Recent publications
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes a highly contagious, acute upper respiratory disease in chickens characterized by nasal discharge, coughing, and rales. Here, the complete genome sequence of a recombinant GI-13 IBV strain ck/IN/A2332039-001/24 was sequenced from a choanal sample of a commercial broiler chicken in India using nontargeted next-generation sequencing.
Context
Track & field and cross country athletes experience high rates of lower extremity injuries. The Running Readiness Scale (RRS) may help determine which athletes have a higher likelihood of lower extremity injury.
Objective
To determine if RRS performance at the start of the season was related to likelihood of experiencing a lower extremity injury during the subsequent track & field or cross country season.
Design
Prospective cohort study.
Setting
University.
Patients or Other Participants
113 NCAA Division III track & field athletes in running, jumping and vaulting events and cross country runners (50 female, 63 male, mean±SD age 19.9±1.3 years).
Main Outcome Measure(s)
Athletes were assessed on RRS tasks: double-leg hops, plank, step ups, single-leg squats, and wall sit at the start of their season and then were observed by team athletic trainers during the season for occurrence of lower extremity injuries that resulted in missing one or more practices or meets. Adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the likelihood of lower extremity injury.
Results
Thirty-seven athletes (32.7%) experienced a lower extremity injury. Athletes scoring ≤3 on the RRS were almost five times more likely to experience lower extremity injury (AOR=4.8; 95%CI: 2.1-11.3) than athletes scoring ≥ 4. Athletes failing double-leg hops or wall sit tasks were more likely to experience lower extremity injury (p<0.05).
Conclusions
Track & field and cross country athletes with RRS scores of ≤3 had a higher likelihood of lower extremity injury than those with scores of ≥4.
Dementia and the associated stigma pose unique threats to the identity of persons with dementia, triggering attempts to cope with resulting identity changes. We explore identity change narratives and metaphors written by people with dementia and care partners in public blog posts. These metaphors reflect bloggers’ motivation to adapt, adjust, and cope with identity change and their motives to challenge common misunderstandings of dementia as a complete loss of selfhood. We used the Social Identity Model of Identity Change (SIMIC) as a guiding framework. We developed a dementia model of identity change and found that bloggers engage in three motivational processes to cope with identity threats. Identity crisis is characterized by becoming aware of the dementia symptoms and their implications for identity. Identity stagnation involves feelings of helplessness and lack of motivation for capitalizing on old or new identities. Identity continuation and growth involves active coping with identity changes by maintaining old identities and developing new identities. These processes are reflected in distinct metaphors (e.g., the “going in circles” metaphor is reflective of identity stagnation). We documented how persons living with dementia maintain past identities and develop new identities that are uniquely reflective of their interests, social connections, and family ties. For instance, old and new identities are anchored in meaningful places—a café, town, or nature spaces—and family members are integral to identity continuation and growth. Finally, we documented a here-and-now identity, which is valued and reinforced in the context of close relationships with others. The current work underscores the importance of considering the multitude of identities that make an individual with dementia a person and therefore advocates for more nuanced conceptualizations of the self—away from a tragedy discourse about a complete loss of identity in people living with dementia.
We study the Art Gallery Problem under k-hop visibility in polyominoes. In this visibility model, two unit squares of a polyomino can see each other if and only if the shortest path between the respective vertices in the dual graph of the polyomino has length at most k. In this paper, we show that the VC dimension of this problem is 3 in simple polyominoes, and 4 in polyominoes with holes. Furthermore, we provide a reduction from Planar Monotone 3Sat, thereby showing that the problem is NP-complete even in thin polyominoes (i.e., polyominoes that do not a contain a block of cells). Complementarily, we present a linear-time 4-approximation algorithm for simple 2-thin polyominoes (which do not contain a block of cells) for all .
Soil organic matter (SOM) influences a wide range of ecosystem processes, including nutrient cycling, water movement, plant productivity, and biodiversity. In agricultural landscapes, adjacent land uses often differ in SOM contents and related soil properties, such as soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, but the direction and magnitude of these effects are inconsistent across studies. We assessed how land uses differed in SOM and related properties in a representative US Midwest agricultural–forest landscape to support land‐use and management decisions by local landowners and producers. We measured SOM, bulk density (Db), root biomass, and pH, and estimated SOC stocks, in a Typic Hapludalf under four adjacent land uses (permanent forest, pasture, restored prairie on former pasture, and spruce plantation on former pasture). Surface SOM concentrations and stocks were higher under permanent forest (89 g kg⁻¹ and 85 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively) and pasture (63 g kg⁻¹ and 81 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively) than under restored prairie (49 g kg⁻¹ and 58 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively) and spruce plantation (46 g kg⁻¹ and 46 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively). Land uses also differed in Db, root biomass, and pH, with permanent forest and spruce plantation soils having generally lower Db, more root biomass, and more acidic pH than pasture and restored prairie soils. Specific statistically significant differences depended upon depth in the soil profile. Overall, our results suggest that each land use differentially impacts a unique set of soil properties, precluding any single explanation or management recommendation aimed at improving soil health as a whole.
