Vyatka State University

Five novel HLA‐C alleles have been identified using full next‐generation sequencing.

Modern animal husbandry requires new environmentally friendly technologies for the processing and disposal of its by-products (BPAH), namely: manure and manure effluents from livestock complexes. One of these technologies is the production of reconstituted litter (RL) in Bedding Recovery Units (BRU) from cattle manure, introduced at one of the dairy complexes in the Kirov region. The recycling technology used made it possible to obtain a homogeneous product of a soft, loose consistency, high hydroscopicity, brown color with a weak characteristic earthy odor. Manure processing in BRU for 24 h at a temperature within 69±4°C contributes to a significant decrease in the humidity of manure effluents, an increase in the mass fraction of organic matter, ash content, pH, as well as a significant decrease of the total number of microorganisms (MO) (by 68.2 times) and species diversity (by 2.2 times). Proteus, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Pseudomonas, Peptococcus, Aspergillus , and Klebsiella , which are among the causative agents of mastitis, have disappeared from the microbiota. The numbers of opportunistic Enterococci decreased from (8.0±0.5)×10 ⁶ down to (5.0±0.5)×10 ⁴ CFU/ml. After processing in BRU, Bifidobacteria took a dominant position in the composition of microbiota in RL (63% of the total number of identified MO). This fact should be regarded as an advantage of the used technology and one of the advantages of the RL. However, conditionally pathogenic microorganisms of the genera Clostridium, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Veillonella , and Candida showed high resistance to manure effluent processing in BRU. According to the chemical analysis results, the content of cattle on RL led to the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in litter manure, which is due to the gradual degradation of organic components of RL during recycling. The presented results can be used to optimize the parameters of processing cattle manure using BRU to improve the quality of RL.

The working process of soil cultivation by disc cutters of furrow openers of sod seeders was analyzed and the main disadvantages were identified: unevenness of the torque transmitted by them due to impact loads and high-energy consumption. An original design of a damper-safety device is proposed, allowing to eliminate them. A 3D model of the output shaft of a furrow opener with two disk cutters equipped with L-shaped knives, each of which is equipped with a damper device, is developed. Computer modeling of the milling process was performed in the ANSYS Rigid Dynamics program, during which the parameters and operating modes of the damper device were determined, in which its operation is most effective. To reduce the magnitude and unevenness of the torque, it is necessary that the sequence of the disk cutter knife entering the soil is performed at the moment when the force on the knife of the second cutter, finishing the cutting process, is 5 ... 15% of the maximum. Damping devices reduce the maximum torque consumed by cutters relative to the load torque by 49.4% with an amplitude of oscillations of the spring compression value of 1.2...1.6 mm in the case of a damper spring stiffness of 50...70 kN/m, a rotation frequency of 400...500 min-1 and a number of knives of 2...3 pcs.

Genomic sequence of HLA‐A*01:475, ‐A*01:476Q, ‐A*11:482, ‐A*25:93 and ‐A*68:91:02 alleles in Russian individuals.

Novel HLA‐C*07:1165, HLA‐C*07:1166, HLA‐C*07:02:161 alleles and confirmatory HLA‐C*07:02:156 allele were detected during the HLA typing process.

Purpose of research. Improving the accuracy of forecasting by identifying logical connections in unstructured datasets and forming a multi-tiered structure of a specialized neural network computing system. Methods. A parallel algorithm for determining the fragmented structure of the training sample is proposed, which is used to isolate fragments containing training data based on the logical dependencies of the sample. Based on the generated fragmented sample, a method for assembling neural networks has been developed, which is used to form an effective structure of a cascade forecasting system. Results. Forecasting the results of the unofficial team competition of the International Student Sports Festival 2023 was chosen as the main experiment. A fragmented training sample has been formed on the basis of which a cascade of neural network modules has been built. Four cascade variants were tested in experiments, which showed a significant increase in prediction accuracy compared to single-module analogues. To significantly improve the performance of a neural network system with ultra-short-term forecasts, the hardware implementation of cascades based on the decisive field of FPGA is considered. The structure of the complex with the possibility of its reconfiguration is proposed. Conclusion. The use of artificial neural networks in forecasting is promising, but it may face problems of inaccuracy of results due to insufficient computing power and collisions in training samples. One of the proposed solutions to the problem is cascading specialized neural network modules. Positive results were demonstrated by both the software and hardware implementation of the system based on the proposed cascade. The evaluation of the hardware implementation demonstrates the possibility of acceleration, compared with the software implementation, which may be necessary when conducting ultra-short-term forecasts. The proposed methods and algorithms have demonstrated their correctness.

