University of Yaoundé I
  • Yaoundé, Cameroon
Recent publications
Introduction Hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence and adverse outcomes are higher among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) than people without HIV. Yet, HCV prevalence among people with HIV in Cameroon remains unknown, with HCV diagnosis and treatment largely inaccessible due to care centralization by specialists with high out‐of‐pocket costs. Integration of HCV services into routine HIV care by general practitioners could improve diagnosis and treatment coverage. We aimed to examine HCV prevalence and treatment cure rate among people with HIV attending 11 HIV clinics in the Centre Region of Cameroon. Methods We offered HCV rapid antibody testing, and, if positive, RNA testing to all persons ≥21 years, on HIV ART for ≥6 months and with suppressed HIV RNA (<1000 copies) who attended HIV counselling and treatment appointments between 20 April 2021 and 31 May 2022. Participants with an HCV RNA positive test received 12 weeks of pangenotypic sofosbuvir/velpatasvir. We calculated the cure rate as the proportion of participants with a sustained virological response 12 weeks after treatment completion (SVR12) among all starting and completing treatment. Results We tested 8266 persons for HCV antibodies, 316 (3.8%, 95% CI = 3.4−4.3%) of whom were anti‐HCV positive. Of these, 286 (90.5%) were sampled for HCV RNA, 20 (6.3%) ineligible, 5 (1.6%) declined, 4 (1.3%) left before sampling and 1 (0.3%) had an unknown reason. Among 286 sampled, 251 (87.8%) had detectable HCV RNA. Of these, 173 (68.9%) enrolled for treatment, 55 (21.9%) were eligible but not enrolled (49 lost‐to‐follow‐up, 6 denied) and 23 (9.2%) were ineligible. Of 173 enrolled, 165 completed treatment, 6 were lost‐to‐follow‐up and 2 were excluded due to treatment interruption. SVR12 was achieved in 93.6% (n = 162; 95% CI: 88.9–96.8%) of those enrolled and 98.2% (95% CI: 94.8–99.6%) of treatment completers. All three initially not achieving SVR12 were cured with second‐line treatment (sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir). Conclusions Our study demonstrates the viability of integrating HCV testing and treatment into routine HIV care in Cameroon, yielding new HCV diagnoses and high cure rates. Cameroon can use this strategy to achieve HCV elimination goals, although improvements in testing uptake, diagnosis and treatment access, and laboratory capacity are needed.
Ulcerative colitis is one of the inflammatory bowel diseases that manifest itself by uncontrolled inflammation of colon. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of Waltheria indica on acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Six (6) groups of five (5) rats each, were anesthetized with a ketamine (50 mg/kg)/valium (10 mg/kg) mixture after eighteen (18) fasting hours. Colitis was induced by intrarectal administration of 1 mL of acetic acid (5%) in animals. Five (5) hours later, the normal control (NC) and the colitis control (CC) received distilled water (10 mL/kg bw), the positive control (Pre5) received prednisolone (5 mg/kg) and the other three test groups received the W. indica extract at 50 (Wi50), 100 (Wi100) and 200 (Wi200) mg/kg bw, orally for 7 days. At the end of the treatment, the animals were sacrificed and the blood was collected from the carotid artery, part in the ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) tube for hematological analyzes and part in dry tubes for biochemical assays. The abdomen was then opened, the colon, liver, spleen, lungs and heart were removed, drained, weighed and the indexes of each organ were determined. The extract at 200 mg/kg reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) and inhibited the production of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6(IL-6) in the colon and serum. The extract significantly increased the blood platelet level of the colitis rats. Thus, these results suggest that Walthera indica extract may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
Correction for ‘Synthesis of an exfoliated kaolinite–poly(urea–formaldehyde) nanocomposite’ by Hervé Barye Tatang et al., RSC Adv., 2025, 15, 3026–3039, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA08707K.
