University of Oradea

Different types of cancers affect the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), starting from the oral cavity and extending to the colon. In general, most of the current research focuses on the systemic delivery of the therapeutic agents, which leads to undesired side effects and a limited enhancement in the therapeutic outcomes. As a result, localized delivery within gastrointestinal (GI) cancers is favorable in overcoming these limitations. However, the localized delivery via oral administration faces many challenges related to the complex structure of GIT (varied pH levels and transit times) as well as the harsh environment within tumor cells (hypoxia, efflux pumps, and acidity). To overcome these obstacles, nano-drug delivery systems (NDDs) have been designed and proved their potential by exploiting these challenges in favor of offering a specific delivery to the desired target. The current review begins with an overview of different GI cancers and their impact globally. Then, it discusses the current treatment approaches and their corresponding limitations. Additionally, the different challenges associated with localized drug delivery for GI cancers are summarized. Finally, the review discusses in detail the recent therapeutic and diagnostic applications of NDDs that have been conducted in oral, esophageal, gastric, colon, and liver cancers, aiming to offer valuable insights into the current and future state of utilizing NDDs for the local treatment of GI cancers.

Background Frustration intolerance (FI) is the belief that reality should meet our desires for ease, pleasure and comfort. Although extensively studied in adults, tools for measuring FI in children and adolescents are scarce. The Frustration Intolerance Scale for Students (FISS) was developed to fill this gap. This study aimed to evaluate the FISS's structure and, through a longitudinal design, assess its psychometric properties, including reliability and validity. Methods Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted with a sample of 780 participants (46.30% female, Age mean = 11.80 years). A retest was administered after 5 months to 611 participants (48.6% female, Age mean = 12.24 years). Both testing moments assessed FI, along with externalized and internalized anger, anger duration, empathy, academic interest and self‐efficacy. Results Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the eight‐plus‐one model is the optimal structure for the FISS, allowing for scores on each FI component, frustration tolerance (FT) and a general irrationality FI factor. The eight subscales and the irrationality FI factor showed good internal consistency, whereas test–retest reliability was fair, indicating some variability between administrations. Regarding convergent evidence, significant longitudinal correlations were found between internalized and externalized anger, the degree of anger and all dimensions of FI. FT was positively associated with empathy, and this pattern remained consistent over time. The scale demonstrated discriminant validity by effectively differentiating between students with low and high levels of academic interest and self‐efficacy. Conclusions The FISS is a valid and reliable tool for assessing various dimensions of frustration intolerance in children and adolescents.

The treatment of type 2 diabetes patients with diabetic neuropathy using pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures remains a current topic. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of comprehensive medical rehabilitation programs that include natural therapeutic factors (carbonated natural mineral water) on pain, gait, and functional status in these patients. Fifty patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and diabetic neuropathy in the lower limbs participated in the study. Half of them (DZ-PT) underwent treatment consisting of physical exercises, physiotherapy, and terrain cure, while the other half (DZ-CMW) received the same treatment plus baths with carbonated natural mineral water. Patients were evaluated using assessment scales for pain Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the 10-meter walking test (W10m), lower limb muscle strength (FM), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS). The results showed a statistically significant reduction in pain assessed by VAS at the end of the treatment, persisting for three months (p-values < 0.001 between the two groups), with a greater reduction in the DZ-CMW group. Similarly, a significant improvement in gait, evaluated by W10m, was found both at the end of the treatment and at 3 months after its completion, with greater improvement in the DZ-CMW group. In conclusion, patients with type 2 diabetes with diabetic neuropathy can benefit from comprehensive medical rehabilitation programs periodically, including therapeutic natural factors, at balneoclimacteric resorts, alongside medication, dietary regimen, and physical activity.

This study presents a rare case of three synchronous colon tumors with metastasis to the left inguinal lymph node, challenging the conventional understanding of the metastatic pathways and highlighting the exceptional nature of such occurrences. This highlights the importance of considering alternative atypical metastatic routes for the management of colon cancer. A literature search was performed to identify similar cases. Our findings emphasize the need for broader diagnostic evaluations to detect atypical metastasis at early stages. Furthermore, this case highlights the need for potential refinements in follow-up and screening protocols to capture unusual patterns of cancer spread. This case encourages further research into innovative treatments tailored to the unique metastatic behaviors observed in synchronous colon tumors, with a view to improving outcomes in similar cases.

