University of Valparaíso

In this comprehensive analysis of Chile’s air quality dynamics spanning 2016 to 2021, the utilization of data from the National Air Quality Information System (SINCA) and its network of monitoring stations was undertaken. Quintero, Puchuncaví, and Coyhaique were the focal points of this study, with the primary objective being the construction of predictive models for sulfur dioxide (SO2), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and coarse particulate matter (PM10). A hybrid forecasting strategy was employed, integrating Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models with Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), incorporating external covariates such as wind speed and direction to enhance prediction accuracy. Vital monitoring stations, including Quintero, Ventanas, Coyhaique I, and Coyhaique II, played a pivotal role in data collection and model development. Emphasis on industrial and residential zones highlighted the significance of discerning pollutant origins and the influence of wind direction on concentration measurements. Geographical and climatic factors, notably in Coyhaique, revealed a seasonal stagnation effect due to topography and low winter temperatures, contributing to heightened pollution levels. Model performance underwent meticulous evaluation, utilizing metrics such as the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Ljung-Box statistical tests, and diverse statistical indicators. The hybrid ARIMA-ANN models demonstrated strong predictive capabilities, boasting an R² exceeding 0.90. The outcomes underscored the imperative for tailored strategies in air quality management, recognizing the intricate interplay of environmental factors. Additionally, the adaptability and precision of neural network models were highlighted, showcasing the potential of advanced technologies in refining air quality forecasts. The findings reveal that geographical and climatic factors, especially in Coyhaique, contribute to elevated pollution levels due to seasonal stagnation and low winter temperatures. These results underscore the need for tailored air quality management strategies and highlight the potential of advanced modeling techniques to improve future air quality forecasts and deepen the understanding of environmental challenges in Chile.

Background Chronic exposure to stress, quantified by allostatic load (AL), has been postulated as a cause of structural brain changes in the context of dementia. White matter hyperintensities (WMH), detected in MRI FLAIR, are a common brain abnormality representing small vessel disease or degenerative changes in the brain. Here, we studied differences in tract‐specific WMH volume across three risk levels of AL in Chilean subjects with cognitive complaint, to explore links between chronic stress exposure and prodromal steps of dementia. Method The study included 135 subjects with cognitive complaint from a chilean cohort. Based in MoCA test, subjects were classified in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (47) and subjective cognitive complaint (SCC) (88). To measure AL, we employed 15 metabolic, cardiovascular and immunity biomarkers, and the scores were classified in low, medium, and high risk levels of AL. WMH were calculated with Lesion Segmentation Toolbox, in SPM 12, and segmented according to John Hopkins University (JHU) and Human Connectome (HCP) atlases. To explore differences in tract‐specific WMH volume per risk level AL, we used a Kruskal Wallis test in each cognitive group (SCC and MCI). In significant tracts, a U Mann ‐ Whitney test was performed to establish the paired AL risk groups with significance. Result In the MCI group, we found a higher tract‐specific WMH load as a function of AL risk level in 10 tracts of the JHU atlas, and in 31 tracts of the HCP atlas. Differences were observed between low and medium‐risk of AL, with medium‐risk group showing a higher WMH load than low‐risk group. Conclusion We observed significative differences in tract‐specific WMH lesion between low and medium risk of AL, only in MCI. It is according with literature that show the WMH burden could be associated with cognitive deficit, but not it’s risk. In this study, we further establish a link between chronic stress exposure and WM structural changes in early stages of neurocognitive disorders. We suggest that AL is a global measurement that could mediate the relation between vascular or neurodegenerative factors to WMH origin. Use of neurodegenerative and cardiovascular biomarkers can be useful to explore this mediation.

Background Chronic exposure to stress, quantified by allostatic load (AL), has been postulated as a cause of structural brain changes in the context of dementia. White matter hyperintensities (WMH), detected in MRI FLAIR, are a common brain abnormality representing small vessel disease or degenerative changes in the brain. Here, we studied differences in tract‐specific WMH volume across three risk levels of AL in Chilean subjects with cognitive complaint, to explore links between chronic stress exposure and prodromal steps of dementia. Method The study included 135 subjects with cognitive complaint from a chilean cohort. Based in MoCA test, subjects were classified in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (47) and subjective cognitive complaint (SCC) (88). To measure AL, we employed 15 metabolic, cardiovascular and immunity biomarkers, and the scores were classified in low, medium, and high risk levels of AL. WMH were calculated with Lesion Segmentation Toolbox, in SPM 12, and segmented according to John Hopkins University (JHU) and Human Connectome (HCP) atlases. To explore differences in tract‐specific WMH volume per risk level AL, we used a Kruskal Wallis test in each cognitive group (SCC and MCI). In significant tracts, a U Mann ‐ Whitney test was performed to establish the paired AL risk groups with significance. Result In the MCI group, we found a higher tract‐specific WMH load as a function of AL risk level in 10 tracts of the JHU atlas, and in 31 tracts of the HCP atlas. Differences were observed between low and medium‐risk of AL, with medium‐risk group showing a higher WMH load than low‐risk group. Conclusion We observed significative differences in tract‐specific WMH lesion between low and medium risk of AL, only in MCI. It is according with literature that show the WMH burden could be associated with cognitive deficit, but not it’s risk. In this study, we further establish a link between chronic stress exposure and WM structural changes in early stages of neurocognitive disorders. We suggest that AL is a global measurement that could mediate the relation between vascular or neurodegenerative factors to WMH origin. Use of neurodegenerative and cardiovascular biomarkers can be useful to explore this mediation.