This study focuses in natural fibre, extracted from the fruit of a new species of palm (Borassus aethiopum M.), as a potential reinforcement. The chemical, morphological, physical-hygroscopic, thermal, and mechanical properties of fibre, obtained through biological retting in stagnant water, were examined by using methods such as those of Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and its derivative (DTG). TAPPI analysis reveals a chemical composition of 39.51 wt% cellulose, 28 wt% hemicellulose, and 36.1 wt% lignin. The FTIR spectrum confirms the presence of hydroxyl groups (O–H), C-H bonds, and C = O bonds, corresponding to celluloses, hemicelluloses, and lignin, respectively. SEM images display recognisable hollow individual fibres characterised by their lumens and thin walls. Gravimetric analyses indicate water absorption of 108.65 ± 6.1 wt% after 24 h and moisture content of 12.43 ± 1.1 wt%. Fibre exhibits an average diameter of 164 ± 36.6 µm, a linear density of 9.4 tex, and a density of 1.26 ± 0.09 g.cm⁻³. TG/DTG reveals thermal stability up to 225 °C. Tensile tests show an average tensile strength of 115.9 ± 54.3 MPa, Young’s modulus of 1.3 ± 0.9 GPa, and an elongation at break of 34 ± 10.4%, comparable to other natural fibres recently identified like promising reinforcements. Weibull analysis indicates a moderate dispersion in strength related to structural defects. This study highlights the potential of Borassus aethiopum fibre as a sustainable alternative to synthetic fibres, creating up opportunities for applications in textiles, packaging, and lightweight automotive materials.
Background Given HIV elimination by 2030, the World Health Organization and the United Nations’ Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) have set three programmatic goals that all countries should have achieved before 2025; 95% of people living with HIV should know their status (target-1); 95% of people who know their status should be linked to treatment (target-2); and 95% of people on treatment should achieve viral load suppression (i.e. VL<1000 copies/ml; target-3). Despite considerable global progress over the past decade, many low-middle-income countries are still below the expected targets. This review protocol aims to provide a standardized document for in-depth analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) towards achieving these programmatic targets in Cameroon. Methods This systematic review will include randomized and non-randomized trials, cohorts, case-controls, cross-sectional studies, case reports and governmental notices addressing the achievements, the gaps, the challenges and the opportunities towards the 95-95-95 targets in Cameroon. The search will consider studies from 2017 to 2024, retrieved from PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Google Scholar, online African journals, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. We will include studies reporting HIV diagnosis, HIV link to treatment or HIV viral suppression in Cameroon. Results will be stratified according to time, age-group (adults’ vs adolescents/children) and geographic locations. Primary outcomes will be “estimates on 95-95-95 programmatic goals at the national level”. Secondary outcomes will consist of the SWOT analysis towards achieving these programmatic targets. A random-effects model will be used to calculate pooled prevalence if data permits. Conclusions This systematic review and meta-analysis protocol will guide global estimation on the achievement of the 95-95-95 targets as well as the stakes and challenges within the Cameroonian setting. Final evidence from the systematic review will allow identification of the gaps and measures to be taken to fasten our move towards the 95-95-95 in Cameroon by 2025. Systematic review registration Systematic review registration: CRD42024502755.
Introduction : Blood pressure (BP) control is necessary to prevent fatal events in patients with hypertension. Although physical activity (PA) and sleep quality (SQ) are known to reduce BP, their joint association is yet to be demonstrated. This study aimed to assess the joint association of PA and SQ on BP control among patients with hypertension in Cameroon. Methods : This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study carried out among outpatients attending Douala General Hospital in Cameroon diagnosed with hypertension. BP was considered to be controlled if it was lower than 140/90 mm Hg. PA and SQ have been assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index. Odds ratio and 95% CI have been calculated, and differences were considered significant at P < .05. Results : A total of 415 participants were recruited, the mean age was 61 (11) years, and 67% were women. Around 66.3% of participants had their BP uncontrolled. Patients with uncontrolled BP had a significantly higher proportion of overweight/obesity (87.3% vs 73.6, P = .001), sedentary time ≥ 2 hours per day (37.1% vs 27.1, P = .043), and low leisure-time PA level (39.6% vs 52.9%, P = .014). After adjustment for confounders, a poor SQ associated with a low PA level significantly increased the odds of having an uncontrolled BP (odds ratio: 2.66; 95% CI, 1.13–6.24; P = .025). Conclusion : Cameroonian patients with hypertension exhibit a high rate of poor BP control which is significantly associated with poor SQ and low PA level. These 2 parameters should be considered simultaneously for a better prevention of cardiovascular complications.
