Current Traditional Medicine

Fruits, in general, are considered the powerhouses of a variety of nutrients and bioactive compounds. Nutraceuticals are substances found in fruits and vegetables that provide health benefits and basic nutritional value. This review aims to study the diversity, nutritional aspects, bioactive compounds, and health benefits of Meghalaya minor fruits, namely, Prunus nepalensis, Elaeagnus latifolia, Myrica esculenta, Myrica nagi and Docynia indica. Due to the lack of knowledge about the nutraceutical properties of these five minor fruits, they are rarely grown and used widely in the country; hence, popularising such fruits is crucial. Various nutraceutical components such as flavonoids, tannins, ascorbic acids, beta-carotene, anthocyanin, phenolic acids, and other antioxidants were found in the five mentioned minor fruits abundantly, which asserted several health benefits. These minor fruits produced several biological activities and nutraceutical attributes, providing mineral requirements for human health. These fruits are rich sources of bioactive compounds; thereby, the development of food products by using these fruits enhances market value in domestic areas and aids in their commercialization in the local markets, which will help to improve the economy of the state's rural population. Therefore, this review was designed with different highlighted points, including (i) the nutritional profile of minor fruits from Meghalaya, (ii) the bioactive compounds of minor fruits that assert pharmacological activity, (iii) the biodiversity of minor fruits, (iv) the pharmacological activity or health benefits of minor fruits.

Background Cerebral ischemic stroke (CIS) severely endangers health, and there is an urgent need for effective therapeutic drugs and in-depth research on its mechanism of action. Danxi Granule has potential application in the relevant treatment. Objective This study aimed to explore the potential quality markers, therapeutic targets, and molecular mechanisms of Danxi Granule in treating CIS through the “Absorbed into Blood- Fingerprint- Network-Verification” paradigm. Methods An MCAO rat model was established. Serum samples from three groups were analyzed by UPLC-MS to identify blood-absorbed prototype components. The fingerprint and measurable chemical components of Danxi Granule were obtained using specific chromatographic conditions. Potential quality markers were determined by cross-referencing. Network pharmacology, with databases like GeneCards and OMIM, and relevant software, were used for gene identification and pathway enrichment analysis. Five identified compounds were tested in an OGD/R-induced HT22 cell model. Results A total of 207 blood-absorbed prototype components were identified. Ten-batch fingerprint analysis of Danxi Granules showed high similarity, with 15 common peaks (8 corresponding to measurable constituents). Five potential quality markers were determined. These compounds targeted 184 genes, intersecting with 73 disease-related ones. Network analysis revealed 10 key genes and cellular experiments confirmed the protection of HT22 cells, with TNF as a core target. Conclusion The “absorbed into blood-fingerprint” paradigm identified five potential quality markers, namely cryptotanshinone, tanshinone IIA, aurantio-obtusin, icariin, and paeoniflorin. Validation through the “network-verification” paradigm confirmed their quality marker status and demonstrated that their anti-CIS mechanisms likely involve suppressing TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β expressions, thereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects.

Background and Objective Influenza is a respiratory virus, and certain patients with some chronic conditions and other risk factors are vulnerable to severe infection requiring hospitalizations and further fatal complications. Few antiviral drugs are approved for the management of patients with influenza infection. Since N. sativa supplementation significantly reduces all-cause mortality, improves viral clearance, and diminishes viral loads in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and other viruses, including hepatitis C virus, our review focuses on the antiviral efficacy of black seeds (N. sativa) against influenza viruses. Methods The databases, including Medline/PMC/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and reference lists, were searched to identify relevant publications using keywords, such as Nigella sativa, black seeds, black cumin seeds, kalonji, and influenza virus. This review included only English publications, while duplicates were excluded. Results Supplementation with N. sativa improved clinical symptoms, enhanced cytokine gene expression, suppressed H9N2 virus pathogenesis, increased antibody titers against the H9N2 influenza virus, significantly reduced mortality, decreased virus shedding, promoted weight gain, boosted both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, and facilitated early viral clearance in several preclinical studies involving H9N2-infected turkeys. Furthermore, a number of preclinical and clinical investigations showed that N. sativa has antiviral properties against other viruses. Furthermore, N. sativa has several pharmacotherapeutic potentials, including antiviral, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory qualities that may be helpful in the treatment of influenza virus infection, according to multiple meta-analyses. Additionally, N. sativa's pharmacological properties, including its antihistaminic, bronchodilatory, antidiabetic, antiobesity, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, and anticancer properties, may help to alleviate the signs, symptoms, and complications associated with influenza virus infection. Conclusion To prevent further complications, patients at higher risk of developing complications from influenza virus infection could be managed with specific antivirals and black seeds (N. sativa) as adjunctive therapy in the early stages of infection. Future clinical studies would establish the effectiveness of black seeds (N. sativa) against influenza infection.

