University of Redlands

Scholarly and practitioner interest in authentic leadership has grown at an accelerating rate over the last decade, resulting in a proliferation of publications across diverse social science disciplines. Accompanying this interest has been criticism of authentic leadership theory and the methods used to explore it. We conducted a systematic review of 303 scholarly articles published from 2010 to 2023 to critically assess the conceptual and empirical strengths and limitations of this literature and map the nomological network of the authentic leadership construct. Results indicate that much of the extant research does not follow best practices in terms of research design and analysis. Based on the findings obtained, an agenda for advancing authentic leadership theory and research that embraces a signaling theory perspective is proposed.

Law & Society scholars often dismiss Law & Economics (L&E) as insoluble with our core beliefs about distributive justice, culture, and social solidarity. This reaction has yielded missed opportunities for new theory emergent between the fields. One such opportunity came in 1978, when Guido Calabresi and Philip Bobbitt argued that societies make “tragic choices” about scarce resource allocations so as to reconcile such choices with core culture, ethics, and values. In Calabresi’s later words, their book was a “more or less explicit appeal to anthropology for help.” ¹ Today, sociolegal studies remain well-poised to answer this appeal. Taking theory about moral costs from Calabresi in L&E and adding anthropological thought on the meaning of “value,” this essay presents situated valuation – a contextualized notion of value that accounts for the moral costs of inequalities while supporting principled scrutiny of redistributive policies meant to reduce inequality but sometimes worsening it. This discussion highlights the importance of interpretive social science in the study of distributive inequality, while showcasing a neglected but generative link between mutually imbricated interdisciplinary communities.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, virtual music instruction became commonplace. Considering the exposed nature and intent focus of participants in online video conferencing, we wondered whether students might experience music performance anxiety (MPA) in their virtual classes to a greater extent than in their in-person classes. Furthermore, we were interested to learn whether prior experience on the instrument/voice used in the online class, gender, and features of perfectionism were related to MPA in these two contexts. A total of 85 university music students completed online questionnaires about their experiences in online performance-based classes, including direct comparisons of their MPA when performing in online classes and in-person classrooms and two perfectionism subscales. Results revealed that online class performance evoked significantly higher MPA than in-person classes. Students performing on new instruments reported significantly higher MPA than those performing on familiar instruments. Concern about mistakes was related to MPA in both contexts. Gender differences were noted with regard to relationships between the measures. Concern about mistakes and instrumental experience were significant predictors of MPA in the online classroom. Implications for educators, administrators, and researchers are discussed.

This study investigates the relationship between local access to credit and exports. A model of finance‐constrained exporters and bank entry decisions generates trade equations that we estimate with a panel of Brazilian municipal‐level trade and banking data. Literature in the financial development field has struggled to deal with the endogenous relationship between finance and economic outcomes. To untangle this reverse causality, we instrument bank presence by using geographic characteristics particular to the bank branching decision. The results show that local bank access matters: increases in bank branches per person increases bilateral exports and varieties at the city‐ and industry levels. The effect is even stronger for industries where the credit constraint binds, specifically those that use less internal funds and have more difficulty producing collateral.

When people raise concerns about pornography, they most often are focused on whether pornography increases violence toward women and/or whether it degrades women. While a substantial amount of cross-cultural data suggests that there is no direct link between adult consumption and violence, the question of whether pornography is inherently degrading to women lacks clear answers. As does the question of whether behaviors in pornography that are commonly labeled as degrading are perceived that way when they take place outside pornography. To answer this question about the inherent nature of degradation, we need a better definition and understanding of what particular behaviors people consider to be degrading and whether their perception of what is degrading is influenced by the circumstance or the people involved in a non-pornography setting. To examine this, 496 individuals (247 females, 249 males) were asked to indicate their perceptions of various sexual behaviors when engaged in by males and females toward male and female partners. Results suggest that while some particular sexual behaviors are broadly viewed as degrading (e.g., watersports), perceptions of degradation for other behaviors seem to be influenced by who is doing what to whom. In this sense, the perception of degradation exists in the eye of beholder and is often not defined by the particular sexual act. Future studies of degradation should take into account the context as well as the players involved.

Vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) are the most common osteoporotic fractures. Only 1/3 of patients with VCFs are clinically diagnosed. In our institution, the Fracture Liaison Service (FLS) was launched in 2017 to improve osteoporosis management for hospitalized patients. (1) To assess osteoporosis awareness among medical providers for emergency department (ED)/hospitalized patients aged 50 or greater; (2) To estimate the rate of FLS consults or referrals to primary care providers (FLS/PCP) by primary teams. A centralized radiology system was used to examine all thoracic and lumbar computed tomography (CT) scans conducted between June 1, 2017 and June 1, 2022. 449 studies were identified with the radiologic impression “compression fracture”. 182 studies were excluded after manual chart review. 267 hospitalizations/ED visits with lumbar and/or thoracic spine CT scans were included. Referrals to FLS (26) or PCP (27) were made in 53 cases (~ 20% of the total). In the ED subgroup (131 hospitalizations), only 17 patients had FLS/PCP referrals. The “compression fracture” was mentioned in 227 (85%) discharge notes (any part), while “osteoporosis” was mentioned in only 74 (28%) hospitalizations. A statistically significant difference was found between the two groups when “osteoporosis” was mentioned in the “assessment and plan” section (p = 0.02). Our data show that the overall osteoporosis care for affected patients is suboptimal. Medical providers often overlook the presence of osteoporosis, leading to a lack of consultation with the FLS of referral to PCPs for further evaluation and treatment.

A common belief is that social pressure for thinness is directly responsible for both a desire for a thin physique in women as well as its pathological expression in eating disorders. Our understanding of such behavior may be illuminated by an evolutionary perspective that sees it as not just the product of social pressure, but as an exaggerated expression of behavior that may have once been adaptive. The reproductive suppression hypothesis suggests that natural selection shaped a mechanism for adjusting female reproduction to socioecological conditions by altering the amount of body fat. In modern Western culture, social and ecological cues, which would have signaled the need for temporary postponement of reproduction in ancestral environments, may now be experienced to an unprecedented intensity and duration. The Female-Female Competition Stress Test (FCST) is a measure of stress from adolescent female-female competition over status and over male attention. Based on the adaptive reproductive suppression model, this stress is likely to be associated with anorexic type behavior. This study replicates earlier work on this in a post-adolescent sample as well as extending the model to examine the relationship between female competition stress and disordered eating in an older adult (pre and post-menopausal) population. Results indicated that female competition stress scores predicted greater disordered attitudes toward eating as well as disordered eating behavior. While these effects decreased with age, they did not disappear and, in fact, female competition stress scores were elevated in postmenopausal women.

Our laboratory reported the chemical synthesis and stereochemical assignment of the recently discovered peptide antibiotic clovibactin. The current paper reports an improved, gram-scale synthesis of the amino acid building block Fmoc-(2R,3R)-3-hydroxyasparagine-OH that enables structure–activity relationship studies of clovibactin. An alanine scan reveals that residues Phe1, d-Leu2, Ser4, Leu7, and Leu8 are important for antibiotic activity. The side-chain amide group of the rare d-Hyn5 residue is not essential to activity and can be replaced with a methyl group with a moderate loss of activity. An acyclic clovibactin analogue reveals that the macrolactone ring is essential to antibiotic activity. The enantiomer of clovibactin is active, albeit somewhat less so than clovibactin. A conformationally constrained clovibactin analogue retains moderate antibiotic activity, while a backbone N-methylated analogue is almost completely inactive. X-ray crystallography of these two analogues reveals that the macrolactone ring adopts a crown-like conformation that binds anions.

Since its inception in the early 2000s, the growing popularity of positive psychological capital (i.e., PsyCap) has been accompanied by robust debates. Critics assert that PsyCap research is plagued by suboptimal theoretical foundations, disregard for rigorous methodologies, and cult-like cronyism. Leveraging bibliometric data based on 937 primary documents, 28,428 secondary documents, 9714 sources, and 18,247 authors, we conduct document, source, and author co-citation analyses to examine the intellectual foundations of PsyCap and, thus, the veracity of these critiques. We extend this comprehensive scientific mapping of the PsyCap field with an in-depth content analysis of the 100 most frequently co-cited secondary documents. Results suggest that the PsyCap field is built upon solid theoretical foundations in psychology published in reputable, peer-reviewed journals. The authors of secondary documents consider the typical organizational behavior methodological approaches, emphasizing correlational designs. And, although somewhat insular, the research that underlies the PsyCap field consists of a distribution of contributing authors and journals. Finally, we discuss implications for the practical application of positive psychology tenets and prescriptions for scholars researching PsyCap.