Since 2012, Cameroon has introduced rapid molecular diagnostic tests for tuberculosis (TB). Despite this progress, WHO estimates indicate a TB diagnostic gap of 43% at the national level in 2019. This raises questions about the strategic allocation of available rapid molecular diagnostic tools to areas with lower TB notification. In a cross-sectional study, we combined Cameroon notification data on TB (2019), rifampicin-resistant (RR)-TB (2015–2019), as well as local TB risk factors, availability, intensity of use and accessibility of the Xpert MTB-RIF test with openly available geospatial datasets from OpenStreetMap and WorldPop. A mathematical model estimated TB and RR-TB incidence rates at the regional level. We compared these estimates with the number of reported TB cases to identify diagnostic gaps. Centre, East and Far North regions had the highest estimated TB incidence rates (400, 300 and 200 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively), while South and Adamawa had the highest estimated RR-TB incidence rates (14.9 and 8.9 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively). We report a national diagnostic gap of 53% and 50% for TB and RR-TB, respectively. These findings highlight the need to improve the allocation of diagnostic tools that follows the local disease burden in resource-limited settings to improve health equity.
This study is a comparative analysis of the methodology for estimating the total effective inhalation dose of radon (Rn), thoron (Tn) and their decay products. In particular, it considers the influence of the equilibrium factor and the contribution of Rn, Tn and their decay products in dose estimation. Radon and thoron concentrations and their progeny were measured using two types of passive integrated discriminative radon-thoron detectors commercially known as RADUET and DRPS/DTPS. The concentration of Rn ranged from 33 to 75 Bq m⁻³, with a mean value of 49 Bq m⁻³. The concentration of Tn ranged from 11 to 742 Bq m⁻³, with a mean value of 203 Bq m⁻³. It was determined that 93% of dwellings exhibited EERC values below the global mean of 15 Bq m⁻³, with the EETC mean value being 22 times greater than the global average value of 0.5 Bq m⁻³. The research provides substantial contributions for the implementation of the national radon plan in Cameroon. The equilibrium factor for radon (FRn) was found to be 60% higher than the UNSCEAR average value of 0.4. The study underscores the limitation in the application of the UNSCEAR equilibrium factor in assessment of total effective inhalation dose, as it could potentially lead to an underestimation of the risk of public exposure to thoron and radon in many regions worldwide. The annual effective inhalation dose was estimated directly, with radon, thoron, EERC, and EETC contributing to the total effective inhalation dose at 2% (0.04 mSv), 5% (0.11 mSv), 38% (0.93 mSv), and 55% (1.34 mSv), respectively. These results highlight the importance of direct measurements of the progeny concentrations either for radon and thoron for accurately estimation of the effective inhalation dose.
Understanding how the traits of lineages are related to diversification is key for elucidating the origin of variation in species richness. Here, we test whether traits are related to species richness among lineages of trees from all major biogeographical settings of the lowland wet tropics. We explore whether variation in mortality rate, breeding system and maximum diameter are related to species richness, either directly or via associations with range size, among 463 genera that contain wet tropical forest trees. For Amazonian genera, we also explore whether traits are related to species richness via variation among genera in mean species-level range size. Lineages with higher mortality rates—faster life-history strategies—have larger ranges in all biogeographic settings and have higher mean species-level range sizes in Amazonia. These lineages also have smaller maximum diameters and, in the Americas, contain dioecious species. In turn, lineages with greater overall range size have higher species richness. Our results show that fast life-history strategies influence species richness in all biogeographic settings because lineages with these ecological strategies have greater range sizes. These links suggest that dispersal has been a key process in the evolution of the tropical forest flora.
