University of Richmond

Abram L. Harris was the second Black person to obtain an economics Ph.D. in the United States and a major figure in the early years of the American Civil Rights movement. Upon his death in 1963 his colleague and friend, Frank Knight delivered memorial remarks. The remembrance explains how Knight and Harris met, how Harris came to Chicago, and how the two scholars shared an intellectual commitment to the idea of race as “caste” and an opposition to state paternalism. We consider Knight’s odd characterization of Harris’ early work as “propaganda” as well as Harris’s extensive analysis of paternalism before he went to Chicago.

Distal ulcerative colitis (DUC), affecting 30–50% of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, is a subtype characterized by inflammation limited to the rectum and sigmoid colon. The pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and immune factors, with cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17 playing significant roles. Despite therapeutic advancements, distal ulcerative colitis presents unique challenges due to its localized nature and diverse response to treatments. This review examined 50 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that explored pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for distal ulcerative colitis, focusing on symptom remission, mucosal healing, and quality-of-life outcomes. Key findings revealed that pharmacologic treatments, particularly 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), corticosteroids, and biologics, effectively achieved remission, with combined therapies beneficial in refractory cases. Non-pharmacologic strategies, including lifestyle modifications and patient education, further supported treatment efficacy by enhancing patient adherence and outcomes. Importantly, trials highlighted that individualized approaches – such as early biologic therapy for patients with moderate-to-severe disease, dose adjustments based on patient demographics, and tailored lifestyle recommendations – enhanced treatment response and patient quality of life. The review underscores the necessity of personalized management strategies that integrate these findings to address distal ulcerative colitis’s heterogeneous nature and improve long-term patient outcomes.

For decades, many faculty and students visited all the continents through international exchange programs. As proven by the well-known programs, the Fulbright Programs in the U.S and the European Erasmus Programs have significantly contributed in the development of international exchange programs. Today, with the accelerating rate of globalization, Business Schools are focusing their effort on faculty and students’ ability to move using global research partnerships, and improving their curriculum to reach their goals. In the meantime, with the current labor market requiring graduates to know one or more foreign languages and to have intercultural skills, having the opportunities to interconnect in global setting, Universities and Colleges are mostly emphasizing on internationalization and exchange programs. Also, the number of students involved in global programs overseas significantly increased during the last decades until now. As globalization involves interconnected political, economical, cultural and social aspects, teaching economics in exchange programs is also affected and other subject as well. Relevant teaching strategies and methods have to be implemented to address the challenges faced by the international students and faculties with diverse cultural and academic background. This paper discusses the issue of why and how faculty should teach in international program? It also investigates different approaches of teaching economics in exchange programs including an understanding of different cultures and societies in learning and teaching environment. It finally explores how international exchange programs have persuaded Faculty across many Universities and higher education institutions to develop teaching styles and new courses emphasizing global economics or international Business.

This paper examines three pivotal events that shaped Japans economic development trajectory: the Asian financial crisis in 1997, the global financial crisis of GFC in 2008, and the health pandemic in 2020. These global crises revealed potential shortcomings in Japans financial structure, demography, and dependence on exports. The economic crisis that hit Japan in 1997 exposed the inadequacies of the nations banking system since non-performing loans and poor reforms crippled recovery. The 2008 GFC, which began in the United States, adversely affected the Japanese economy since many of its export products, such as automobiles and electronics, were affected. Nonetheless, attempts to revert the worst trends of Japans economic recession through stimulus plans and the manipulation of monetary policies were thwarted by the countrys shrinking working-age population, rapidly ageing population, and high public debt. This paper also expands on Japans post-COVID economic plans, where COVID-19 not only magnified pre-existing problems but facilitated a more digital shift in healthcare, education, and online shopping. However, Japan has long-term problems, including a decreasing population and a lack of financing sources for this problem. The factors that informed Japan's growth and development clearly show that reform of the financial sector, innovation, and economic diversification are key and should be done at the right time. The paper examines the approach to evaluating Japans responses to these crises, its lessons on crisis management, and structural changes for its continued economic stability.