Background Niuhuang Jiedu Tablets (NJT) is a historical and widely used Chinese patent medicine. It comprises realgar (As2S2) and seven other traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Arsenic (As) has been confirmed as a toxicant and carcinogen to humans. As arsenic-containing TCMs, the safety of realgar and NJT is of growing concern. The compatibility of NJT has been proven to have a toxicity alleviation effect on realgar. The bioavailable fraction of realgar is the reliable assessment of internal As exposure and the related health hazards indicator. However, few studies have been conducted to study the bioavailability of realgar in combination with the other TCMs in NJT, but it is meaningful for elucidating the mechanism of toxicity alleviation effect of NJT on realgar. Objective This study sought to evaluate the impact of the co-exposure of the other TCMs in NJT on the bioavailability of realgar to reveal the toxicity alleviation effect of NJT on realgar. Objective * Methods To determine the bioavailability of As from realgar, a method based on inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for detecting As in mice urine was established and validated. As bioavailability comparison was conducted after mice were gavaged with realgar and NJT at dosages equal to 1, 10, and 20 times the single therapeutic dose for humans. The influence of co-exposure of the other TCMs in NJT on the bioavailability of realgar was also investigated. Effects of compatibility of NJT on the toxicity of realgar with the therapeutic dose were also studied based on metabolic profile analysis of 1H NMR spectra of urine and serum samples. Results At the therapeutic dose, the compatibility of NJT did not affect the bioavailability of realgar, and no toxic effects of realgar were exhibited during a 7-day administration period. However, the As bioavailability, which was considered a potential health risk, was reduced by the whole prescription if realgar was overdosed. Unlike the results of the normal therapeutic dose groups, the As bioavailability of realgar with doses equivalent to 10 and 20 times the therapeutic dose was significantly reduced by 31% and 36% in the corresponding NJT groups, respectively. conclusion The combination of Rhubarb, Scutellaria baicalensis, Platycodon grandiflorum, and Liquorice was confirmed to have a similar effect on reducing the bioavailability of realgar as the whole prescription. Even so, it is important to pay attention to the rational clinical use of realgar-containing TCMs, especially regarding the potential health risks associated with As from prolonged or excessive usage. Result * Other *

Background Bentunai Village is located in Selakau District, Sambas Regency, West Kalimantan. The majority of the villagers are Malay tribes who have local wisdom regarding the use of medicinal plants after childbirth. Hence, this study aimed to determine the types of plants, plant parts, and processing methods used by the Malay tribe in postpartum care. Method The materials used were medicinal plants, 70% alcohol for plant fixation, plastic packing size 30x60 cm, merang paper, thick cardboard, and tape. This research used triangulation techniques, namely interviews, observation, and documentation. Result There are 14 types of plants used by the Malay tribe of Bentunai Village for postpartum care, namely sembung (Blumea balsamifera), balik angin (Mallotus paniculata (Lam.) M), patikan cina (Euphorbia sp.), cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr & L. M. Perry), lada (Piper nigrum L.), cabe jawa (Piper retrofractum Vahl.), ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.), kunyit (Curcuma longa L.), temulawak (Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb), lempuyang (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm.), jahe (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.), banglai (Zingiber purpureum Roscoe), kencur (Kaempferia galangan L.), and lengkuas hutan (Zingiber sp.). Conclusion In conclusion, the most widely used plant family is Zingiberaceae, the most widely used part is the leaves, and there are three ways of processing plants, namely boiled, brewed, and pounded.

Jamu is a longstanding traditional medicinal and health practice in Indonesia dating back thousands of years and deeply rooted in the country's cultural heritage. The use of natural botanicals, herbs, and plant-based ingredients for personal care, beauty, and well-being has been prevalent in Indonesian palace traditions, reflecting a rich tradition of indigenous knowledge and cultural practices. This review delves into the efficacy of these remedies, particularly jamu and traditional cosmetics, in promoting and maintaining beauty. The exploration covers the historical background, ingredients used, preparation methods, safety considerations, and modern applications of these traditional practices. By examining scientific evidence and comparing them with commercial beauty products, this review aims to provide insights into the potential of Indonesian traditional herbal remedies as valuable assets in modern skincare and beauty regimens. The methodology involves a comprehensive literature review of studies assessing the effectiveness and safety of key ingredients commonly used in Indonesian herbal remedies. The results highlight promising findings regarding the skin-enhancing properties of these herbal remedies, along with considerations for their integration into contemporary beauty routines. This review underscores the significance of preserving and adapting traditional Indonesian beauty practices in the context of evolving skincare trends and consumer preferences. Various delivery systems, such as lipid-based nanoencapsulation, nanoemulsions, nanoparticles, silicone matrices, and advanced emulsion technologies, can be leveraged to improve the bioavailability, stability, and effectiveness of herbal ingredients in cosmetic formulations. However, it is crucial to thoroughly assess the safety and quality of these natural ingredients through rigorous testing and regulatory oversight to ensure consumer safety.