The aim of this study was to determine the degree of pollution associated with heavy metals (Al, Fe, Cr, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, and Pb) and the related ecological risk in surface sediments from the rivers of the Batouri gold mining region. To achieve this, 22 surface samples were analyzed using the ICP-MS method. Various indices, including the Concentration Factor (CF), Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Sediment Quality Guidelines (TEL and PEL), and Ecological Risk Indices [Potential Ecological Risk Index (Er) and Potential Ecological Risk Factor (RI)], were employed to assess sediment quality and ecological risk. The results were processed using analytical and statistical methods. The distribution of mean concentrations (in mg/kg) was as follows: Al > Fe > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cu > Co > Mo. Spatial distribution analysis revealed that the highest concentrations were located near mining areas. The quality indices indicated that the sediments were characterized by low to moderate pollution, with the exception of Pb, which was classified as extremely contaminated in some samples based on CF values. Over 70% of the samples showed evidence of anthropogenic influence (EF > 1.5) and progressive degradation (PLI > 1). The RI values (< 110) indicated low ecological risk. Statistical analyses revealed two main sources of pollutant input: a geogenic source and anthropogenic sources. The natural sources of heavy metals in the study area were linked to chemical weathering processes affecting the source rocks of the sediments. Meanwhile, the anthropogenic sources were attributed to the uncontrolled management of mining waste.
The electrochemical synthesis of nickel–cobalt (Ni–Co) layered double hydroxides (LDHs) on a nickel-coated graphite support for water splitting applications was investigated. Three different electrochemical approaches, namely, cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), and chronopotentiometry (CP), were employed for evaluating the electrodeposition of Ni–Co LDHs. The graphite support was initially coated with a thin layer of Ni by applying 50 mA cm⁻² constant current density for 120 s. Raman spectroscopy results confirmed the intercalation of nitrates, evidenced by the characteristic Raman bands at 1033 cm⁻¹ (ν1) and 1329 cm⁻¹ (ν3). These characteristic bands were indicative of nitrate intercalation, a key feature of LDHs, further supporting the classification of the synthesized material as NiCo LDHs on a nickel-coated graphite support. It was observed that the electrochemical routes used for the synthesis influenced the morphology, composition, and electrochemical behavior of the obtained Ni–Co LDHs. Moreover, atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements revealed distinct nanoscale surface characteristics associated with the synthesis methods, with the Ni–Co LDH synthesized via the CV route exhibiting higher surface heterogeneity than that synthesized via the constant potential method (CA), resulting in a more textured surface. These findings were further supported by roughness average (Ra) values, where CV-synthesized Ni–Co LDH displayed the highest Ra of 221 nm, indicating a more extensive active surface area. The electrochemical performance, both for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), were correlated with these surface variations. This study provides valuable insights into the electrochemical experimental parameters for the synthesis of Ni–Co LDHs and their potential application in water splitting processes.
This study aims to provide new insights into the angular momentum dependence of 14^{14}C-decay. To achieve this, we perform a systematic analysis of the radioactive decay of radon isotopes via 14^{14}C cluster emission, employing the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation and introducing the screened Kratzer–Morse potential as an innovative nuclear potential. While the 14^{14}C emission from radon isotopes has not yet been identified experimentally, our study extends the classical theory of α\alpha -decay to predict half-lives and branching ratios for 14^{14}C-decay in radon isotopes 216223^{216-223}Rn. The results of this work indicate that low angular momentum states favor 14^{14}C emission, and the predicted half-lives are consistent with previous theoretical studies. On the other hand, the calculation of branching ratio relative to α\alpha -decay allowed us to quantify the probability of 14^{14}C-decay channel for different values of l. The branching ratios suggest that radon isotopes belonging to the naturally occurring radioactive series are the most favorable regarding 14^{14}C emission, especially the 86222^{222}_{86}Rn, which is prime candidate for potential experimental detection of 14^{14}C emission. Due to limited experimental data on 14^{14}C emission from radon isotopes, to validate our model we extended our calculations to other cluster decays with available half-lives, including 14^{14}C, 20^{20}O, 22,24,26^{22,24,26}Ne, 28,30^{28,30}Mg, and 32^{32}Si emissions from heavy nuclei. Our predicted half-lives values for cluster emission are validated by experimental data, especially for low angular momentum values.
