Recent publications
Alloying and solid‐solution formation is a powerful technique that enhances and adds properties through elemental mixing, but unfortunately, some elements simply cannot mix as their chemical nature prevents a thermodynamically stable structure. For example, the inherent nobility of platinum group metals does not favor bond formation and precludes their incorporation into higher (boron‐rich) metal borides. However, we demonstrate that when using five or more constituents, the higher mixing entropy will overcome these chemical limitations and form a stable high‐entropy alloy, demonstrating the formation of new compounds with substituents that are seemingly impossible with a traditional metal alloying approach. The high‐entropy boride (HEB) Al0.2Nb0.2Pt0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2B2 was synthesized, where platinum was forced to occupy a 12‐coordinate site, sandwiched between honeycomb borophene sheets. In addition to the unusual coordination, the boron serves as a poison panacea. Pure platinum is strongly susceptible to sulfur poisoning by adsorption, rendering a platinum catalyst ineffective. Boron is known to be resistant to sulfur poisoning. The boron sheets present in the HEB shield the platinum from sulfur while maintaining high catalytic activity. This is confirmed with the facile hydrogenation of thiol‐containing nitro compounds, where the HEB resists sulfur poisoning while retaining its high catalytic activity.
Local and remote processes have been suggested to drive Arctic amplification (AA)—the enhanced warming of the Arctic region relative to other areas under increased greenhouse gases. We use Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) simulations with changes in Arctic sea-ice with fixed global sea surface temperature (SST), or changes in global SST with fixed Arctic sea-ice to untangle the climate response to Arctic sea-ice loss or SST-induced warming, respectively. In response to Arctic sea-ice loss, the surface albedo feedback activates in summer mainly to increase oceanic heat uptake, leading to weak summertime warming. During winter, Arctic sea-ice loss greatly enhances oceanic heat release, which produces Arctic bottom-heavy warming and triggers positive lapse rate and cloud feedbacks, leading to large AA. In contrast, enhanced atmospheric energy convergence into the Arctic becomes the dominant contributor to relatively small AA under global SST-induced warming. Water vapor feedback contributes to Arctic warming but opposes AA due to larger tropical than Arctic moistening under SST-induced warming with fixed Arctic sea-ice. We also find top-heavy to uniform (bottom-heavy) Arctic warming and moistening in the Arctic mid-upper (lower) troposphere in the SST (Arctic sea-ice) perturbation runs, producing a negative-neutral (positive) Arctic lapse rate feedback, respectively. Lastly, we show that the responses to global SST or polar SIC perturbations are linearly separable. Our results suggest that large AA is caused primarily by sea-ice loss and resultant local changes in surface fluxes, while increased poleward energy transport can only produce weak AA under fixed sea ice.
Dysfunctional attitudes – a cornerstone to cognitive psychotherapy – vary with both psychological and pharmacological interventions. Post-acute changes in these cognitions appear to covary with the acute reactions to psychedelics that often precede improved outcomes. An examination of post-acute changes in dysfunctional attitudes could support targeting them in psychedelic-assisted therapy. Screened participants (N = 400+) reported the acute, subjective experiences associated with their most significant psychedelic response as well as post-acute changes in dysfunctional attitudes and subsequent alterations in wellbeing. Dysfunctional attitudes, emotional breakthroughs, and challenging experiences accounted for significant, unique variance in wellbeing. The effects of dysfunctional attitudes generally exceeded those of acute reactions. Comparisons among those acute responses revealed that the effect of emotional breakthroughs exceeded challenging experiences, which exceeded mystical experiences. Nevertheless, the indirect effects through post-acute changes in dysfunctional attitudes did not account for all the impact of acute effects nor interact with them. These results emphasize the import of both acute and post-acute reactions, suggesting that strategies for optimizing each might maximize outcomes for psychedelic-assisted interventions. Furthermore, standard cognitive interventions that alter these cognitions could combine with psychedelics in straightforward ways. The results also support the use of multiple multivariate approaches to address the relative importance of multicollinear predictors.