Objective This study seeks to provide a thorough summary of clinical evidence comparing the effectiveness and safety of combining astragalus-containing Chinese medicines with Western treatments for T2DM. Method A search was conducted across six databases for relevant studies from their inception up to June, 2023. The combined results were reported as odds ratio (OR) or standardized mean difference (SMD). The random effect model was used for statistical analyses. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was utilized to evaluate the potential bias in the studies included. The overall quality of the evidence was examined using the Grades of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Results A total of 82 studies involving 9,238 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. The results showed a significant improvement in the FPG (SMD -0.98; 95%CI -1.23, -0.72), 2hPG (SMD -0.94; 95%CI -1.13, -0.76), HbA1c (SMD -0.97; 95%CI -1.18, -0.75), HOMA-IR (SMD -1.07; 95%CI -1.47, -0.66), HOMA-β (SMD 0.84; 95%CI 0.38, 1.31), HDL (SMD 0.41; 95%CI 0.17, 0.66), LDL (SMD -1.17; 95%CI -1.62, -0.72), TC (SMD -0.83; 95%CI -1.06, -0.59), and TG (SMD -0.93, 95%CI -1.20, -0.65) with astragalus-containing TCMs plus conventional therapy compared to conventional therapy alone. The incidence of hypoglycemia (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.33 to 0.73) and gastrointestinal tract adverse events (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.36 to 0.77) was significantly reduced in the combination group. Subgroup analyses based on the type of Western medicines, type of traditional Chinese medicines, baseline glucose level, the duration of follow- up, and the subtypes of disease all indicated similar results regarding the superior effectiveness in the combination group. According to the GRADE assessment, the quality of evidence was generally rated as low due to unclear risk of bias in the included studies, statistical heterogeneity, and potential publication bias. Conclusion Add-on therapy of astragalus-containing TCMs is generally more effective in ameliorating glycolipid metabolism and improving insulin resistance. However, the clinical benefits of integrative therapies need to be further explored in different subgroups of patients.

Contact lenses have revolutionized vision correction, offering wearers a convenient and often cosmetically appealing alternative to traditional eyeglasses. However, their close interaction with the ocular surface also presents a potential interface for pathogen interaction, which can lead to ocular infections. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the intricate relationship between contact lens optics and pathogenic organisms, delving into key aspects such as microbial adhesion, biofilm formation, and host responses. The various factors that influence pathogen adherence and colonization on contact lens surfaces. Material composition, surface properties, and wear duration are among the critical factors explored, highlighting their significant impact on the susceptibility of contact lenses to microbial colonization. Understanding these factors is essential for identifying strategies to mitigate pathogen adherence and reduce the risk of infection among contact lens wearers. Strategies for mitigating pathogen adherence and biofilm formation on contact lens surfaces are then explored. This includes an examination of antimicrobial coatings, surface modifications, and the incorporation of antimicrobial agents into lens materials. By targeting these key factors, researchers aim to develop contact lenses that are more resistant to microbial colonization and offer enhanced wearer safety. Furthermore, the review highlights advancements in contact lens technology aimed at enhancing biocompatibility and reducing infection risk. These advancements include the development of novel materials with intrinsic antimicrobial properties, smart contact lenses capable of real-time monitoring of ocular health parameters, and bioinspired designs for improved wearer comfort and safety. Overall, understanding the dynamics of pathogen interactions with contact lenses is crucial for improving lens design, enhancing wearer safety, and minimizing the risk of ocular infections. By elucidating the mechanisms underlying microbial adhesion, biofilm formation, and host responses, researchers can continue to innovate in the field of contact lens technology, ultimately benefiting millions of contact lens wearers worldwide.