Introduction Blood and blood products are essential for patients in need of transfusion therapy, especially those undergoing surgical procedures, childbirth and other injuries. In Cameroon, there is an annual deficit of over 270 000 pints of blood, with a coverage rate of only 17%. This qualitative study investigates the barriers and motivators to blood donation among Cameroonian adults, with the aim of better understanding community perceptions and practices. Methods This ethnographic study was performed using a purposive sampling strategy. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were conducted with community members to understand perceptions and practices that serve as motivators and deterrents to blood donation in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Data were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically to identify emerging themes. Results A total of 25 Cameroonian adults were interviewed. Some participants believed that donating blood is: (1) a humanitarian and life-saving gesture, (2) an act of social and religious responsibility and (3) a means for donors to access health services. Some people do not want to donate blood due to: (1) fear of needles, donor-site pain or possible ritualistic use of donated blood, (2) certain religious beliefs, such as those held by Jehovah’s Witnesses, (3) local and cultural beliefs, (4) the perception that blood donation is a commercial activity for many health personnel and (5) lack of transparency from health personnel. The practice of free and voluntary donation, as well as donations specifically to family and friends, was common. Occasionally, requests for financial remuneration prior to blood donation also emerged. Conclusions Community members displayed both favourable and unfavourable perceptions as well as both safe and risky practices related to blood donation. The positive aspects highlighted the potential for creating a supportive environment for blood donation, while the negative aspects presented the significant challenges facing the development of high-quality blood donation and transfusion services. Efforts to reduce apathy toward blood donation and expand the pool of regular, repeat donors must carefully address the diverse perceptions and practices identified in this study.
We propose a nonlinear FitzHugh–Nagumo neuronal model with an asymmetric potential driven by both a high-frequency signal and a low-frequency signal. Our numerical analysis focuses on the influence of a state-dependent time delay on vibrational resonance and delay-induced resonance phenomena. The response amplitude at the low-frequency signal is explored to characterize the vibrational resonance and delay-induced resonance. Our results show that for smaller values of the amplitude of the state-dependent time-delay velocity component, vibrational resonance and multi-resonance occur in the neuronal model. For large values of the high-frequency excitation amplitude, vibrational resonance appears with one peak. Furthermore, we observe a change in the response when the amplitude of the state-dependent time-delay velocity component increases. In addition, we analyze how the state-dependent time-delay position and velocity components can give birth to delay-induced resonance for separate and together. The key findings of this work demonstrate that the state-dependent time-delay velocity component plays a crucial role in both phenomena. Specifically, the delay parameter serves as a critical control factor, capable of triggering the onset of the two resonances.
Background Several studies have highlighted alteration in the gut microbiome associated with the onset and progression of diseases. Recognizing the potential of gut microbiota as biomarkers, this systematic review seeks to synthesize current data on the intricate relationship between the host gut microbiome profiles and their usefulness for the development of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic approaches to control human schistosomiasis. Methods A systematic literature review was carried out by searching for relevant studies published until date, that is May 2024, using Medline, Embase, Global Health, Web of Science, and Global Index Medicus databases. The keywords used to select articles were "Gut microbiome", "Gut Microbiota", "Schistosomiasis", "Bilharziasis ", and "Human". Extracted data were analysed qualitatively from the selected articles. Results Of the 885 articles retrieved and screened, only 13 (1.47%) met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Of the included studies, 6 (46.2%) explored alterations of gut microbiome in schistosome-infected patients, 4 (30.7%) in patients with liver pathologies, and 3 (23.1%) in patients treated with praziquantel. Bacteria from the genera Bacteroides , Faecalibacterium , Blautia and Megasphaera were associated with S . japonicum and S . haematobium infection in school-aged children, whereas infection with S . mansoni rather associated with Klebsiella and Enterobacter . The gut microbiota signature in patient with schistosomiasis-induced liver pathology was reported only for S . japonicum , and the genus Prevotella appeared as a non-invasive biomarker of S . japonicum -associated liver fibrosis. For S . mansoni -infected school-aged children, it further appeared that the treatment outcome following praziquantel administration associated with the abundance in the gut microbiome of bacteria from the classes Fusobacteriales, Rickettsiales and Neisseriales. Conclusion The host gut microbiome appears to be a valuable, non-invasive, but still poorly utilized, source of host biomarkers potentially informative for better diagnosing, prognosing and treating schistosomiasis. Further studies are therefore needed to comprehensively define such gut microbial biomarkers of human schistosomiasis and catalyse the informed development of gut microbiome-based tools of schistosomiasis control.