Double-consciousness has, for Du Bois, a dual meaning. It is both the experience of always seeing oneself through the eyes of the dominant race as an inferior, subjugated person and the experience of seeing the possibilities of a life free of racial hierarchy while living in a world defined by such hierarchy. By posing the duality of double-consciousness, Du Bois gave himself a problem that he spent much of his life grappling with: how does a life spent as a marginalized other create a vision of an ideal future and the belief that such a future is attainable through one’s own agency? Du Bois answered this question by pairing his social-constructionist account of race with an essentialist one, imbuing his theory of race with legacies of European, colonial discourse that undermine its value for contemporary anti-racist struggles. This paper argues that the solution to this dilemma is not found in Du Bois’s writings on race but in his empirical studies of Black associational and cooperative activity. These texts, read in the context of turn of the 20th-century Black Populism, offer an experiential, rather than an essentialist, solution to the problem of Black agency and Black emancipation put forward by the concept of double-consciousness.
Tobacco was once among the most prized ritual foodstuffs among the ancient Maya of Central America. Changes in ritual behavior often translate into major cultural and social changes, as evidence of this we discuss 22 flasks that share the same central image. While the production of elite goods that are undifferentiated is itself uncommon for the Maya, upon closer inspection we have identified multiple nearly identical stamps. This chapter presents these flasks and discusses the shifts in purpose and function within the transforming landscape of the Classic Maya.
On the occasion of the book’s quasquicentennial, our special issue brings together four articles that show the continuing relevance of W. E. B. Du Bois’s The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study (1899). The contributors illustrate how a fresh perspective on the theoretical insights that Du Bois began to develop in The Philadelphia Negro deepen understanding of contemporary topics such as gentrification, policing, residential mobility, and the rhythyms of daily life in Black neighborhoods. Taken together, these articles adopt four tenets of a Du Boisian Sociology that are grounded in the contributions of The Philadelphia Negro: (a) using history to contextualize the contemporary, (b) studying social phenomena through the subaltern perspective, (c) using a “case of” design, and (d) analyzing the structural context that shapes individual outcomes, with attention to people’s agency. As our special issue demonstrates, while already a classic, The Philadelphia Negro deserves an even wider audience for its lessons on what city blocks can tell us about the character of a city: the residents and their institutions that have come and gone, the shape of changing neighborhoods, and what all that could mean for urban change in the future.
In this paper, we detail the process of organising and facilitating a visualisation challenge as part of a larger project centring visual methods. We explore how the visualisation challenge specifically operated to highlight feminist epistemological and methodological principals, and practically, what worked and what didn't. We conclude that visualisation challenges offer exciting potential to jumpstart creative and innovative project development, but if a challenge is to be successful, context matters, and so too do practical and logical considerations. We believe that feminist visualisation challenges offer exciting models to share findings and data, learn from emerging research practices, and build community within and beyond the academy.
Scholars acknowledge that adolescents' political discussions with peers and adults contribute to political development, yet longitudinal relationships between discussions and political motivation remain unclear. To address this issue, we analyzed data from students enrolled in government courses at three Midwestern high schools, who completed political engagement surveys at the beginning and end of the spring 2016 semester ( N = 350; 47.8% Hispanic; 37.2% White; 53.7% male). Informed by theories of motivation and political socialization, we used cross‐lagged panel models to examine the longitudinal associations between the frequency of political discussions (with friends, classmates, teachers, and parents) and motivational constructs (political interest, internal and external political efficacy). Multigroup analyses examined differential effects for students with low, average, and high political open‐mindedness. Results indicated that frequency of political discussions with parents predicted later political motivation for adolescents with low open‐mindedness. Interest, internal and external political efficacy distinctively predicted types of discussions over time, with interest emerging as the most consistent predictor. Findings suggest that educational practices could better cultivate youth political motivation by considering fadeout effects for different types of conversational partners and tailoring discussions to suit adolescents' open‐mindedness.
This historical analysis contends that the shaping of Detroit and its enduring racial character have been informed and influenced by two pivotal currents: its history of violent racial struggle (White rage) and police brutality and their imposition of subordinating place for Afro-Americans within Detroit’s metropolitan color line. The current survey looks at three significant intervals: The Ossian Sweet Case and Race Riot of 1925, the 1943 Race Riot, and the 1967 “Rebellion.” These decades provide a vivid story-catching that follows the racial foundations “set in stone” by the Blackburn Riot of 1833, by which we can begin to understand the patterns of White status threat and the counter-response of Black resistance with its attendant quest for universal freedom and egalitarian aspirations (Barton, (2010). Setting the record straight: American history in Black & White. WallBuilder Press; Walton et al., (2017). American politics and the African-American quest for universal freedom. Routledge.). In contrast to the narrative of “the arsenal of democracy,” racial antagonism by many Whites lurked at the heart of social upheavals within Detroit’s battleground of race and class from the 1920s to the 1960s.