Background There is a need to identify original molecules to develop drugs for the treatment of microbial infections. Such chemical entities could be found in secondary metabolites of rainforest plants that are not so well-known. This study examines the antibacterial and antibiotic- potentiating effects, and antiviral activities of six rainforest plants endemic to the primary rainforest of Malaysia. Methods Leaves, bark, fruits, and wood of Burkillanthus malaccensis, Cleistanthus bracteosus, Diospyros hasseltii, Kibatalia maingayi, Knema retusa, and Litsea spathacea were extracted successively with hexane, chloroform, and methanol, and tested against six human pathogenic bacteria species by disc diffusion and broth microdilution. The extracts were tested against influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) using MDCK cells. Results Of the 42 extracts tested, the hexane extract of fruits of D. hasseltii inhibited the growth of E. coli with the MIC value of 39 μg/mL. The chloroform extract of leaves of C. bracetosus potentiated the activity of levofloxacin against P. aeruginosa. The strongest antiviral activity was observed with the chloroform extract of leaves of C. bracteosus with the IC50 value of 6.3 μg/mL. The chloroform extract of bark of B. malaccensis with the IC50 value of 0.6 μg/mL was the most cytotoxic. Conclusion Preserving the primary rainforest of Malaysia is a means to preserve natural products with the ability to be developed as antimicrobial leads. In particular, D. hasseltii, C. bracteosus, and B. malaccensis could be examined for their active antimicrobial constituents.

Background and Objectives Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), is a hand, foot and mouth disease that has become one of the major health concerns in the Asia-Pacific region. Prior studies have reported that Houttuynia cordata (H. cordata) extract may possess antiviral activity against EV-A71. In this study, the chemical composition of H. cordata aqueous extract and its anti- EV-A71 properties were studied. Materials and Methods Anti-EV-A71 properties were studied according to different viral infection stages using cell survivability and viral titration assay repeatability against different EV-A71 sub-genotypes and stability in human saliva and hydrochloric acid was also tested. The total carbohydrate and protein content of the extract were estimated and active compounds were screened using LC-MS analysis. Results The H. cordata extract exhibits significant inhibition against EV-A71 at a concentration of 1 mg/ml with minimal cytotoxicity. This antiviral effect is robust and resilient even in the presence of human salivary enzymes and an acidic environment. Intriguingly, our study indicates that the SCARB2 receptor does not seem to play a role in mediating the anti-EV-A71 activity. These promising results extend to various sub-genotypes of EV-A71. The total carbohydrate and protein content in the extract was 521.13 μg/ml and 21 μg/ml, respectively. LC-MS analysis unveiled the presence of 4 known and 16 unknown compounds, expanding our understanding of its composition. Conclusion These results underscore the potential of H. cordata aqueous extract and its constituents as promising candidates for the development of novel antiviral agents. Furthermore, our findings contribute to the broader field of antiviral research and highlight the potential of traditional Chinese medicine in combating viral infections.

Background The Poaceae families make up the majority of crops and animal feed. We address a comprehensive analysis of the phytopharmacological characteristics of a few species from the Poaceae family, including Urochloa distachya, Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria brizantha, Eleusine indica, and others. Objective The primary objective of this study was to offer detailed information on the phytocompounds found in different parts of the plant and their pharmacological activities. Additionally, we explored the previous pharmacological activity of these plants. Methods A literature review was carried out up to 2023 using various academic databases including Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Research Gate, PubMed, and Springer. Results All of the plants discussed above share the same morphological characteristics, such as the presence of spikelets, racemes, lemma, and glume. The GC-MS analysis revealed that petroleum ether of U. distachya contains 15 phytoconstituents. Methanolic leave extract of U. distachya disclosed 26 phytoconstituents by GC-MS analysis. The cold extraction of the whole plant of U. distachya exhibited 18 compounds from GC-MS analysis. The root exudates of B. humidicola contain phytoconstituents which are collected hydroponically from root exudates by semi-preparative HPLC method. Methanolic extract of B. brizantha, A. hybridus, and P. maximum grains were found in Caffeic acid, Ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and Protocatechuic acid. D. sanguinalis contains three isolated phytoconstituents veratric acid, maltol, and (-)- loliolide. Chemical analyses of D. insularis extract fractions by LC-MS revealed the presence of the flavones tricin and diosmetin. Megathyrsus maximus, B. brizantha, Urochloa ramosa, and D. abyssinica contain the presence of secondary phytoconstituents. Conclusion This study found and investigated the phytopharmacological properties of Poaceae species. The Poaceae family is rich in bioactive compounds which exhibit significant pharmacological activity like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. These findings show that Poaceae plants can be used to provide new drugs and natural health products. Further research is needed to determine these compounds' precise biological activities and mechanisms of action.