Introduction Extensive coronary artery disease whether at initial presentation or after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), involves the use of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) as a very significant therapeutic option. There are many reasons why clinicians should weigh the risks of bleeding and cardiovascular thrombosis when deciding whether to maintain or discontinue DAPT in such patients. Methods This comprehensive review systematically analysed via electronic databases, a total of 39 papers most of which were on countries in Southeast Asia. The focus was on randomized control designs (RCTs) & observational studies. Results and discussion Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug eluting stents (DES) was the most common method of treating acute coronary syndrome. The study found more independent predictors of gastrointestinal bleeding in young and elderly patients from Southeast Asia. The precise DAPT score was more readily used among various bleeding risk prediction models for patients on antiplatelet therapy. Conclusion The use of DAPT in the setting of the gastrointestinal bleeding risk in patients with coronary artery disease has been studied extensively, but there are still no clearly defined strategies and very definite answers to the risk of bleeding versus cardiac event envisaged during the management of an extensive acute coronary disease mostly in southeast Asia. More studies using good study designs and statistics and establishing clinical prediction rules, are needed to fill this knowledge gap most especially in Southeast Asia and Middle East.

This paper introduces a novel approach to measure a patent's economic value by examining whether the patent's disclosure leads to rejection of another pending US patent application. This approach considers the use of the patent by the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in office action rejections on the grounds of novelty or obviousness, as well as its citation as an X or Y reference in a European Patent Office (EPO) search report, which provides analogous information. Unlike conventional citation metrics widely employed by economists, the novel metric is arguably more closely tied to private value, as it is centered on the examiner's rejection of another patent application based on the patent in question. As this metric is not directly influenced by potential strategic behavior by patent lawyers or patent applicants, it is more directly tied to private value. This study evaluates how patents used in novelty and obviousness rejections, and comparable EPO information, correspond to common measures of private value—specifically patent renewal, the assertion of a patent in litigation, the number of independent patent claims, and classification in multiple technological subject matters. We examine rejection data over a defined time period for US patents issued from 1999 to 2007 and then link value data to these patents. A similar analysis is also conducted for EPO search reports. Our findings reveal that rejection uses, as well as X and Y EPO search citations, independently exhibit positive correlations with all of these value measurements. Moreover, when information from both the USPTO and EPO concerning a given patent is combined, further insights about that patent's value are obtained. We also find that rejection uses provide unique insights into additional measures of private value such as the patent being listed in the Orange Book or as a Standard Essential Patent. Accordingly, these rejection use metrics provide another independent tool for evaluating a patent's value.

This narrative review aims to systematically explore and synthesize the current literature on the efficacy and safety of ketamine nebulization and magnesium sulfate as therapeutic interventions in the management of status asthmaticus. The review evaluates clinical outcomes, administration protocols, and potential adverse effects associated with these treatments. Ketamine has proven effective in managing asthma due to its bronchodilator properties, primarily by stimulating nitric oxide and catecholamine release. Magnesium sulfate has shown benefits by interfering with calcium influx, which alleviates bronchospasm and enhances bronchodilation. Both treatments have been associated with improvements in FEV1 and peak expiratory flow rates, which improve blood oxygenation and reduce bronchospasm. Despite the promising results, more research is needed to determine the optimal dosages and administration routes for these interventions. Furthermore, current studies often do not use these treatments as first-line options, which may introduce confounding variables. Future research should focus on establishing clear protocols for the use of ketamine and magnesium sulfate in refractory acute-severe asthma and status asthmaticus. This review highlights the potential for these treatments to improve clinical outcomes when standard corticosteroid therapies are insufficient, suggesting that with appropriate dosing and consideration, they could be valuable additions to the management strategies for severe asthma exacerbations.

The conventional synthetic approach to transition metal pincer complexes calls for the preparation of the tridentate pincer (pro)ligand first, with subsequent introduction of the transition metal center as the last step. This work demonstrates that the alternative synthetic logic, where the central main group element is introduced last, can be applicable to a number of PEP pincer complexes (E=B, Al, Si, P) derived from phosphinophenols and phosphinopyrroles. This approach obviates the need to isolate well‐behaved propincer precursors, and instead relies on the formation of phosphine‐metal adducts first, whose nature determines the stoichiometry of the needed main group reagent to complete the synthesis.

International trade plays a crucial role in the global economy, not only promoting the free flow of goods, services, and capital, but also facilitating the exchange of technology, knowledge, and culture. With the acceleration of globalization, international trade has become a significant engine for economic growth in many countries and has had a profound impact on the efficiency and diversity of global supply chains. This paper, through reviewing and analyzing different studies, examines the impact of international trade on product quality from three perspectives: trade costs, technology spillover effects, and economies of scale. It focuses on how trade costs hinder product quality, how technology spillovers promote quality improvement, and how economies of scale reduce production costs, thereby enhancing product quality. Therefore, the paper concludes that lowering trade costs, promoting technology spillovers, and achieving economies of scale are key to improving product quality. This research provides theoretical guidance for companies and policymakers to better understand and respond to the competitive pressure on product quality in the global market.