Importance
Investigating racial and ethnic discrimination in medical education is crucial for addressing disparities and fostering an inclusive environment.
Objective
To assess how racial and ethnic discrimination in medical school is associated with personal and professional identity formation (PPIF) by race and ethnicity.
Design, Setting, and Participants
This retrospective cross-sectional study used deidentified data on 37 610 medical students who matriculated in 2014 or 2015 and took the Association of American Medical Colleges Graduation Questionnaire (GQ) between 2016 and 2020. Statistical analysis was performed from September 1 to November 20, 2023.
Exposures
Experiences of racial and ethnic discrimination were assessed through responses to 3 GQ questions about denial of opportunities, offensive remarks or names, and lower evaluations or grades due to race or ethnicity.
Main Outcomes and Measures
Personal and professional development were measured as 2 separate outcomes using 2 GQ statements rated on a 5-point Likert scale (where 1 indicated strongly disagree and 5 indicated strongly agree): “My medical school has done a good job fostering and nurturing my development as a person” and “My medical school has done a good job fostering and nurturing my development as a physician.” Variables of personal and professional development were both dichotomized.
Results
Of 37 610 medical students, 18 200 (48.4%) were female, and 19 410 (51.6%) were male; 2458 (6.5%) were African American or Black, 7801 (20.7%) were Asian, 2430 (6.5%) were Hispanic, 21 380 (56.9%) were White, 2404 (6.4%) were multiracial, and 1137 (3%) were other race or ethnicity. Most respondents attested that their medical school fostered their personal (27 272 [72.5%]) and professional (34 560 [91.9%]) development. African American or Black students reported the lowest rates of personal (1603 of 2458 [65.2%]) and professional (2182 of 2458 [88.8%]) development, and experienced lower likelihoods of personal (adjusted risk ratio [ARR], 0.89 [95% CI, 0.86-0.93]) and professional (ARR, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.94-0.97]) development than White students. Racial discrimination was inversely associated with development, with the highest PPIF rates among those never experiencing discrimination (personal, 25 089 of 33 508 [74.9%]; and professional, 31 257 of 33 508 [93.3%]). Those experiencing isolated discrimination (personal: ARR, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.80-0.87]; professional: ARR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.91-0.95]) and recurrent discrimination (personal: ARR, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.60-0.66]; professional: ARR, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.80-0.84]) had relatively lower likelihoods of PPIF. African American or Black students experienced the highest rate of recurrent discrimination (543 of 2458 [22.1%]). No significant PPIF risk differences were found for other racial and ethnic groups underrepresented in medicine without discrimination compared with White students without discrimination, but all groups with recurrent discrimination had relatively lower PPIF risk.
Conclusions and Relevance
In this cross-sectional study of US medical students, racial and ethnic discrimination was associated with lower PPIF across all racial and ethnic groups compared with White students without such experiences. African American or Black students disproportionately faced this discrimination. Systemic changes in medical education are needed to combat discrimination and ensure equity in holistic student development.
New Forms of Revolt is a rewarding volume for those with a serious interest in Julia Kristeva, especially her theory of revolt. In this review, I will first name the overall strengths of the volume, then I will provide chapter summaries. Because this is a review for Contemporary Political Theory, I will summarize only those chapters with explicitly political themes, omitting the volume’s third section, ‘Language and Narrative in Kristeva.’
Modern democracy often requires citizens to engage in policy debates demanding multidisciplinary knowledge. This can lead to a cognitive gap that urges citizens to seek information for decision‐making on unfamiliar policy issues. The credibility of this information is crucial, as it shapes individual perceptions and attitudes, which aggregate as public opinions. To deepen the understanding of information credibility, this study proposes an experiment leveraging theories of the continued influence effect and the illusory truth effect to answer how initiative and repetition of exposure influence the evaluation of information credibility. 1,400 participants will be recruited and requested to rate the credibility of opposing arguments regarding a fictitious referendum provided with varying orders and numbers. The result is expected to show a positive causality between exposure initiative, information repetition, and information credibility. The findings will aid in promoting well‐informed democratic deliberation in an era of political polarization.