Rationale. Most of the main livestock products in the coming years will be produced on existing farms under collective lease conditions, as well as in individual farms, which will ensure intensive management of the industry. The purpose of the work is to study the obtaining of theoretical and analytical dependencies to justify the design parameters of the feeding device in an installation for the preparation of liquid feed mixtures. Materials and methods. The presented installation for the preparation of liquid feed mixtures is a multifunctional technical device capable of performing 3 functions: dosing the material (whole milk substitute), supplying liquid (pumping function) and preparing the mixture (mixer function). The corresponding calculation schemes for determining the parameters are given. Results. An analysis of the working parts of machines and mechanization for transporting dry components shows that a screw body, manufactured according to scientifically based recommendations, can meet the requirements and characteristics of the component supplied for mixing. The process of separating the dry component and moving it to the impeller is as follows. The dry component is located in the loading chamber 1 (Fig. 1) and then, under the force of gravity, it falls on the feeding device 2, which moves the feed to the impeller. When the machine is moving forward, the lower edge of the auger housing, which is shaped like a wedge, is inserted into the roller component and separates it from the surface, which then enters the working area of the auger. The auger mills part of the dry food in turns and moves it to the impeller of the installation (Fig. 1). Conclusion. The obtained theoretical and applied analytical dependencies make it possible to determine the design parameters of the screw, including the ratio of the screw pitch to its diameter, which must be taken into account when designing installations for preparing mixtures with the supply of a dry component to the impeller. This technique can also be used to write computer programs.

Introduction. The main problem of the grain hammer mill is over-grinding of grain caused by untimely removal of the final product from the grinding chamber. A way to effect the air flow arrangement in the grain hammer mill is to change the air pressure around the grinding chamber. Therefore, the study of the effect of air pressure around the grain hammer mill on the quality and energy indicators of its operation is an urgent task today.Aim of the Study. The study is aimed at determining the effect of air pressure around the grinding chamber on the air flow motion pattern in the grain hammer mill and its energy indicators.Materials and Methods. For a theoretical study of the air flow circulation in the grinding chamber, there was constructed a geometric model of the rotor placed in the grinding chamber. The Reynolds averaged equations of a continuous medium motion was the basis for the mathematical model of air motion. The calculation results were used to construct the velocity fields for the air flow. To conduct experimental studies, there was designed a pressure chamber that allows changing the air pressure in the grain hammer mill.Results. Based on the results of theoretical studies, it has been determined that the pressure decrease in the grinding chamber by 10 times reduces the power consumption by 112 watts. Experimental studies have shown that when the pressure in the grinding chamber decreases, the power consumed by the engine for all types of rotors decreases too. Also, an increase in air pressure in the grinding chamber leads to a change in the amount of grinded grain remains on the sieve to 0 mm: for the blade and hammer rotors, the amount of remains decreases, and for the hammer-blade rotor it increases.Discussion and Conclusions. The results of theoretical and experimental studies have shown that decreasing the air pressure around the grinding chamber can decrease the energy costs for the technological process and air flow motion inside the grinding chamber, and reduce the over-grinding of grain. The study results make it possible to design the grinding chambers for grain hammer mills taking into account the air flow motion.