Background Li Qi Huo Xue Di Wan (LQHXDW), a traditional Chinese medicine, is used to treat patients with the symptoms of palpitations, chest tightness, chest pain, and shortness of breath. It is not known, however, whether LQHXDW can reduce high-altitude hypoxia-induced cardiopulmonary injury, what are the specific active ingredients, and what is the exact mechanism behind its cardiopulmonary protection. Objectives This study intends to investigate the effect of LQHXDW on hypoxia-induced cardiopulmonary injury and the underlying mechanisms. Methods The components of LQHXDW were identified by UPLC-QTOF-MS. The potential targets of LQHXDW against high-altitude hypoxia were screened via network pharmacology. Mice were subjected to an animal hypoxic chamber for 5 days to establish a high-altitude hypoxia animal model. Rat heart-derived H9c2 cells and human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) were cultured in glucose-free medium under hypoxic conditions (O2/N2/CO2, 3/92/5) for 72 h to mimic the high-altitude hypoxia in vivo. Results Compounds detected in LQHXDW were mainly categorized into ten major groups, and 143 targets of LQHXDW were overlapped with the targets of high-altitude hypoxia. These common targets were closely related to apoptosis and inflammation pathways. In mice exposed to hypoxia, LQHXDW reduced cardiac and lung injury, decreased inflammatory responses, and improved cardiac function. For instance, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was improved by 20% (p<0.05), and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) was increased by 10% (p<0.05) in LQHXDW-treated mice. in vitro, LQHXDW elevated cell viability by 25% (p<0.01) and reduced cell apoptosis by 10% (p<0.01) in cultured cardiomyocytes and pulmonary artery endothelial cells exposed to hypoxia. Mechanistically, LQHXDW inhibited the activities of caspase- 8 and caspase-3 by 40% (p<0.01), thereby preventing cardiopulmonary apoptosis in cardiomyocytes and pulmonary artery endothelial cells exposed to hypoxia. Conclusion LQHXDW can be used as a potential inhibitor of apoptosis for treating high-altitude hypoxia. This study provided a clue for future studies to identify the exact active components of LQHXDW for targeting the pathways of apoptosis.

Clerodendrum viscosum (C. viscosum), hill glory bower, locally known as bhant, has a rich ethno-medicinal history across tropical and subtropical regions. It has been widely studied for its diverse bioactive phytochemicals and their potential in cancer therapy. This review consolidates current research on C. viscosum, encompassing its phytochemical composition, antioxidant properties, and anticancer mechanisms documented globally. We comprehensively searched various scholarly databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The plant exhibits a range of secondary metabolites, including phenolics, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, tannins, quercetin, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and steroids. These compounds demonstrate antioxidant properties by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Notably, gallic acid, tannic acid, ellagic acid, and quercetin contribute to antioxidant efficacy. Several phytochemicals, such as flavonoids and phenolic compounds, show anticancer activities by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, and causing cell cycle arrest. For example, apigenin and acacetin, identified from C. viscosum, exhibited remarkable anticancer effects, including ROS generation, apoptosis initiation, and G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest. Also, extracts from different parts of the plant demonstrated selective cytotoxicity against various cancer cells, emphasizing their potential as natural anticancer agents. Therefore, this study could provide summative information regarding the pharmacological and therapeutic potential of C. viscosum as a natural source of various active chemicals. However, further research is warranted to explore the therapeutic applications of these plant-derived compounds in cancer treatment.

Ayurveda's system of medicine offers various measures to minimize antenatal risks. It includes the mother and baby's physical, psychological, social, and spiritual well-being. Ayurveda antenatal care specifies evidence-based explanations that fulfill the criteria of today's definition of science. Malnutrition is a significant problem in developing countries. Conditions like intrauterine growth restrictions, low birth weight babies, and infants with congenital anomalies contribute to low-quality progeny and ultimately to malnourished and diseased conditions even in adulthood. Classical Ayurveda Antenatal care (Garbhini Paricharya) mentioned by scholars can be considered for incorporation in Antenatal care programs to prevent the above-mentioned conditions. The Ayurveda dietary regimen ensures complete nutrition for the pregnant mother. The paper covers epigenetics and Ayurveda pregnancy care, the impact of stress during pregnancy, and the consumption of fish, hot and spicy (ushna & tikshna) food, honey, curd, wild meat soup, rice gruel and clarified butter (ghee) during pregnancy. The dietary herbs in the monthly regimen during pregnancy play an essential role in the prevention perspective. This conceptual paper attempts to interpret Ayurveda antenatal interventions based on the available scientific evidence. It also attempts to make the scientific approach to the selected aspect of classical Ayurveda Antenatal care (Garbhini Paricharya or Supraja Sanskar).