As technologies powered by Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms increasingly take over personal computing online and public sector domains, they simultaneously raise the promise of an extensively productive and sustainable future, as well as fears of widening inequalities, information and content divide, and a more complex information‐seeking landscape. Thus, the hopes of improved accuracy, efficiency, productivity, reduced human bias in decision‐making, and access to information are fast giving way to a trove of ethical and human rights issues with far‐reaching consequences for accountability, privacy, social justice, equity, inclusion, and informed consent, and public participation in decision‐making. Since no technology is entirely free of bias, this paper identifies algorithmic fairness as a more realistic threshold and goal. Building on findings from a previous PRISMA review of relevant literature, the paper proposes a comprehensive framework for defining algorithmic fairness in the context of information access.
Laypeople often assume a typical sexual harassment incident involves a cisgender man directing sexual advances toward a cisgender woman. Alternatively, when people learn that a transgender woman was sexually harassed, they tend to assume she experienced gender harassment. How are harassment claims that do not match these expectations evaluated? In two preregistered studies, participants ( N = 630 and 638) read a social media post from a transgender or assumed cisgender woman who experienced unwanted sexual attention or gender harassment at work. Regardless of harassment form, transgender (vs. assumed cisgender) women were more likely to be rated as complainers and as overreacting (Studies 1 and 2) and elicited less empathy (Study 2). Additionally, participants in both studies were less likely to label gender harassment (vs. unwanted sexual attention) as sexual harassment. How sexual harassment claims are evaluated may have serious consequences for the (lack of) support claimants receive when speaking up about harassment.
Child resistant packaging (CRP) can effectively reduce the access of children under the age of 5 years old when used correctly . Adults over the age of 65 years commonly struggle to open many kinds of CRP and choose to leave the packages open. The goals of this work were (1) to design a testing system to accurately measure an individuals' ability to apply removal toque to a closure, (2) determine the ranges of torque both older adults and children can apply to a standard closure and (3) determine the effectiveness of a novel CRP to reduce the torque generation of children. A custom hand‐held torque test system was created and used to obtain torque data. In total, 49 participants were tested, 25 children and 24 adults. All participants were tested using three variations of a new type of CRP, which varied the amount of functional surface area (FSA) available to the user and a control. The novel CRP theoretically can be ‘tuned’ by changing the FSA available, impacting the torque individuals are able to exert. All CRP treatments and the control resulted in significantly different removal torques between groups. The difference was largest when the available FSA was between 50% and 80%. Results suggest the new design has the potential to permit older adults to easily open containers while reducing access of children. This new cap system capitalized on a need to understand that a specific, limited region needs to be gripped for opening—and most children tended to just spin the outer cap without applying an isolated torque.
Background: Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) in Escherichia coli are a serious concern due to their role in developing multidrug resistance (MDR) and difficult-to-treat infections. Objective: This study aimed to identify ESBL-carrying E. coli strains from both clinical and environmental sources in Lusaka District, Zambia. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 58 ESBL-producing E. coli strains from hospital inpatients, outpatients, and non-hospital environments. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and the VITEK ® 2 Compact System, while genotypic analyses utilised the Illumina NextSeq 2000 sequencing platform. Results: Among the strains isolated strains, phylogroup B2 was the most common, with resistant MLST sequence types including ST131, ST167, ST156, and ST69. ESBL genes such as bla TEM-1B , bla CTX-M, bla OXA-1 , bla NDM-5 , and bla CMY were identified, with ST131 and ST410 being the most common. ST131 exhibited a high prevalence of bla CTX-M-15 and resistance to fluoroquinolones. Clinical and environmental isolates carried bla NDM-5 (3.4%), with clinical isolates showing a higher risk of carbapenemase resistance genes and the frequent occurrence of bla CTX-M and bla TEM variants, especially bla CTX-M-15 in ST131. Conclusions: This study underscores the public health risks of bla CTX-M-15-and bla NDM-5-carrying E. coli. The strengthening antimicrobial stewardship programmes and the continuous surveillance of AMR in clinical and environmental settings are recommended to mitigate the spread of resistant pathogens.
Institution pages aggregate content on ResearchGate related to an institution. The members listed on this page have self-identified as being affiliated with this institution. Publications listed on this page were identified by our algorithms as relating to this institution. This page was not created or approved by the institution. If you represent an institution and have questions about these pages or wish to report inaccurate content, you can contact us here.
Information
Address
Albany, United States