Introduction Malnutrition contributes to approximately 45% of deaths among under 5 years children in low and middle-income countries. Poor maternal knowledge and failure to comply with recommended Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices are known risk factors for malnutrition but there are inconsistencies in the literature. Therefore, this cross-sectional study of 100 mother–child pairs in district Gujranwala aimed to assess maternal nutritional literacy (MNL) and maternal feeding practices (MFP) and their ultimate impacts on child growth. Methods A researcher administered questionnaire that was the combination of WHO model questionnaires and FAO Nutrition-related KAP model questionnaires was used to collect the data from mothers while and anthropometric measurements of children were taken by following the standard methods. Results Results showed that 57% of mothers had average nutritional knowledge and feeding practices were not satisfactory. Only 12% of mothers-initiated breastfeeding within the first hour of birth, 7% of infants were exclusively breastfed, while 27.27% continued to be breastfed beyond 1 year. Complementary foods were timely introduced to 53% of infants, 47% received minimum meal frequency and 34% met the minimum dietary diversity criteria. Additionally, the consumption of unhealthy foods, sugar-sweetened beverages, and zero consumption of fruits and vegetables was practiced by 71, 23, and 27% of infants and young children, respectively. Prevalence of stunting, wasting, underweight and overweight was 19, 9, 12, and 12%, respectively. A non-significant association was observed between MNL and MFP with growth outcomes with a few exceptions. The odds of being wasted (β = 1.903, OR = 6.706, p < 0.05) and underweight (β = 1.732, OR = 5.654, p < 0.05) are higher among children who had vaginal birth. Higher odds of being stunted (β = 2.173, OR = 8.788, p < 0.05) were observed among those whose mothers had middle school education compared to those having higher education. Conclusion Overall results indicated a dire need not only to create nutritional awareness among mothers in Gujranwala but also to provide a support system for mothers to help them implement standard feeding practices.

The genus Ziziphus includes numerous species, both cultivated and wild, offering significant genetic variability and economic potential that are often overlooked. Due to their high variability and ecological plasticity, jujube species and genotypes can be utilized in marginal areas and on land where few plants could be efficiently exploited. This study investigated variations in morphological characteristics (qualitative and quantitative), bioactive content (e.g., DPPH radicals), and antioxidant capacity in fruits, leaves, and stones of cultivated Z. jujuba genotypes (‘Hu Ping Zao’ and ‘Jun Zao’) and wild genotypes (Z. acido-jujuba and ‘Jurilovca’), using different solvents (water, ethanol, and methanol). The mass and dimensions of the fruits as well as their parameters (fresh and dry weight, length, width, and pulp-to-stone ratio) and the antioxidant potential of different plant organ types (leaves, fruit pulps, and stones) were determined. The results showed that the cultivated genotypes produced larger and heavier fruits with a higher pulp percentage than the wild forms of the same species. However, the wild forms exhibited higher antioxidant capacities than the cultivated genotypes, depending on the type of plant organ analyzed and the solvent used for extraction.

Background/aim: Alzheimer's disease is a complex, incurable to date, multifactorial disease, which suggests the need for continued development of pharmacotherapy. Materials and methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify known ligands with anticholinesterase activity, resulting in the discovery of over 100 alkaloids that are also available in the PubChem database. Subsequently, the ligands underwent molecular docking to evaluate their affinity for the target enzyme. The ligands with the greatest affinity were selected for ligand-based virtual screening. Results: Three potential compounds were identified for further investigation: ZINC000055042508, ZINC000096316348, and ZINC000067 446933. Computational models of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties prediction using SwissADME suggested that ZINC000055042508 and ZINC000067446933 can permeate the blood-brain barrier and exhibit non-substrate behavior with respect to P-glycoprotein. In contrast, the ProTox-III prediction indicated the potential for all three compounds to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Conclusion: These alkaloid derivatives warrant further investigation as potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

The generalization of BVPs always covers a wide range of equations. Our choice in this research is the generalization of Caputo-type fractional discrete differential equations that include two or more fractional q-integrals. We analyze the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the multi-point nonlinear BVPs base on fixed point theory, including fixed point theorem of Banach, Leray-nonlinear Schauder's alternative, and Leray-degree Schauder's theory. Finally, several examples are presented to demonstrate accuracy of our results.