Nickel sulphide (NiS) with its low band gap and interesting optical properties, is able to absorb visible light, thus possess appreciable photocatalytic properties. However, their synthesis by green and sustainable methods with controlled morphologies, sizes and phases for specific applications remains a major challenge. We herein report the green synthesis of olive oil- (OO) and castor oil-(CO) capped NixSy nanoparticles by the thermolysis of [Ni(L)2] (1) and [Ni2(L)3(SCN)].6H2O (2) complexes as single source precursors (SSPs) at 190 °C and 230 °C, (L being furan-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone). The single crystal X-ray structure of compound (1) has been elucidated. The influence of reaction parameters on the structure, morphology, size, optical and photocatalytic properties of the synthesized nanoparticles Has been examined using various techniques. Results of powder X-ray diffraction (p-XRD) reveal a mixture of hexagonal Ni17S18 and orthorhombic Ni9S8 nanomaterials. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the elemental composition of NixSy nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed spherical and fibrous nanoparticles with sizes ranging between 3.0 and 25.3 nm. Optical properties of NixSy nanoparticles. The band gap energies obtained from Tauc plots vary between 2.25 and 2.49 eV and 2.29–2.50 eV for NixSy nanoparticles derived from complex (1) and complex (2) respectively and show considerable blue shift from its bulk value due to quantum size confinement effect. The presence of peaks around 1390 and 1561 cm⁻¹ in the Raman spectra confirm the formation of olive and castor oil capped nickel sulphide nanoparticles (NPs). These results suggest that crystallinity, size, morphology and optical properties of the synthesized NixSy NPs were affected by thermolysis temperature, capping agent and precursor type. The as-prepared nickel sulphide nanoparticles were used as photocatalysts for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) at a concentration of 10 ppm under UV light irradiation. Nickel sulphide nanoparticles obtained in olive oil at 190 °C using complex (2) as SSP, showed a maximum degradation efficiency of 52.0% after 180 min, suggesting that NixSy nanoparticles can be used as photocatalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants. Graphical Abstract
Fusarium is a multifaced genus composed of both devastating plant pathogens and beneficial fungi species. When Fusarium is not causing disease in plants, it is producing a wide array of structurally diverse and unique metabolites with potential application in various industries including agriculture. Metabolites produced by Fusarium have multidimensional bioactivities. In the agricultural system, they have been reported to affect plant health both directly and indirectly. Fusarium can produce molecules such as phytohormones for development, siderophores for iron acquisition, enzymes for nutrient mobilization and volatile metabolites that can function as signal molecules and play important roles in plant growth and development. Fusarium also produces non-volatiles and volatiles metabolites with ability to inhibit various phytopathogens and nematodes. Metabolites produced by Fusarium can also impact plant physiology and induce plant defense systems to resist against biotic and abiotic stresses. This chapter provides a brief overview of the beneficial and potential application of Fusarium metabolites for crops improvement.
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2,337 members
Julius Oben
  • Department of Biochemistry
Danielle Bilanda
  • Département de Biologie et Physiologie Animales
Marcelin Ngowe Ngowe
  • Département de Chirurgie et Spécialités
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Yaoundé, Cameroon