The paper examines the issue of excess surface moisture on seeds following pre-sowing moistening; which complicates mechanical sowing. Experimental and exploratory studies indicate that this excess moisture can be effectively removed when seeds contact a moisture-absorbing surface. ( Research purpose ) The study aims to provide an experimental and mathematical evaluation of the potential for removing excess surface moisture from seeds upon contact with a moisture-absorbing surface. ( Material and methods ) The pressing force of the caryopsis against the conveyor surface was simulated using a flat-tipped dynamometer with a force application increment of 2.5 newtons. The caryopsis was pressed against a felt fabric soaked with a dye solution. The mathematical modeling of the surface moisture removal process involved evaluating the potential for the caryopsis to roll across the surface. ( Results and discussion ) It was found that a randomly selected barley caryopsis with semi-axis dimensions of a = 0.001845 meters and b = 0.00146 meters in the cross-section does not achieve complete rolling but rotates by 58 degrees. At the same time; a minimum applied force of 2.5 newtons in the plane of the longitudinal section on a caryopsis with semi-axes a = 0.001845 meters and c = 0.00396 meters produces a pressing force of 0.11 newtons per square millimeter. Considering the depth of the caryopsis’s immersion in the moisture-absorbing surface and its 58-degree rotation; sufficient contact is established to remove excess surface moisture. However; in specific cases where one of the longitudinal section planes of the caryopsis has a shape approaching a diamond; the contact is incomplete. Increasing the pressing force to 0.19 newtons per square millimeter did not yield the desired effect; since the caryopsis; overcoming the resistance of the moisture-absorbing surface; made contact with the support plate. The solution was to increase the thickness of the moisture-absorbing surface to approximately half the thickness of the caryopsis. In this case; the largest contact area is ensured. ( Conclusions ) Experimental and mathematical evaluations established that excess surface moisture can be effectively removed from caryopses when they contact a moisture-absorbing surface with a thickness approximately half that of the caryopsis; under a pressing force of around 0.19 newtons per square millimeter.

Introduction: When using fuels with rapeseed oil (RSO) additives, it is necessary to comply with the conditions for ensuring uninterrupted fuel supply in accordance with the specified fuel supply law. Violation of this law leads to a violation of the process of mixing and combustion. The supply is influenced by the design of the power system; the operating conditions of the diesel engine and the physico-chemical properties of the fuels used, in particular, pumpability and filterability, which are more related to low-temperature properties. The main cause of violations in the fuel supply, especially during the passage of fuel filters, is the presence of a solid phase in the fuel of various origins. In the case of diesel fuel (DF) with RSO additives, filterability and pumpability deteriorate significantly, since RSO has a higher viscosity compared to DF. Materials and Methods: As the analysis of the available data has shown, the viscosity can be expressed by a polynomial dependence. By presenting the values of the empirical coefficients in the form of a matrix, it is possible to deter- mine their dependence on the concentration of the additive with an interval of varying the proportion of RSO in the fuel from 0 to 50%. Then you can get the viscosity equation depending on the fraction of RSO and the concentration of the additive DIFRON H372 in the fuel. Taking the partial derivative of viscosity from temperature, it is possible to determine the rate of change in viscosity depending on the temperature of the fuel with RSO additives and additives. To determine the maximum rate of increase in the viscosity of fuel with RSO additives, it is necessary to determine the extremum of this function by taking the second derivative. Equating the right part of the resulting expression to zero, determine the turbidity temperature. Results: As a result of the conducted studies, it was possible to determine the discrepancy between the experimental and the calculated values of the viscosity of the third degree polynomials, which did not exceed 3%. A graphical interpretation of the obtained dependence of viscosity on the fraction of RSO and the concentration of the additive DIFRON H372 in the fuel is presented. The turbidity temperatures of the mixture were determined depending on the fraction of RSO and the concentration of the additive in the fuel. Based on the calculated values obtained, a three- dimensional graph of the dependence of fuel turbidity temperatures on the fraction of RSO and the concentration of the DIFRON H372 additive is constructed. Discussion: To expand the limits of the use of fuels with RSO additives, a number of conditions must be met. First, ensuring the possibility of pumping fuel through the power supply system to ensure uninterrupted operation in a wide temperature range. Second, ensuring the filterability of the fuel for the possibility of its mechanical purification from all kinds of impurities in the same temperature range of operation as for pure diesel fuel. It is possible to provide these conditions for fuels with RSO additives by improving their low-temperature properties. There are two main ways to improve low-temperature properties with RSO additives. The first method consists in the fact that before adding RSO to DF, the necessary indicators of low-temperature properties are set and only after that does the process of its mixing take place. The second method boils down to the addition of various additives of a purposeful principle of action, which increase pumpability and, as a result, fluidity and filterability, thereby improving low-temperature properties. However, the effectiveness of these additives depends on their concentration in the fuel with RSO additives, its composition and the presence of surfactants in it. Conclusions: Calculations show that the fuel turbidity temperatures decrease from 279 to 270 K with a decrease in the RSO additive from 50 to 0% and an increase in the concentration of the DIFRON H372 additive from 0 to 2%. For the normal operation of a diesel engine at low temperatures on fuel with RSO additives, it is advisable to use the multi-functional additive DIFRON H372 at up to 2% in order to improve low-temperature properties.