The oil price influences and tendencies have gained, lately major developments both at the European level and on the international level. Moreover, several interconnections between the energy sector and oil price influences have become the panacea of several important research and studies. In this article, we provide a qualitative and quantitative This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons BY 4.0 license (Creative Commons-Attribution 4.0 International-CC BY 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 approach to the interconnections manifested between oil price movements and the developments of the energy sector. The study is focused on Central and Eastern European Countries which have similarities and differences both at the energy sector level and economy level. The econometric techniques used in this study reveal the importance of the causality relationship between oil price movements and the energy sector taking into account the macroeconomic context. The conclusions of this study highlight some important fine-tuning aspects that must be recalibrated in Central and Eastern European Countries to increase the economic outcomes, strengthen the energy sector, and respond properly to the oil price movement trends.

Background/aim: Vaccine refusal or delay remains a significant public health concern, leading to lower vaccination rates and increasing the risk of preventable diseases. Patients and methods: The study included 404 mothers and 413 children, assessing vaccination coverage and conducting telephone interviews with mothers who declined vaccines to understand their reasons. Results: Children of mothers who supported vaccination were more likely to be fully immunized compared to those with hesitant mothers. Among the incompletely vaccinated or unvaccinated children, 73.08% had mothers from the hesitant group (GNV). However, 90.05% of hesitant mothers still vaccinated their children with all recommended vaccines, while 9.95% maintained their refusal. Only 3.22% of the total sample, all from the GNV group, refused vaccination entirely. The primary reasons for refusal included fear of side effects, lack of trust in vaccines or the healthcare system, negative vaccination experiences, and influence from media or social platforms. Conclusion: While vaccination behaviors may improve as a child grows, a significant proportion of hesitant parents continue to exist across different population groups, contributing to suboptimal vaccination coverage rates. The consistent implementation of unified, nationwide strategies aimed at increasing trust in vaccines and the vaccination process is essential for achieving protective vaccination rates.

Background/aim: The incidence and characteristics of pediatric thrombotic events have become increasingly recognized, due to the enhanced utilization of advanced diagnostic techniques. Pediatric thrombosis remains less frequent than in adults, often manifesting in those with underlying congenital or acquired risk factors. This study aimed to establish epidemiological data on pediatric thrombotic events in Bihor County, Romania, highlighting the challenges of diagnosis in smaller medical centers and proposing a relevant diagnostic and treatment algorithm. Patients and methods: This retrospective study, conducted over 22 years at the Emergency County Clinical Hospital Bihor, identified 39 pediatric patients diagnosed with thrombotic events using electronic medical records. Results: Most patients (82.1%) were diagnosed between 2013 and 2024, with a slight male predominance. The age distribution shows two peak clusters: newborns up to one year and adolescents. The majority of cases (53.8%) were venous thromboembolism, followed by arterial thromboembolism at 41%, while 5.1% involved both types. Cerebral thrombosis was the most common, followed by lower and upper limb events. Inherited thrombophilia factors were found in all patients tested, with antithrombin, protein S, and protein C deficiencies identified. Malignancy was the most frequently acquired risk factor, and PAI-1 4G/5G was the most common genetic variant detected among inherited factors. Conclusion: This study highlights the significant rise in pediatric thromboembolism recognition over the past two decades; however, underdiagnosis remains an issue. Improved awareness among healthcare professionals is crucial, particularly for unprovoked thrombosis cases where a thorough thrombophilia panel and the involvement of a multidisciplinary team may be necessary.

