or less homogeneous in the different study areas. Dynamics and vertical distribution of ETM is very variable depending on the area and is mainly influenced by pedogenetic processes. The pH is frankly acids in these soils. A study on the speciation of trace metals in these soils should be conducted to better prevent potential contamination of environment.

Industrial policy is a microeconomic form of state intervention in industry. It monitors the performance of the secondary sector with stimulating the competitiveness of firms, overcoming market failures and adjusting its structure to economic, organizational and technological changing. Although this state intervention creates much debate, it regains interest in university research, in political discourse and economic practices. In this work, the experiences of France, Japan and the four dragons were analyzed in terms of objectives, instruments and conditions for success. The purpose behind is to learn from their actions and to try to form recommendations for others country. We also presented the state measures implemented in favor of Tunisian industry emphasizing their evolution over time, their effectiveness in achieving the goals and their impact on the evolution of the industry. We have shown that these measures are ineffective since they did not realize most of the time the objectives associated with it such as improving the competitiveness of industrial firms, increase technological content in production cycle and decreasing regional imbalance. We tried so to understand the causes behind the inefficacity of the Tunisian effort for its industry. Finally we conclude that these state efforts cannot build a genuine industrial policy.

The major problem of the current market economy is absence of appropriate mathematical description of processes taking place in it, which results in misunderstanding of these processes, as well as lack of efficient means of preventing economic crises. The manuscripts suggests such a mathematical description, making use of the circumstance that the 'black box' of market economy has the corresponding 'white box', which turned out to be the processes well known in radio-electronics. This approach allowed proving that the current market economy, due to the significant influence of the human factor, is described with parametric differential equations with random coefficients, the solutions of which are also random functions of time. Therefore, it is basically unpredictable and uncontrollable, which makes economic crises inevitable. In order for the economy to become crisis-proof, it has to be reformed. We suggest using the new economic tools which allow solving the problem. Here belong business-interfaces that can neutralize the internal human factor, and the new global/regional information network TV•net, which is completely free from the shortcomings of the Internet and is able to neutralize the external human factor. It is shown that after the implementation of reforms suggested in the manuscript economics will become an exact science able to successfully solve the tasks of analysis and synthesis of economic structures, the tasks of their simulation and improvement, as well as regulation of the economy in general. The new economy will become crisis-proof and rapidly developing.

Ensuring trust in cyber space has become an important and indispensable security challenge. Questions about trust in the physical space can be answered based on the factors namely closeness, time, analyzing actions and body language. But in the cyber space these factors are not readily available correctly to ensure and verify trust. Trust can also be established via a third party. But can we know with absolute certainty that the entity with whom we are communicating is trustworthy or not? Cyber security is all about ensuring that software will behave in an expected manner and that it can prevent any threats that deter it from its expected operations. It not just deals with securing networks but rather focuses on ensuring the security of the devices connected to the networks. In this paper, we discuss the approaches used earlier for establishing trust, their limitations and focus on the need for hardware-based root of trust as software-only solutions are inadequate to ensure complete trust. We discuss an emerging technology in the ?eld of trusted computing called the Trusted Platform Module that provides a hardware-based root of trust. We also discuss about its scope, various applications, and the future work being done on it.

In this paper, the stability of general impulsive retarded functional differential equations with any time delay has been considered. Many evolution processes are characterized by the fact that at certain moments of time they experience a change of state abruptly. Consequently, it is natural to assume that these perturbations act instantaneously, that is, in the form of impulses. Impulsive differential equations, that is, differential equations involving impulse effects, are a natural description of observed evolution phenomena of several real world problems. Impulsive control which based on impulsive differential equations has attracted the interest of many researchers recently. The method of Lyapunov functions and Razumikhin technique have been widely applied to stability analysis of various delay differential equation. When Lyapunov functions are used, it becomes necessary to choose an appropriate minimal class of functionals relative to which the derivative of the Lyapunov function is estimated. This approach is known as the Lyapunov–Razumikhin technique. When Lyapunov functionals are used the corresponding derivative can be estimated without demanding minimal classes of functional. By using Lyapunov functions and analysis technique along with Razumikhin technique, some results for the uniform stability of such impulsive differential equations have been derived. The obtained results extend and generalize some results existing in the literature.

This article proposes to prove economically the existence of a second level digital divide in Morocco. We have well designed and administered a questionnaire to approach 1030 persons living in the two largest cities of the Kingdom: Rabat and Casablanca. It seemed to us at the appropriate time to get down working in these big cities where normally there should not be any digital divide, at least the one of first degree, in order to detect inequalities in the use of the Internet. By the present field work we seek to determine far beyond Internet access, a kind of persons being behind the second degree digital divide. Our results lead us to say that the use of the Internet in the cities is influenced by socioeconomic position and the living conditions of individuals. The second degree digital divide is omnipresent. These results are enough to put into perspective the effectiveness of policies to ensure a wide coverage of the country by the ICT expected to create the added value and improve the living standards and social wellbeing of citizens.

Deepbite and open bite presents an orthodontist with challenge in any of its much form. Diagnosis, treatment planning and appropriate mechanics form a backbone of successful orthodontic treatment of these kinds of vertical problems. Patients with this kind of malocclusion can be diagnosed clinically and cephalometrically, however, diagnosis should be viewed in the context of the skeletal and dental structure. Vertical growth is the last dimension to be completed, therefore treatment may appear to be successful one point and fail later. Some treatment may be prolonged if begun early. This article reviews diagnosis, control of vertical dimension which aims at striking a balance between the soft- tissues and the dento - alveolar and skeletal structures. So far various techniques have been tried both successfully and unsuccessfully, both surgically and orthodontically (Even a combination of both).