Background Acne vulgaris is a prevalent dermatological condition characterized by the inflammation of sebaceous follicles. This inflammation results in various clinical manifestations, including open and closed comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts, which predominantly appear on the face. The impact of acne vulgaris extends beyond physical symptoms, often affecting psychological well-being and quality of life, particularly among adolescents. Given this condition's widespread prevalence and significant implications, there is a pressing need for effective and accessible treatments. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Kencur Rhizome Ethanol Extract Gel (Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizoma / KGR) on mild and moderate acne vulgaris lesions among high school students. Method Twenty-four high school students were divided into three groups: Group 1 received 0.75% Kaempferia galanga rhizome ethanol extract gel, Group 2 received a combination gel of 0.75% Kaempferia galanga ethanol extract, and 75% benzoyl peroxide with 1% clindamycin gel, and Group 3 received 1% clindamycin gel. The number of subjects in each group was determined using the G Power application. The distribution of gels was randomly assigned using the “Randomly Assign Subjects to Treatment Group” application. Before treatment, blood samples were taken to measure IL-8 levels. After three weeks of treatment, bilateral facial photographs were taken: one with the right side tilted at 45 degrees and the other with the left side tilted at 45 degrees. Blood samples were collected again for IL-8 measurement, and high-resolution photographs of both sides of the face were taken to analyze acne lesions using the ImageJ application. Result A combination of 0.75% KGR ethanol extract gel and 1% clindamycin gel significantly reduced the severity of AV lesions by affecting IL8 expression (p=0.042) in reducing the severity of mild and moderate AV lesions. For AV lesions using the ImageJ application, the administration of group 2 gel (a combination of 0.75% KGR ethanol extract gel and 1% clindamycin gel) has a significant effect on reducing the severity of mild and moderate degrees of whitehead or blackhead (p = 0.030) and nodules (p = 0.035) in acne vulgaris. Conclusion A combination of 0.75% kencur rhizome ethanol extract gel and 1% clindamycin gel effectively alleviate acne vulgaris symptoms while also reducing inflammation of acne vulgaris lesions.

Background Diabetic patients in Saudi Arabia commonly use herbal medicines (HMs) to manage their condition. Research studies indicate that up to 70% of this population has tried HMs, with popular choices including Cinnamomum verum, Zingiber officinale, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Olea europaea, and Nigella sativa. More clinical trials evaluating their safety and effectiveness are needed to increase the adoption of these herbal remedies. Objective This systematic review aims to review clinical research in the Saudi Arabian context on the efficacy of commonly used HMs for diabetes. Methods A comprehensive search of medical literature was conducted to identify the most popular herbs used by Saudi diabetic patients. The PubMed, Cochrane, Medline, and ScienceDirect databases were utilized to find research studies published in Saudi Arabia that examined the effectiveness of traditional herbal remedies for managing diabetes. Results Only four relevant studies from Saudi Arabia were identified, with three specific herbs (Trigonella foenum-graecum, Zingiber officinale, and Nigella sativa) used in all four studies. Two of the studies were blind clinical trials, but only one was double-blinded. The methodological quality of these studies was assessed using the Jadad score, with scores ranging from 1 to 3. Conclusion Although Saudi Arabia has a large population of diabetic patients, its contribution to clinical research in this field remains limited. Establishing research groups and developing a sustainable infrastructure could help to address this problem and promote more rigorous studies on HMs.

In modern times, microbial resistance is a global threat to health and development. The misuse and inappropriate use of antimicrobials is the main cause of developing drugresistant pathogens. It requires multiple areas in direction to attain sustainable advance goals. As a result of microbial resistance, the necessity for costly medications and expenses are obstructed worldwide. Due to rising attention in the research of new antimicrobial medicaments from a variety of natural or synthetic sources to fight microbial resistance. Thus, natural antimicrobial agents have been used to a great extent nowadays because plant-derived antimicrobial agents are considered to be safer alternatives for health as compared to those synthetic antimicrobial agents. Overall, the active ingredients, water, essential oils, and ethanolic extracts from selected plants and the mixture of a variety of these natural extracts have been used for centuries, because they possess antimicrobial activity which inhibits the growth of microbes. Natural plants as an antimicrobial agent, like extracts of Curcuma longa L., Piper nigrum L., Vachellia leucophloea, Eclipta prostrata, Ocimum sanctum L., Terminalia arjuna, Manihot esculenta Crantz, Lawsonia inermis L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Coriandrum sativum L., Carica papaya L., Cinnamomum tamala, and many others have been preferred and used for ages because they are easily available worldwide. They are usually of low cost and have little or no side effects. Several antimicrobial screening approaches like the disk-diffusion method, well diffusion method, micro broth dilution assay, sterile disk method, and agar diffusion method are generally cast off for measurement of reproducibility and standardization of these antimicrobial agents. This review article is a comprehensive description of natural plants like Coriandrum sativum L., Carica papaya L., Cinnamomum tamala, etc., containing those extracts used as antimicrobial agents listed, and numerous in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods are reported. These identified plant species and antimicrobial screening techniques hold the potential for formulating these plants into antimicrobial drugs, warranting further study and exploration in the field of medicine.