The conventional synthetic approach to transition metal pincer complexes calls for the preparation of the tridentate pincer (proto)ligand first, with subsequent introduction of the transition metal center as the last step. This work demonstrates that the alternative synthetic logic, where the central main group element is introduced last, can be applicable to a number of PEP pincer complexes (E = B, Al, Si, P) derived from phosphinophenols and phosphinopyrroles. This approach obviates the need to isolate well‐behaved proto‐pincer precursors, and instead relies on the formation of phosphine‐metal adducts first, whose nature determines the stoichiometry of the needed main group reagent to complete the synthesis.

Purpose This study aims to analyze the involvement of US colleges and universities in methane capture projects in the waste sector and their related educational initiatives aiming to build circular economies and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Design/methodology/approach The authors compiled a subset of 22 “early adopting” institutions – those that received media attention for solid or liquid waste methane capture projects from 1999 to the present. The authors included all cases found within a reasonable number of queries. The institutions fell into two groups: (1) schools directly involved in gas capture projects, and (2) schools that purchased third-party offsets tied to landfill gas (LFG) projects. The authors assessed transparency and accountability, which the authors determined as fundamental to GHG mitigation and climate education. The authors expanded on five innovative cases from our subset to illustrate pathways to improve equity and circularity in waste flows. Findings US higher education institutions (HEIs) can measure and educate more transparently about waste streams. While institutions using LFG offsets range in size, curriculum and geography, there were few methane capture projects supplying energy directly to campuses. Although HEIs generally rely on third-party providers for waste management, cases demonstrate how universities can play a role in methane use, and be incubators for climate action and related employment. Practical implications Illustrative cases demonstrate the educational and institutional benefits from methane use. Social implications HEIs can generate pathways of a “just” transition to a fossil-free circular economy. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first comparative studies examining waste sector methane capture and the potential for high-impact educational practices and sustainability training in US HEIs.

Since his appearance as a kid in an iconic panettone commercial, the life of Elio Germano has been constantly in the spotlight. An actor who received almost universal critical acclaim, but who has also been able to act in popular films like the Netflix-produced L’incredibile storia dell’Isola delle Rose (Rose Island, 2020) or, as a teenager, the cult teen movie Ci hai rotto papà (That’s Enough, Dad!, 1993). But his multifaceted career extends beyond cinema, to his hip hop band Bestierare as well as to theater, television, video clips, and even web series. A politically engaged artist, in Rome and elsewhere, he is also a presence in the variegated world of the Radical Left.

Digital twins represent a key technology for precision health. Medical digital twins consist of computational models that represent the health state of individual patients over time, enabling optimal therapeutics and forecasting patient prognosis. Many health conditions involve the immune system, so it is crucial to include its key features when designing medical digital twins. The immune response is complex and varies across diseases and patients, and its modelling requires the collective expertise of the clinical, immunology, and computational modelling communities. This review outlines the initial progress on immune digital twins and the various initiatives to facilitate communication between interdisciplinary communities. We also outline the crucial aspects of an immune digital twin design and the prerequisites for its implementation in the clinic. We propose some initial use cases that could serve as “ proof of concept ” regarding the utility of immune digital technology, focusing on diseases with a very different immune response across spatial and temporal scales (minutes, days, months, years). Lastly, we discuss the use of digital twins in drug discovery and point out emerging challenges that the scientific community needs to collectively overcome to make immune digital twins a reality.

Certain species D human adenoviruses (HAdV-D19, -D37, and -D64) are causative agents of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. HAdV-D37 has previously been shown to bind CD46 (membrane cofactor protein) and sialic acid as adhesion receptors. HAdV-D64 is genetically highly similar to HAdV-D37, with an identical fiber protein sequence, but differs substantially in its penton base and hexon proteins, two other major capsid components, due to genetic recombination. Here, we demonstrate that, like HAdV-D37, HAdV-D64 virions bind directly to CD46 and that CD46 and sialic acid also function as receptors for HAdV-D64 on multiple cell types. Expression of CD46 on CD46-negative cells conferred susceptibility to HAdV-D64 entry. Specifically blocking HAdV-D64 binding to CD46 on the host cell surface strongly inhibits viral entry and gene delivery into multiple cell lines that represent target tissues. We show that CD46 is expressed on human conjunctival epithelial cells and directly binds to the HAdV-D64 virion. Our results suggest that HAdV-D64 may be used to deliver genes to target conjunctival cells and that interrupting HAdV-D64 entry through its interaction with CD46 may prevent or lessen adenovirus-associated ocular disease.