This study uses discrete event simulation to investigate the benefits of Collaborative Planning, Forecasting andReplenishment (CPFR) strategy over Traditional Supply Chain (TSC) under different inventory holding costsand backorder penalty costs for both the manufacturer and retailer. A two-echelon production-inventory systemwith a retailer and manufacturer in a variable demand environment is considered for this study. No information isshared in TSC, while sales, forecast and inventory level information is shared in CPFR between a retailer and amanufacturer. The order quantity for retailer and the production quantity for manufacturer during each period aredetermined using periodic review order-up-to inventory policy. Lot-for-lot production policy is used by themanufacturer with a lead time of one period. The results suggest that CPFR performs better than TSC for boththe manufacturer and retailer under all inventory holding costs. As inventory holding cost per unit per periodincreases, benefits of CPFR also increases for both the manufacturer and retailer. Also, when inventory holdingcost is high, maximum benefits of CPFR is achieved for both the manufacturer and the retailerin an environmentwithhigh demand variability, high backorder penalty cost and long delivery lead time.
Beginning in the 1960s, subfields claimed a central place in the production and dissemination of economic knowledge. Generalists were replaced by economists who specialized in the study of international economics, public economics, labor economics, or econometrics. New infrastructure emerged, including field-specific societies and field-specific journals (Backhouse and Cherrier 2017; Cherrier 2017; Cherrier and Rebours 2023; Desmarais-Tremblay, Johnson, and Sturn 2023; Desmarais-Tremblay and Svorenčik 2021; Svorenčik 2021). Some of the earliest movers were those interested in social choice and the political economy of governance. In 1963, a coalition of economists and political economists established the Committee for Non-Market Decision Making; a preliminary conference led to the creation of the Public Choice Society, an annual conference, and a specialized journal, Public Choice (Buchanan 2003; Medema 2011). ¹ Public Choice was quickly followed by the Journal of Human Resources (1965), the Journal of Economic Education (1969), the Journal of International Economics (1971), the Journal of Public Economics (1972), the Journal of Econometrics (1973), the Journal of Urban Economics (1974), the Journal of Environmental Economics and Management (1974), and the Journal of Comparative Economics (1977), all attached to newly formed societies and associations.
In the 1950s, Buchanan proposed an approach to public debt rooted in individual calculus that challenged the prevailing Keynesian orthodoxy. In addition to the Italian tradition, Buchanan drew in important ways on the intellectual heritage of Knight, Simons, and Wicksell to advance an alternative narrative of public debt that considered both the decision-making process and the long-run implications of sustained public debt. By orientating his approach in an individualist rather than organic conception of the state, Buchanan not only provided a logical structure by which to evaluate debt decisions but also established an ethical argument against cross-generational debt based on the idea of voluntary consent.
Streptocara incognita Gibson, 1968 is an acuariid nematode associated with lethal cases of streptocarosis of diverse aquatic birds in North America and Europe. This study reports S. incognita as an agent causing severe and fatal necrosis of the oesophagus and proventriculus of anatids, i.e. Somateria mollissima (L.), Marmaronetta angustirostris (Ménétriés), Tadorna tadorna (L.) and Spatula querquedula (L.), kept in open pens in the Zoological Park, Clères, France. Comparative analysis of 12S rRNA gene sequences revealed that third-stage infective nematode larvae found in the amphipod Gammarus pulex pulex (L.) in the river passing through the pens belong to S. incognita thus elucidating the life cycle of this species. A partial sequence of the cox1 gene was also generated. To complement the brief original description of S. incognita, a detailed morphological description of the adult stages is provided based on light and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, morphological data on the developing third- and fourth-stage larvae found in the definitive host and third-stage infective nematode larvae found in G. pulex pulex are also provided. This is the first record of an intermediate host of S. incognita. Somateria mollissima, M. angustirostris and S. querquedula are new host records.
Treatments which inhibit or inactivate Cdk1/cyclin B in metaphase-arrested mammalian cells and budding yeast are described. These treatments induce the cells to exit mitosis and return to interphase, though without chromosome segregation or cytokinesis, and they provide the basis for a method to identify enzymes or other proteins which act “downstream” from Cdk1 inactivation and to elucidate the roles of those proteins in mitotic exit. In this method, inactivation of Cdk1 is combined with inhibition or inactivation of a protein of interest and the effects are observed. This approach should be particularly useful for determining which protein phosphatases are involved in the transition from mitosis to G1-phase and for identifying their substrates.