The desire to penetrate into the mechanism of phenomena occurring in the luminous flame of methane from a gas engine, to answer many unclear questions, to obtain any generalized results requires clarifying the effect of soot dispersion and its concentration on the radiation (optical) properties of the flame using theoretical research. At the same time, the complexity of sampling soot from a methane flame creates certain conditions for assumptions about the possibility of spreading the spectral characteristics of massive carbon to soot in a flame. The paper presents studies on a number of carbon formation phenomena, taking into account data on the dispersion and concentration of soot, which can serve as the basis for obtaining more or less universal patterns for luminous flames. The issues considered in the paper are analyzed using the provisions of modern theories, taking into account experimental work performed using some particular results of the theory of a cloudy medium.

Clostridia are one of the largest genera of eubacteria inhabiting water, soil, human and animal intestine. The genus Clostridium includes both pathogenic and nonpathogenic species. The members of this genus occupy a leading position among all types of bacteria in producing diverse toxins. Due to the ability to form spores, these microorganisms are able to survive in the most unfavorable conditions. Antibiotic-resistant clostridia that are transferred into the environment in the manure of farm animals represent a special environmental hazard. In the present work, the effect of different methods of processing (aeration, acidification, addition of surfactants) the liquid fraction (LF) of pig manure effluents (MEs) on the species composition and number of clostridia was studied. It was established that Cl. septicum and Cl. perfringens occupy a dominant position in the MEs of manure accumulation baths. Both species are actively involved in the ammonification of organic compounds, releasing a wide spectrum of volatile substances with an unpleasant odor into the environment. The highest portion of clostridia was detected in biofilms forming on the surface of MEs under anaerobic conditions. Such conditions develop when LF is stored in covered lagoons, which increases the environmental risks of transferring undesirable microorganisms into the environment. A 24-h aeration and acidification of MEs to pH 5.5 contributed to a decrease in the number of clostridia. The appropriate conditions led to the formation of consortia of microorganisms, in which fungi occupied a dominant position. Cl. difficile (32.52%), Cl. putrificum (31.62%), and Cl. septicum (30.72%) dominated in the biofilms of acidified MEs; Cl. difficile (69.98–95.26%), in the variants with the addition of surfactants. The highest relative number of pathogenic Cl. difficile (95.26%) was observed in the variant with the addition of a cation-active surfactant (benzalkonium chloride).

BACKGROUND: The paper considers the issues of environmental requirements in the development of the KS-1.0 clover separator with a capacity of 1.0...1.3 t/h. The KC-1.0 clover separator provides not only high performance, but also meets environmental standards. To ensure environmental safety and sanitary and hygienic conditions for maintenance personnel, during the operation of the clover separator, a suction air flow is used in the pneumatic separation channel and sedimentation chamber. This minimizes the emissions of dust and other harmful substances into the environment. However, in order to guarantee complete purification of the exhaust air, a three-stage purification system has been developed. It includes a rotary cross-flow dust collector, a cyclone and a fabric filter. Such a system ensures the effective removal of dust and pollutants from the air, which is of great importance for ensuring environmental safety. It is important to note that when the clover separator is operating indoors, the dust level of the air in the working area is only 6.8 mg/m3. This is well below the maximum permissible level and guarantees a safe environment for staff. In addition, when the exhaust air is removed outside the room, environmental safety is achieved even without the use of a fabric filter. The concentration of dust in the air does not exceed 15 g/m3, which also complies with established standards. Thus, the KS-1.0 clover separator not only provides high productivity during processing, but also ensures environmental safety, thanks to the use of a suction air flow and a three-stage cleaning system, this machine minimizes emissions of harmful substances and provides safe conditions for personnel and the environment. . AIMS: To conduct research and their analysis of the compliance of the KS-1.0 clover separator with environmental requirements MATERIALS AND METHODS: A set of previously known problems of ensuring environmental safety when using clavering machines, a review of the authors' work and their own observations of the workflow of the KS-1.0 clavering machine made it possible to establish the main prerequisites on the basis of which an algorithm for solving the task was built. During the research, a prototype of the KS-1.0 clover separator was tested indoors when wiping clover seeds of the Dymkovsky variety and determining the efficiency of all dust collecting devices with different supply of q material according to previously known methods. RESULTS: Environmental safety and sanitary and hygienic conditions for service personnel are ensured through the use of a suction air flow in a pneumatic separation channel and a sedimentation chamber, as well as a three-stage exhaust air purification system, including a rotary cross-flow dust collector, cyclone, fabric filter. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that when the machine is operating indoors, the dust content of the air in the working area is 6.8 mg/m3. When removing the exhaust air outside the premises, environmental safety is achieved without a fabric filter (the concentration of dust in the air does not exceed 15 g/m3).

HLA‐B*18:01:56 showed two synonymous nucleotide differences compared to the HLA‐B*18:01:01:01 allele in codons 224 and 225.

The new HLA‐DQB1*06:02:65 allele showed one synonymous nucleotide difference compared to the HLA‐DQB1*06:02:01:01 allele in codon 591.

A comparative assessment of the binding force of lipopolysaccharide from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis culture with monoclonal antibodies has been carried out using optical tweezers and atomic force microscopy. The features of the two techniques are discussed, which detected significant differences in the measured bond rupture force between a lipopolysaccharide-sensitized probe (a polystyrene microsphere in the case of optical tweezers and a silicon nitride cantilever tip in the case of atomic force microscopy) and a substrate (glass and mica, respectively) coated with monoclonal antibodies. In the case of atomic force microscopy, the tip of the cantilever slides along the surface of the substrate until the piezo stage stops, causing a change in the spatial structure of the sensitins and, as a result, a redistribution of the multiple bonds between the lipopolysaccharide agglomerate and antibodies. When the optical tweezers technique is used there is no significant displacement of the microsphere along the substrate surface and, unlike atomic force microscopy, the rupture of the complex bond between lipopolysaccharide and complementary antibodies is recorded as a single and short-term (1–2 ms) jump in the photodetector signal. The fixed values of the bond rupture force measured by both techniques are relative and vary depending on the selected experimental conditions. It is shown that the nonspecific component of the bond rupture force measured by atomic force microscopy is significantly higher than that determined by optical tweezers.