The persistent debates over pornography have often focused on differences between males and females, not only in the frequency of consumption or the type of material consumed, but also on the different ways that individuals may perceive sexually explicit images and respond to them. Some of these differences may be due to sex differences in a number of factors including sexual strategies, pathogen or sexual disgust, and own mate value as well as within sex differences in these factors. Previous studies have demonstrated that perceptions of sexually explicit images are influenced by the sex of the target in the image and the target’s emotional affect, as well as sex of the respondent, their sexual orientation, short-term mating orientation, and disgust measures. However, these previous studies were conducted with participants from the United States alone. This study compared the findings from these US samples to those from non-Western ones (Philippines and Brazil) in order to examine the replicability across cultures of the US results as well as whether some variables (religiosity, for example) account for more or less of the variance in perceptions in different populations. Results indicated that there were some differences in terms of the amount of variance in perceptions explained by different variables across populations. Participant and stimuli related variables explained more variance in the Philippines while individual difference variables accounted for more variance in Brazil.

Nationalism is widely understood as a product of the nineteenth century, the doctrinal seeds for which were planted by the American Declaration of Independence and the French Revolution. It is an extension of tribalism to the nation and is understandable in terms of human evolution. It could be serviceable to first tribes and then nations as a means for acquiring social cohesion and domestic peace by convincingly identifying a foreign menace. But what explains the varying intensity of this strategy? This article claims that strengthening of nationalism's expression has been substantially due to the threat to elites posed by the rise of powerful worker movements which gained increasing militancy during nineteenth century industrialization. Nationalism served to deflect attention from a system that workers found unjust to foreign forces as the cause of their malaise. In this expression, nationalism served as an ideology enabling the more powerful to assuage worker discontent and continue gaining at the expense of the weaker.

Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists have potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of stress-induced relapse to substance abuse and mood disorders. The dynorphin A analog arodyn (Ac[Phe1,2,3,Arg4,D-Ala8]dynorphin A-(1–11)-NH2) exhibits potent and selective kappa opioid receptor antagonism. Multiple cyclizations in longer peptides, such as dynorphin and its analogs, can extend the conformational constraint to additional regions of the peptide beyond what is typically constrained by a single cyclization. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of a bicyclic arodyn analog with two constraints in the opioid peptide sequence. The peptide, designed based on structure–activity relationships of monocyclic arodyn analogs, was synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis and cyclized by sequential ring-closing metathesis (RCM) in the C- and N-terminal sequences. Molecular modeling studies suggest similar interactions of key aromatic and basic residues in the bicyclic peptide with KOR as found in the cryoEM structure of KOR-bound dynorphin, despite substantial differences in the backbone conformations of the two peptides. The bicyclic peptide‘s affinities at KOR and mu opioid receptors (MOR) were determined in radioligand binding assays, and its KOR antagonism was determined in the [35S]GTPγS assay in KOR-expressing cells. The bicyclic analog retains KOR affinity and selectivity (Ki = 26 nM, 97-fold selectivity over MOR) similar to arodyn and exhibits potent KOR antagonism in the dynorphin-stimulated [35S]GTPγS assay. This bicyclic peptide represents a promising advance in preparing cyclic opioid peptide ligands and opens avenues for the rational design of additional bicyclic opioid peptide analogs.

Introduction The cooperative breeding framework suggests that help from extended family members with childrearing is important adaptation for our species survival, and it is universal. However, the degree of alloparental help may vary between societies, families, and over time. We hypothesized that maternal and paternal effort, as well as alloparental care, would depend both upon resource availability (SES) and different mating opportunities for males and females in three countries: Brazil, Russia, and the USA. Methods We analyzed the intergenerational interactions between family members during childcare via Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in R-software. Online samples were collected from Brazil (N = 538), Russia (N = 502), and the USA (N = 308). Results and Discussion The results of our study are consistent with previous research on life history (LHT) plasticity, which has shown a negative correlation between the perceived childhood SES and perceived parental effort. However, our models indicated a possible cultural difference in the estimates of poverty paths: in Brazilian and American samples, SES had a greater impact on paternal care than on maternal, while in Russia, poverty had a greater effect on mothers’ effort. This reversed effect size on maternal versus paternal effort in Russia may suggest that Russian mothers experience a trade-off between working outside the home and direct childcare, while Russian fathers may adopt a “faster” LHT strategy as they are the limited sex in the mating pool. Our findings also demonstrate that the parental effort of both parents was positively associated, indicating their mutualistic relationship. We also found that according to the recollections of respondents’ maternal grandparents usually compensate the lack of paternal effort, but their help, as well as the help of paternal grandparents, was indifferent to the poverty cues.