Background If a herbal pharmaceutical is intended to impact the function of the human organism, it is categorized as a medication or a nutritional supplement. According to the FDA, the medicine must be offered under a New Drug Application (NDA). The European Medicine Agency (EMA) has established two methods for registering herbal medicals: Under Directive 2001/83/EC, a full marketing authorization (MA) is obtained by submitting a dossier containing data about the quality, safeness, and effectiveness of pharmaceuticals, which include physical and chemical, biological, or microbiological tests, as well as pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical trial documentation; There is a simplest technique under Directive 2004/24/EC for classical herbals that do not needs professional monitoring and where the indication of long history use of pharmaceuticals exists and appropriate relevant journals to illustrate a very well medicinal usage is not provided. Aim A study about the regulatory status of herbal drugs/products was conducted in America and Europe to understand the various classes under which the sale of herbal goods is authorized and their premarketing criteria. Materials and Methods This study has been performed by gathering information from the official websites of the USFDA and EMA. Results A thorough evaluation was carried out in order to identify the impediments to the harmonization of herbal goods. Conclusion Aside from the challenges of herb supply and conservation, it has been shown that there is a lack of uniformity in the regulatory standards of herbal supplements globally. These are impeding international commerce and the expansion of the herbal goods market. USFDA classifies botanical items as pharmaceutical, nutrition, or dietary supplement based on the indications or ultimate use.

Introduction Traditional medicine is based on knowledge, skills, and practices relying on the theories, beliefs, and indigenous experiences of different cultures that has a healthoriented and holistic view. With a holistic and health-oriented approach, quaternary prevention also seeks to prevent harm to the patient.Patient harm can be prevented by using efficient methods of traditional medicine and limiting the use of ineffective and harmful methods. Methods The quantitative design of the study was conducted using a phenomenological approach among the faculty members of the Faculty of Traditional Medicine of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participation of 12 individuals selected using purposeful sampling. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. The codes were categorized based on their differences or similarities. Results Six main themes were identified: prevention, patient benefit, quality of service, patient harm, rules and regulations, and financial burden. 18 sub-themes were extracted. Conclusion Healthcare providers must protect their patients from the harms and costs of unnecessary diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventative measures. It is likely that adopting effective executive mechanisms, rules, and regulations focusing on the principle of patient benefit can lead to the implementation of a combination of traditional medicine and modern medicine on an extensive scale, aiming to reduce patient harm.

Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi), a common medicinal fungus, has been utilized in China since ancient times for health promotion and longevity. It has anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidant, and antiallergic activities. The antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects of this mushroom have shown promising impacts in the treatment of some viral diseases. COVID-19 is a life-threatening disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 that has recently been pandemic. Modern medicines have not been very efficient in the direct treatment of these viral infections, and although vaccination is effective in preventing viral infections, the incidence of acute respiratory infection can be reduced only slightly. Thus, alternative therapies are required, and in this regard, stimulating the immune system can be an effective way to prevent these infections. This study reports the potential of natural fungus-derived compounds that can possibly be used to fight SARS-CoV-2 infections.

Hesperidin is a major flavonoid in sweet oranges and lemons. Aglycone form of hesperidin i.e., hesperetin, and their various derivatives possess significant potential as therapeutic agents for a wide range of diseases and disorders. No signs of toxicity have been observed with the normal intake of hesperidin or related compounds. Hesperidin has been reported to possess a wide range of pharmacological properties, which includes antioxidant, anti-viral, anticancer, antidiabetic, analgesic, organ protective, neuroprotective, antihypertensive, and cardioprotective effects. This needs to be effectively studied at the clinical level so as to firmly establish the usefulness of these compounds in the treatment or prevention of disease in humans. This paper reviews various aspects of hesperidin, including their chemistry, biosynthesis, and bioactivity.