Water deprivation is a life-threatening condition that engages a protective physiological response to couple osmolyte retention with potentiation of thirst. This response, typical for most mammals, safeguards against short-term water deprivation but fails in the long term. Thirteen-lined ground squirrels ( Ictidomys tridecemlineatus ) use the short-term response during summer, whereas during winter, they lack thirst and survive without water for months. In this work, we show that long-term thirst suppression occurs despite hormonal and behavioral signs of a substantial fluid deficit and originates from hypoactivity of neurons in the circumventricular organs, which exhibit marked functional suppression during winter that blunts their sensitivity to thirst cues. Our work reveals a notable capacity of the evolutionarily conserved brain regions that control fluid homeostasis in mammals to enable long-term survival without water.
The Upper Ordovician (Katian) Neda Formation, a phosphatic ironstone, records a widespread but short‐lived shift to ferruginous waters across a vast epicontinental area. Lithofacies and stratigraphic reappraisal indicate that Neda ironstone deposition occurred on a storm‐dominated ramp when coastal upwelling emplaced eutrophic ferruginous waters that mixed with oxygenated surface water. This stimulated primary productivity and precipitated Fe‐(oxyhydr)oxides in the water column that formed phosphorous and iron‐rich mud. Remobilization of iron beneath the seafloor led to the syndepositional authigenic precipitation of P and Fe minerals in the sediment, preferentially coating grains and forming granular ironstone in the top few decimetres of the sediment. The top of the Neda Formation is a pronounced unconformity punctuated by laterite that formed as sea level fell during the Hirnantian Glaciation. The transition from oxygenated to ferruginous conditions that led to ironstone deposition is interpreted to have been caused by an increase in the equator‐to‐pole temperature gradient and concomitant reorganization of thermohaline circulation during the Katian. This intensified upwelling off the Laurentian margin with upwelled waters transported into the midcontinent where ironstone accumulated through the Sebree Trough. The Neda ironstone's deposition coincident with, and potentially caused by, the same drivers as global oceanographic and biotic change during the Late Ordovician both adds greater insight into the major changes in the oceans preceding the Late Ordovician Mass Extinction and Hirnantian Glaciation, and also furthers an emerging model tying ironstone deposition throughout the Phanerozoic to major Earth system events.
The paper applies a blend of econometric and machine learning techniques to individual-level data from the 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce to identify covariates that appear to predict life satisfaction across four age-sex sub-populations; specifically, females age < 49; females age 49+; males age < 49; and males age 49+. Covariates such as logged absolute earnings, stress, sleep troubles, job satisfaction, marital status, depression, health status, job physicality, and some types of workplace flexibilities and are among the strongest predictors of life satisfaction across the sub-populations. The findings largely prevail though a wide array of sensitivity analyses, including alternative specifications and alternative estimation strategies, among them exhaustive-search algorithms and variable importance results from random forest algorithms. Prediction results from confusion matrices are reported for all binary-response models alongside coefficient estimates (where possible); the logit models delivered the best prediction accuracy. JEL Classifications: J28, J30, J32, J,63, J81
Torpor encompasses diverse adaptations to extreme environmental stressors such as hibernation, aestivation, brumation, and daily torpor. Here we introduce StrokeofGenus, an analytic pipeline that identifies distinct transcriptomic states and shared gene expression patterns across studies, tissues, and species. We use StrokeofGenus to study multiple and diverse forms of torpor from publicly-available RNA-seq datasets that span eight species and two classes. We identify three transcriptionally distinct states during the cycle of heterothermia: euthermia, torpor, and interbout arousal. We also identify torpor-specific gene expression patterns that are shared both across tissues and between species with over three hundred million years of evolutionary divergence. We further demonstrate the general sharing of gene expression patterns in multiple forms of torpor, implying a common evolutionary origin for this process. Although here we apply StrokeofGenus to analysis of torpor, it can be used to interrogate any other complex physiological processes defined by transient transcriptomic states.
The conservation sector increasingly values reflexivity, in which professionals critically reflect on the social, institutional and political aspects of their work. Reflexivity offers diverse benefits, from enhancing individual performance to driving institutional transformation. However, integrating reflexivity into conservation practice remains challenging and is often confined to informal reflections with limited impact. To overcome this challenge, we introduce co-reflexivity, offering an alternative to the binary distinction between social science on or for conservation, which respectively produce critical outsider accounts of conservation or provide social science instruments for achieving conservation objectives. Instead, co-reflexivity is a form of social science with conservation, in which conservation professionals and social scientists jointly develop critical yet constructive perspectives on and approaches to conservation. We demonstrate the value of co-reflexivity by presenting a set of reflections on the project model, the dominant framework for conservation funding, which organizes conservation activity into distinct, target-oriented and temporally bounded units that can be funded, implemented and evaluated separately. Co-reflexivity helps reveal the diverse challenges that the project model creates for conservation practice, including for the adoption of reflexivity itself. Putting insights from social science research in dialogue with reflections from conservation professionals, we co-produce a critique of project-based conservation with both theoretical and practical implications. These cross-disciplinary conversations provide a case study of how co-reflexivity can enhance the conservation–social science relationship.
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