In the investigation of crimes against patrimony, an important role in the investigation methodology is played by the hearings. In general, we refer to three types of hearings, the hearing at the scene of the crime – in order to prepare the search of the crime scene and the subsequent investigation of the offence, a hearing as part of the criminal investigation and the hearing before the court.Throughout this article we will discuss particularly the forensic tactics of hearings as part of the criminal investigation, referring to the different statuses of the person undergoing the hearing, who may belong to different backgrounds/categories of various legal standings, namely those of: victim - injured party, witness, accused or defendant.In the first part of the article, we will present the provisions relevant for crimes against patrimony, contained in the Romanian Criminal Code. The Special Part, in the title reserved for the offences of this category, the structure of the title, and also short references to the legal content of each offence.In the second part of the article, we will show the stages in the preparation of a hearing and the actual stages of hearings in the case of crimes against patrimony. In this sense, we will discuss: the hearing preparation and the conduct of the hearing, as well as the preliminary discussion phase, the phase of free reports and the phase of addressing questions and receiving answers.

Background/Objectives: Magnesium plays a crucial role in immune function, influencing immunoglobulin synthesis, antibody-dependent cytolysis, and other immune processes. In renal transplant patients, magnesium deficiency is primarily induced by calcineurin inhibitor treatment, through the reduction of magnesium transporter proteins in the renal tubules, leading to magnesium loss. Methods: To assess the correlation between serum magnesium levels and the long-term outcomes of renal graft and transplant recipients, we conducted a retrospective study on 87 patients who have had a transplant for more than 5 years, a period considered immunologically stable. We evaluated laboratory parameters such as glycemia, creatinine, total protein, and C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as demographic data, primary kidney disease, donor type, comorbidities, and infection incidence. Results: This study revealed clinical stability at over 5 years post-transplantation, with no significant differences between the 5–15 and over-15-years groups with regard to major comorbidities, except for HCV infection (p = 0.018). Reduced magnesium levels were associated with impaired renal function (p = 0.017) and inflammatory syndrome (p = 0.012). Viral infections were correlated with living donor grafts (p = 0.05), hypoproteinemia, and decreased eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate), while bacterial infections, namely urinary tract infections (UTIs), were linked to reduced eGFR (p = 0.05, p = 0.046). Female patients with hypomagnesemia had a higher incidence of recurrent UTIs (p = 0.03). Conclusions: Hypomagnesemia correlates with increased infection risk in patients who received a renal transplant more than 5 years ago but does not significantly impact glycemic control or cardiovascular health.

There are sensory fibers as well as motor fibers in the facial nerve. Motor axons innervate the stapedius muscle and muscles that control face expression. The lacrimal and oral cavity glands are supplied by parasympathetic fibers that travel to the ganglia. Anxieties, pinna, and tympanic membrane get innervation from the sensory component. The taste buds on the front two-thirds of the tongue are likewise transmitted by the facial nerve. The facial nerve leaves the brain stem at the cerebellopontine angle, which is located on its ventrolateral surface. This system consists of a proper facial nerve and an intermediate nerve. The intermediate nerve carries a sensory and parasympathetic visceromotor component, in contrast to the purely motor and tiny general somatic afferent components of the true facial nerve. The facial nerve anatomy consists of intracranial, intra-temporal, and extratemporal components related to the temporal bone and the cranium.

The present study attempts to bring in front that issue of persons who even they are not owning the land, they received a right of use on it and, therefore, have raised different buildings (houses for living, for example), or make some investments (like vineyards, orchards, and so on) on that land. In this context, we will try to look into our national regulations in this matter, because the way in which Romanian Land Law (no. 18/1991 republished) was enforced, raised and continues to raise problems in front of trial proceeding courts, which are comparing with new and complex judicial situations. One of this is about the case that persons who were reconstituted property right and they came into contact with realities already existing, as result to a former judicial document perfectly legal at that time.