Research Problem Hypertension, either high blood pressure or pulmonary hypertension, both affect the life of patients in many ways. Research Questions Does Pulmonary hypertension similar to high blood pressure? Does it affect old age people or the neonatal age groups also? What were the reasons for pulmonary hypertension? Does pulmonary hypertension manageable with modern and traditional drugs? Literature Review The purpose of the literature review is to identify the targeted therapy for pulmonary hypertension and also include the plants that may be effective for the management of pulmonary hypertension. Conclusion The author has reviewed many targeted drugs that are presently used, and many are in research that was found effective in making the life of patients as normal as possible. They also reviewed about 15 herbal plants which were found effective in the management of the disease. As pulmonary hypertension is not treatable, it can only be managed by changing lifestyle and food habits; therefore, the authors emphasized reviewing the traditional approach for the management of pulmonary hypertension.

Background Uncaria gambir is an Indonesian medicinal herb with healing effects. This plant contains flavonoids, which can be used as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents to accelerate healing. In Indonesia, Uncaria gambir is widely accessible, simple to grow, and has a long history of use as an alternative medicine. Following this, studies are conducted in the medical industry using Uncaria gambir. Objective This study aimed to comprehensively review the use of Uncaria gambir extract as an herbal plant for treating experimental animals. Methods This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses guidelines, and the risk of bias was evaluated by modifying the ARRIVE guidelines. Results A report was presented on review articles from 12 publications sourced from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, ProQuest, EBSCO Host, and other relevant studies. The Uncaria gambir isolates tested were catechin and ethyl acetate, used primarily for lesions, pain, edema, and diabetes in experimental Wistar rats. Conclusion Uncaria gambir is an herbal plant that contains flavonoids, which can be used as antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and hepatoprotective agents and can potentially be applied in the medical field as adjuvant therapy.

Background Tamarind is a multifunctional tree, with nearly every portion having significant nutritional or therapeutic use. The fruit, which produces acidic pulp, is the most valuable and often utilized portion. Objective The aim of this paper is to discuss the distribution, habitat, chemical constituents and extraction techniques of tamarind. Methods This study reviews the chemical constituents, health benefits and extraction techniques of tamarind. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were used to search articles from 1990 to 2022. The key search terms included tamarind, phytoconstituents extraction and anti-nutritional factor. Research studies also included similar plant parts extracted from similar solvents which were considered in this review. Results According to our observations, Tamarindus indica is a crucial plant with significant pharmacological properties. It is extensively used as a conventional medicine to treat a variety of disorders; however, its active ingredients require further investigation for future drug development and pharmacological activity. Tamarind contains a diverse range of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, vitamins, and minerals, which have been associated with various health-promoting properties. The study examines different extraction methods used to isolate tamarind's bioactive constituents, such as solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Furthermore, the research highlights the potential health benefits of tamarind, including antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effects, gastrointestinal support, cardiovascular benefits, and antimicrobial properties. Discussion Tamarind includes citric acid, linoleic acid, volatile oils, vitamin C, potassium, Camp sterol, -amyrin, Tannins, saponins, and glycosides as a result of this. It has several pharmacological properties such as reducing swelling, preventing oxidation, hypolipidemic, weight loss, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, anthelmintic, and painkiller properties. These properties will assist to generate interest in Tamarind and develop novel preparations with more medicinal and commercial potential. The findings indicate that tamarind holds significant promise as a natural resource for developing functional foods, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals with potential positive impacts on human health.

The ancient science of life known as Ayurveda offers countless potential to uncover many unexplored manuscripts that lead to effective medications. Understanding traditional medicinal plants can open up a wealth of significant bioactive phytoconstituents with numerous significant pharmacological functions. This treasure must be located based on the understanding of old Ayurveda and other traditional references. Sapindaceae family member Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn. is a rich source of phytochemicals, including tannins, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and sterols. Many of these phytochemicals exhibit antioxidant, anxiolytic, antiinflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, antifungal, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, antiviral, cardioprotective, mainly neuroprotective properties according to Ayurveda. The plants' aerial parts are rich in phenolic acids, glycosidic compounds, tannins, and sterols. Researchers and academicians are examining the pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, and other pharmacological effects of the traditional medicinal plant known as Karnasphota (Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn.), which is cited in Ayurveda as one of the neuroprotective agents. Karnasphota (Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn.) is shown to have promising therapeutic potential by the scientific evidence offered by researchers and academics, and it can be further assessed as a novel candidate for drug discovery. The current review aims to examine the potential of the underexplored herb from Ayurveda "Karnasphota" for developing and designing future medications by reviewing the existence of medicinally significant secondary metabolites, potential pharmacological importance, and its role in neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases.