Victoria University of Wellington

The potassium aluminyl K[Al(NON)] ([NON]²⁻=[O(SiMe2NDipp)2]²⁻, Dipp=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) reacts with group 14 chloroamidinates E{14}(Am)Cl (E{14}=Ge, Sn, Pb. [Am]⁻=[tBuC(NDipp)2]⁻) to form (NON)Al−E{14}(Am) Lewis pairs with unsupported Al−E{14} bonds, including the first structurally authenticated Al−Pb bond. Analysis using spectroscopic (NMR, UV‐vis and Mössbauer for E{14}=Sn), X‐ray diffraction and computational (DFT, QTAIM, TD‐DFT) methods conclude an Al−E{14} σ‐bond derived from a Lewis basic Al and a Lewis acidic tetrylene, with back‐donation from the E{14} s‐orbital lone pair donor NBO to acceptor NBOs on Al that are derived from s/p‐orbitals. The reaction of the Al−Ge compound with CO2 forms the dioxocarbene (NON)Al(μ‐O2C)Ge(Am), whilst under the same conditions the Al−Sn compound reacts with additional CO2 to form the carbonate, (NON)Al(μ‐CO3)Sn(Am). Addition of ethene to the Al−E{14} (E{14}=Ge, Sn) compounds introduces an ethylene bridge between the aluminium and group 14 atoms forming a frustrated Lewis pair (FLP). Reaction of the (Al/Ge) FLP with CO2 forms an activation product with new Al−O and Ge−C bonds, whilst reaction with iPrN=C=NiPr proceeds with insertion into the Al−C bond to form an aluminium amidinate.

Climate change is already impacting ecosystem composition and species distributions. Here we study two different, but equally valuable New Zealand fisheries (Tasman Bay and Golden Bay, and Chatham Rise), and the potential impacts of climate change on ecosystem structure. We use mizer, a size‐based multispecies modeling package, to simulate interacting fish species in each ecosystem. Utilizing therMizer, an extension of mizer which incorporates temperature effects on species' metabolic rate and aerobic scope, we implement historical climate data from the Fisheries and Marine Ecosystem Model Intercomparison Project (FishMIP). This enables us to recreate the historical time period of 1961–2010, deriving reasonable steady state biomasses closely matching past observations. We then carry out a controlled warming simulation experiment, allowing for temperature to remain steady or to increase for both ecosystems, both with and without fishing pressure. The shallower ecosystem of Tasman and Golden Bay has more thermally tolerant species and experiences an overall increase in community biomass under warming, whilst the deeper ecosystem of Chatham Rise suffers an overall decline. In addition, fishing has a stronger negative impact on the Chatham Rise community. Smaller bodied animals also tend to be more resilient, both to warming and fishing impacts. Despite differences in community responses, the majority of important fisheries suffer reduced yields under warming in both ecosystems. Issues raised during the incorporation of temperature effects include species' thermal tolerances and model calibration to data. This study facilitates ecosystem intercomparisons under climate change and offers insight into drivers of ecosystem responses.

Self-dual electromagnetic fields are shown to be maximally chiral. Monochromatic self-dual beams have electric and magnetic fields that are eigenstates of curl. The chiral density and chiral current of self-dual monochromatic beams are proportional to the energy and momentum densities. Their energy and momentum densities do not oscillate in time. Self-dual pulses based on an oscillatory solution of the wave equation lack the oscillations of non-self-dual pulses based on the same wave function. All of these properties could be significant in physical applications, but few self-dual fields seem to have been studied experimentally.

Many autistic youth have complex healthcare needs, resulting in high rates of health service utilization. However, many characteristics of this health service utilization remain unknown. Using whole-of-population data, this study aimed to quantify and compare rates of psychiatric and non-psychiatric health service utilization among autistic and non-autistic youth, with and without co-occurring intellectual disability. A national retrospective cohort study was employed using linked individual-level administrative data for Aotearoa New Zealand youth (aged 0–24 years). Health service utilization outcomes included 11 psychiatric and non-psychiatric domains. Propensity score matching on a range of sociodemographic measures compared groups across health service utilization outcomes. Data were obtained for 19,479 autistic youth, 29% of whom had a co-occurring intellectual disability and 1,561,278 non-autistic youth. Results demonstrated higher rates of mental health service utilization among autistic compared with non-autistic youth, including inpatient (prevalence ratio 5.85; 95% confidence interval 4.93–6.94) and outpatient (prevalence ratio 4.96; 95% confidence interval 4.75–5.18) service use and psychotropic medication dispensing (prevalence ratio 6.83; 95% confidence interval 6.65–7.02), particularly among autistic youth without intellectual disability. Rates of non-psychiatric hospital admissions (prevalence ratio 1.93; 95% confidence interval 1.85–2.01), potentially avoidable hospitalizations (prevalence ratio 1.91; 95% confidence interval 1.82–2.00) and outpatient visits (prevalence ratio 1.99; 95% confidence interval 1.95–2.01) were also higher among autistic youth. Research implications for delivery of healthcare services are discussed. Lay abstract Autistic youth generally use healthcare services more often than non-autistic youth. However, we know very little about the factors that can affect health service use and the types of services that are used, and this has not been explored in Aotearoa New Zealand. We analysed data from New Zealand to compare health service use among autistic and non-autistic youth (0 to 24-year-olds). Data were available for 19,479 autistic youth and 1,561,278 non-autistic youth. We compared hospitalizations, specialist visits, emergency department visits and use of different types of medications. In this study, autistic youth were found to have been hospitalized for medical and mental health reasons, more often than non-autistic youth. Autistic youth were also more likely to have attended specialist appointments and to have been given medication. These differences were particularly large for medications commonly used for mental health conditions (e.g. anxiety, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) or associated symptoms. Autistic youth who also had an intellectual disability were more likely to use healthcare services for physical health conditions, but were less likely to use mental health services, when compared with autistic youth who did not have an intellectual disability. These findings, along with other research, suggest that the healthcare needs of autistic youth are not always being met. Further work is needed to enhance our understanding of co-occurring conditions among autistic youth, including those that result in high rates of health service use, in order to inform the development of healthcare services and training for healthcare professionals to better cater to the needs of autistic youth.

When restorative justice was translated from the criminal justice context to schools and universities, there was an increased focus on proactively building positive relational ecologies in addition to responding restoratively to incidents of harm. Still, restorative justice often falls short of providing a method for addressing structural and institutional inequities that cause harm within communities. The Sustained Restorative Dialogue process was designed and first piloted at Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand as a restorative approach to understanding and addressing those broader structural sources of harm. The first iteration was focused on understanding and addressing the prevalence of sexual harm. The process was later piloted at Roberts Wesleyan University to address issues involving multicultural inequity. The design of the Sustained Restorative Dialogue will be discussed as well as the outcomes of both pilots, including examples of speech data from participants of the dialogues, and resulting institutional changes.

aim: To evaluate the available data on mental health and substance-related harm among infants, children and young people (ICY) in Aotearoa New Zealand. methods: A scoping review was undertaken to take stock of current data and identify gaps. results: Although there are quality studies, there is a lack of comprehensive, contemporary population-based data to monitor the prevalence and magnitude of mental health conditions and substance use–related harm for children and young people. Existing data are inconsistently measured and are not centrally located or available for all age groups, particularly infants and children. Whānau/ family units are seldom considered or prioritised. conclusions: Aotearoa New Zealand lacks accurate, up-to-date, comprehensive ICY mental health and substance use data to inform investment, service delivery and evidence-based policy. We advocate for enhanced surveillance and monitoring through populationbased mental health and addiction studies with Indigenous and other locally designed measures, and propose key design and ethical considerations for future research. Future research must prioritise Māori and other priority groups, with non-stigmatising, strengthsbased approaches. Addressing these data gaps presents a critical opportunity to improve outcomes for children, young people and their whānau.

Aim The Intensive Care Unit Randomised Trial Comparing Two Approaches to Oxygen Therapy Trial (ICU‐ROX) compared conservative oxygen therapy with usual care in mechanically ventilated adults in Australian and New Zealand intensive care units. Dissemination focused on publication and presentation, with no targeted approach. The current study aimed to investigate whether health practitioners from intensive care units that participated in ICU‐ROX were more likely to report they knew the trial results and had read the publication than those from intensive care units that did not participate; explore whether there was a difference between doctors' and nurses' knowledge of the ICU‐ROX results and whether they read the publication. Design Survey using a self‐administered, quantitative design, developed for this study. Methods Convenience sample of 197 Australian and New Zealand intensive care specialist doctors and nurses. Results There was no difference in the knowledge of the study results between respondents from intensive care units that participated in ICU‐ROX compared to those that did not. Nurses were significantly less likely to have knowledge of the trial results or have read the publication than doctors. The commonest way for doctors and nurses to get the results was by word of mouth at work. Conclusions Participation in ICU‐ROX did not make a difference to knowledge of the findings. While the dissemination of trial results was extensive, it failed to adequately reach nurses, who play an important role in administering oxygen in intensive care. Impact This study has provided further evidence that nurses working in intensive care were unlikely to read the research results of an important study about oxygen management. Implications for the Profession Researchers, unit management and nurse leaders need to ensure dissemination methods that will reach nurses are used for research findings. Reporting Method This study followed the STROBE reporting guidelines for observational studies. Patient or Public Contribution No patient or public contribution. Trial Registration This study is a substudy of a trial that was prospectively registered before the first participant was recruited: ACTRN12615000957594

GdN is a ferromagnetic semiconductor which has seen increasing interest in the preceding decades particularly in the areas of spin- and superconducting- based electronics. Here we report a detailed computational and optical spectroscopy study of the electronic structure of stoichiometric and nitrogen vacancy doped GdN. Based on our calculations we provide the effective mass tensor for undoped GdN, and some indicative values for electron doped GdN. Such a property is valuable as it can affect device design, and can be measured experimentally to validate the existing computation results.

Oxygen is a ubiquitous contaminant in thin films grown in high vacuum systems, and it was hypothesized to play an important role in the properties of the p-type conductivity of transparent copper(I) iodide, CuI. We study the ambient properties of CuI deposited at various partial pressures of oxygen gas. Through a variety of experimental techniques, we find that achieving a critical oxygen partial pressure of below p(O2) = 3 × 10 − 5 mbar is essential for depositing stoichiometric and conductive CuI thin films. Notably, we relate the commonly reported copper excess to the presence of oxygen within the CuI films. Notably, we relate the commonly reported excess of copper in CuI thin films to to the presence of oxygen. Finally, we infer from transport and optical measurements that the hole transporting properties of sputtered CuI films are dominated by an abundance of VCu defects with an acceptor transition energy of 84 ± 3 meV rather than OI defects with an acceptor transition energy of 175 ± 14 meV.

Lakes represent a vital source of freshwater, accounting for 87% of the Earth’s accessible surface freshwater resources and providing a range of ecosystem services, including water for human consumption. As climate change continues to unfold, understanding the potential evaporative water losses from lakes becomes crucial for effective water management strategies. Here we investigate the impacts of climate change on the evaporation rates of 23 European lakes and reservoirs of varying size during the warm season (July–September). To assess the evaporation trends, we employ a 12-member ensemble of model projections, utilizing three one-dimensional process-based lake models. These lake models were driven by bias-corrected climate simulations from four General Circulation Models (GCMs), considering both a historical (1970–2005) and future (2006–2099) period. Our findings reveal a consistent projection of increased warm-season evaporation across all lakes this century, though the magnitude varies depending on specific factors. By the end of this century (2070–2099), we estimate a 21%, 30% and 42% average increase in evaporation rates in the studied European lakes under RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) 2.6, 6.0 and 8.5, respectively. Moreover, future projections of the relationship between precipitation (P) and evaporation (E) in the studied lakes, suggest that P-E will decrease this century, likely leading to a deficit in the availability of surface water. The projected increases in evaporation rates underscore the significance of adapting strategic management approaches for European lakes to cope with the far-reaching consequences of climate change.

Biomass resources offer a diverse array of low-cost feedstocks having interesting functional properties for the manufacture of electrocatalysts for the energy sector. In this study, haemoglobin (Hb), lignin, tannic acid and urea were used to make high surface area S, N-codoped carbon electrodes rich in highly dispersed heme-like (Fe-Nx) sites. By pyrolyzing precursor mixtures containing un-purified Hb, lignin, tannic acid and urea, in appropriate mass ratios, a high surface-area S, N-codoped carbon nanostructured electrocatalyst was obtained. The electrocatalyst had surface pyridinic and pyrrolic species together with highly dispersed N-coordinated Fe sites. The developed FeSN/C electrocatalyst exhibited an ORR onset potential of 0.98 V vs. RHE in 0.1 M KOH, a half-wave potential of 0.87 V and a low Tafel slope of 54 mV/dec. This work encourages the design of biomass-derived electrocatalysts for ORR, in particular showing that haemoglobin in bovine blood is suitable for use as an iron source when making Fe-N-C electrocatalysts.

This chapter highlights the unique challenges and needs of families with autistic children, emphasizing the critical role of parental involvement and sibling engagement in early interventions. It reviews evidence-based practices for parent- and sibling-mediated interventions, family support mechanisms, and strategies to improve parental mental health. The chapter underscores the importance of personalized, family-centered approaches that address the diverse needs of family members, advocating for future research to further enhance support systems and intervention strategies for these families.

All languages exhibit basic colour terms that manifest how distinct linguistic systems categorise colour. Māori, the language of the indigenous people of New Zealand, demonstrates an instructive case where drastic innovations in colour terminology took place in response to environmental and cultural influences. We demonstrate how and when Māori accrued new colour terms to replace existing ones in its immediate ancestor, Proto-Eastern-Polynesian, and eventually coined new colour terms through borrowing from native words for nature to match the English colour categories that did not previously exist in Māori – except for the colour pink. While contemporary Māori is at the same stage as English (Stage VII) in Berlin and Kay’s colour term hierarchy, the evidence is that Māori was at Stage IV pre-colonisation, possessing only five native colour categories. The evolution of Māori’s colour categories thus illuminates how colonisation may impact the basic vocabulary of a language, both in the Māori settling a new land in the 13th century and in their subsequent language contact with English colonisers in the 19th century.

Background People with severe or profound intellectual disability and visual impairment tend to have serious problems in orientation and mobility and need assistance for their indoor traveling. The use of technology solutions may be critically important to help them curb those problems and achieve a level of independence. Objective This study aimed to assess a new technology system to help people with severe to profound intellectual disability and blindness find room destinations during indoor traveling. Methods A total of 7 adults were included in the study. The technology system entailed a barcode reader, a series of barcodes marking the room entrances, a smartphone, and a special app that controlled the presentation of different messages (instructions) for the participants. The messages varied depending on whether the participants were (1) in an area between room entrances, (2) in correspondence with a room entrance to bypass, or (3) in correspondence with a room entrance representing the destination to enter. The intervention with the technology system was implemented according to a nonconcurrent multiple baseline design across participants. Sessions included 7 traveling trials, in each of which the participants were to reach and enter a specific room (1 of the 7 or 9 available) to deliver an object they had carried (transported) during their traveling. Results The participants’ mean frequency of traveling trials completed correctly was between zero and 2 per session during the baseline (without the system). Their mean frequency increased to between about 6 and nearly 7 per session during the intervention (with the system). Conclusions The findings suggest that the new technology system might be a useful support tool for people with severe to profound intellectual disability and blindness.

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Cellulomonas sp. ICMP 17802. This bacterium was obtained from the International Collection of Microorganisms from Plants and was originally isolated from root nodules of Vicia faba . The draft genome contains 154 predicted carbohydrate-active enzyme genes.