Acquiring UAS images in urban environments presents a significant importance for various applications but presents challenges, particularly with flight missions and the reliability of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signal. Georeferencing the UAS images in real-world locations is typically done through GNSS-assisted Real-Time Kinematic (RTK)/ Post-Processing Kinematic (PPK) or indirect georeferencing methods. Due to the time-intensive nature for ground-based measurement and materialization of Ground Control Points (GCPs), the GNSS-assisted RTK/PPK method is often preferred. Nevertheless, the accuracy provided by onboard devices is highly contingent on various factors. In densely built-up areas, RTK positioning is prone to signal interruptions, signal losses, radio link outages, and multipath effects, the PPK georeferencing offers a more reliable and precise solution. The aim of this research is to perform an in-depth analysis of the PPK georeferencing results when using three different Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) stations and one local base station, with focus only on nadir flights. Two flights were conducted over an 8.6 ha urban area at 60 m and 100 m heights with a DJI Phantom 4 Pro v2 equipped with a TeoKIT GNSS PPK module. The accuracy of the PPK georeferencing process was assessed using 33 Check Points (ChPs) across different scenarios with varying numbers of GCPs and PPK trajectory computations derived from distinct base stations. The best accuracy, with an RMSE of 3.7 cm for all CORS, was achieved at the 100 m flight height, with a slight difference for the RS2 local station. The RS2 local base station at 60 m demonstrated superior accuracy in the 0 GCP scenario due to high satellite visibility and minimal multipath effects. However, the RMS values for the 60 m flight were four times worse than the 100 m flight, primarily due to multipath effects and signal interruptions. The effectiveness of our proposed workflow is demonstrated by the results obtained for the RS2 local base station at 60 m flight height, showing the best accuracy for the scenario with 0 GCP, benefiting from a high satellite visibility and minimal multipath and SNR values compared to other base stations.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that is typically associated with weight-bearing joints, such as the hips and knees, and is defined by the progressive deterioration of cartilage. The effective treatment of OA is contingent upon the accurate assessment of its clinical and psychological effects. In the present work, we aim to compile the most recent evidence regarding the clinimetric and psychometric evaluations of OA, with a particular emphasis on the hip and knee, a topic still insufficient approached. The WOMAC and KOOS are among the clinimetric instruments that offer valuable insights into physical function, stiffness, and pain. By integrating clinimetric and psychometric tools, a comprehensive approach to managing OA is provided, which identifies both physical and mental health need. The significance of these combined evaluations in enhancing treatment adherence and improving patient outcomes is underscored by the present review. Moreover, treatment and recovery options still have limitations that need to be addressed. Additional research is required to elucidate the psychometric properties of quality-of-life measures and postural control assessments. Future research should concentrate on the development of more comprehensive and robust tools that assess all facets of OA, thereby facilitating personalized interventions that address the multifaceted character of this debilitating disease.

Periprosthetic fractures (PFs) associated with total hip arthroplasty are significant postoperative complications after hip prosthesis implantation surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fragility, performance and functional independence of patients with PFs associated with total hip arthroplasty. A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and October 2024. The 101 patients evaluated were divided into 3 groups: the group consisting of hip arthroplasty patients - named ATS group (n=36), the group consisting of periprosthetic fractures patients - named PF group (n=11), the group consisting of stage III and IV coxarthrosis patients - named OAH group (n=42). Mean scores fall in the range of pre-fragility - mild frailty for ATS and OAH groups (7.098 ± 2.289 vs. 6.939 ± 1.405), with no significant differences between them, while the mean score of PF group falls in the range of moderate-severe frailty (11.727 ± 3.289). Our data analysis suggests a marked impairment of functional independence in more than 90% of PF patients versus 32% of patients in the ATS group and about 20% of patients in the OAH group; about 75% of patients in the PF group have a significant impairment of functional perfomance. Periprosthetic hip fractures are associated with advancing age and increased fragility. Functional performance and independence of patients with periprosthetic fractures, more than 3 months after fracture, is significantly impaired and is associated with frailty status and advanced age.

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease with serious physical, psychosocial and economic consequences. It is a chronic, asymptomatic, progressive disease with multifactorial aetiology, characterized by reduced bone mineral density and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue; A retrospective study was conducted, which included an initial cohort of 243 patients hospitalized between January 2023 and December 2023 at the County Emergency Hospital of Sibiu, Clinical Endocrinology Department ; Study results suggest that assessment of bone mineral density (BMD) remains a primary standard in the diagnosis of osteoporosis, as measured by T and Z scores from DXA densitometry. However, biomarkers such as total calcium, ionic calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus, PTH and bone degradation markers (e.g. Beta Crosslaps) play a significant role in assessing bone metabolism and identifying fracture risk; The study highlights the importance of screening in postmenopausal women and the need for calcium and vitamin D supplementation in patients with osteoporosis or osteopenia.