The kappa-casein and beta-casein genes control milk yield, quality of milk and dairy products, therefore they represent important breeding criteria for dairy cattle breeds. The frequency of occurrence of different kappa- and beta-casein genotypes was studied in 68 Holstein bulls of imported and domestic breeding owned by Kirovplem JSC of the Kirov region, data on the milk productivity of their mothers and the results of the evaluation of their daughters were analyzed. It was found that among the analyzed bulls for kappa casein, the AA genotype prevailed - 50.0 % of producers. The AB and BB genotypes were found in 30.9 and 19.1 % of bulls, respectively. The highest productivity according to yield, fat content and protein content in milk (14,573 kg, 4.39 and 3.47 %, respectively) was obtained from mothers of bulls with the AB genotype, while their superiority in milk yield and protein content was statistically significant compared to mothers of bulls with the AA genotype. Relative to their peers, the daughters of bulls with the AB genotype were also more productive, their weight gain was 720 kg, 0.21 %, 0.12 %, which was significantly higher in fat and protein content in milk compared to the AA genotype. Beta-casein was dominated by bulls with the A1A2 genotype (51.5 %). There were fewer producers with the A1A1 and A2A2 genotypes, respectively – 27.9 and 20.6 %. The highest milk yield was found in mothers of bulls with the beta-casein A2A2 genotype – 14482 kg. Significantly higher fat content – 4.49 % in mothers of bulls with the A1A2 genotype. Mothers of bulls with casein A1A1 and A1A2 also have significantly higher milk protein content (3.43 and 3.41 %). A comparison of daughters with their peers showed that the greatest increase in milk yield was given to daughters from bulls with genotypes A2A2 – 745 kg and A1A2 – 717 kg, which was statistically significant, in mass fraction of fat – daughters of bulls with genotype A1A2 – 0.17 %, and in protein – with genotype A2A2 – 0.11 %. To increase milk productivity and improve the quality of milk in the average herd, the number of animals from bulls with these kappa- and beta-casein genotypes should be increased.

This paper analysed the specific features of the gap between the university education market and the work market, which change under the influence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and involve the reduction of the vertical gap but an increase in the horizontal gap. Directions for overcoming the “gap” through the integration of efforts of all interested parties, including developers of leading technologies, were offered. This research is based on the interdisciplinary scientific framework, which describes the features of the educational and labour processes in the context of the development of Industry 4.0. Focusing on the transformation of the system of education and the labour market under the impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, this study considered possible options for bridging the gap between them. Theoretical aspects of the transformation of the labour market under the influence of technological changes, connected with the Fourth Industrial Revolution, were studied, and the specifics of adaptation of the higher education system to new realities were identified. An increase in demand for skilled personnel was noted. This will positively influence the resolution of the problem of the vertical gap between education and the work market, as well as the growth of the horizontal gap through the quick development of technologies and dynamic change in requirements for a job. The significance of this research consists in the visualisation of the difference between the rates of technological changes and the rates of changes in the labour market’s requirements and higher education’s capabilities.

This article focuses on theoretical foundations, conceptual approaches and practical implementation of collaboration between universities and business within Industry 4.0, as well as the possibilities to reduce the divide between the university education market and the job market. The methodological framework of this article is characterised by a combination of the theory of collaboration between universities and industry, innovative development of companies, formation of Industry 4.0, digitalisation of the world economy, etc. This article describes the key provisions of the theory of collaboration between universities and industry, which are implemented through the concept of the triple helix, which, under the conditions of digitalisation and globalisation, can transform into a multi-helix; determines the features of Industry 4.0 and its main tools that can influence the partnership of science and business; characterises the key forms and means of implementation of collaboration between scientific and business structures; emphasises the increase in the role of universities as centres of training of specialists for new conditions of the technological transformation within the concept of life-long learning; provides examples of international collaboration between universities and industry and analyses its parameters. This article generalises theoretical approaches and offers regarding the reduction of the divide between the job market and the university education market due to an increase in the role of universities within their collaboration with business in the direction of the use of current forms of cooperation and their expansion with the application of Industry 4.0 tools.