Background Chronic exposition to stressor factors has been postulated as a cause of structural changes in the brain in the context of dementia. One of these changes can be the fiber integrity loss, that can be measured by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We obtained DTI whole brain metrics to relate them with allostatic load in subjects of a chilean cohort of cognitive complaint subjects. Method We selected 135 subjects of a chilean cohort of cognitive complaint subjects and classified based in MoCA test in subjects with (58) (MCI) and without (77) (SCC) cognitive decline groups. To measure AL, we selected 15 metabolic, cardiovascular and immunitary biomarkers and the subjects were categorized in low, medium, and high‐risk categories of AL. DTI was calculated using a deterministic tractography algorithm and the relationships were established using a correlational tractoghraphy tool, based in DSIstudio, calculating the FDR (≤ 0,05) of whole brain fasciculus. Age and education was regressed out. After that, fasciculus with significance were segmented based on HCP 1065 atlas. Result we obtained significative correlations in many fibers, depending on the parameter studied. Is interesting to note that bilateral cingulum bundles, and corpus callosum integrity are within the fibers that have relationship with allostatic load in both cognitive groups. Additionally, MCI group presents more compromised tracts than SCC group. Conclusion In this study, a relationship between allostatic load and DTI integrity measurements in MCI and SCC groups was found. An interesting correlation exists in fornix and bilateral cingulum bundles, that can be supported by findings in previous studies based in human and animal models where the stress effects in white matter were studied. These results open an interesting research area to explore the role of stress response and mediators in early steps of dementia, who until today, has been poorly studied.

Background The Alzheimer's Disease (AD) continuum is composed of Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer's Disease Dementia (ADD). Changes in grey matter volume (GMV), characteristic of the AD continuum, are related to cognitive and activities of daily living (ADL) impairments. ADLs are divided into three domains: i) Basic (BADL), ii) Instrumental (IADL), and iii) Advanced (AADL), and their study is critical for understanding the evolution and adequate follow‐up of patients. To date, the neuroanatomical basis of impairment in ADL has not been addressed. This work aimed to study the relationship between GMV and the ADL domains in the AD continuum. Method A cross‐sectional study of 77 SCD, 30 MCI, and 23 ADD, matched for age, sex, and education, was conducted. ADLs were assessed with the Technology‐Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire (T‐ADLQ). A voxel‐wise regression analysis (with the SPM module) was performed to explore the association between GMV and the domains of ADLs. Total Intracranial Volume (TIV) was entered as a covariate. The analysis was performed for each patient group (MCI and ADD) in tandem with the SCD group to increase sample size, data variance, and statistical power. Result Regression analysis for ADD‐SCD (Figure 1a) shows that in ADD patients (Table 1), AADLs were associated with decreased GMV in temporal, frontal, parietal, and insular regions. IADLs were also associated with temporal, frontal, parietal, and insular areas but were more widely distributed. BADLs were associated with temporal, frontal, and insular structures. The MCI‐SCD analysis (Figure 1b) shows that in patients with MCI (Table 2), AADLs were associated with temporal areas and IADLs with temporal, frontal, and parietal regions. BADLs had no significant associations. Conclusion Associations between ADL domains with decreased GMV were more widely distributed in ADD compared to the MCI group, with a pattern similar to the neurodegenerative progression in the AD continuum. This finding highlights the potential of diverse neuroanatomical markers of functional capacity at different stages of the AD continuum. Such markers could hold significant relevance for the classification and follow‐up of patients from an ADL perspective, thereby improving the understanding of the consequences in daily life.

ABSTRACTA Ante un contexto global más diverso, se ha vuelto más evidente que las empresas cuentan con un mayor número de empleados LGBT+ en sus filas. Sin embargo, aún se desconocen los factores que influyen en la satisfacción laboral de los empleados LGBT+, y existe poca literatura sobre por qué y cuándo los empleados LGBT+ entran o salen del closet en el lugar de trabajo, influidos por el contexto de (des)colonización que Chile ha experimentado en los últimos años. Este artículo explora los principales factores que determinan la satisfacción laboral de los empleados LGBT+, y la dinámica que adoptan para entrar o salir del closet. Los datos se recopilan y analizan mediante la técnica de incidentes críticos (CIT). Los resultados muestran que los factores de Herzberg operan en contextos modernos, complejos y heterogéneos. Tanto los factores motivacionales como los higiénicos están involucrados en la satisfacción laboral de los empleados LGBT+ y su influencia depende de si el contexto se encuentra (des)colonizado. Por último, identificamos un nuevo factor para estos empleados minoritarios, al que llamamos apertura contextual, que está vinculado con procesos de descolonización que contribuyen a la satisfacción laboral de los empleados LGBT+.

The distance to the transition state (${x}^{\ddagger }$) is an important parameter for understanding the energy landscape of chemical reactions. In protein folding, ${x}^{\ddagger }$ represents the distance to the high energy structure between folded and unfolded states. This correlates with the deformation of the protein as it crosses the energy barrier defining its rigidity. This parameter can be determined by unfolding the protein, analyzing the kinetics of unfolding and refolding, and fitting the data to various models. An approach to determine the ${x}^{\ddagger }$ is using force as a way to tilt the energy landscape. Force spectroscopy studies, particularly at the single-molecule level, offer a powerful approach for this purpose. One of these techniques is optical tweezers, which allow the application of force by pulling on a bead attached to the protein via spacers, thereby unfolding it. This method provides measurements of force and distance between the folded and unfolded states of the protein. By analyzing force histograms, we can apply different models as the phenomenological Bell-Evans or Kramers theory-based models. Additionally, an alternative direct approach involves summing the distances to the transition state to fit the data of the distance of total protein unfolding. Using this approach, we can plot force versus distance and obtain the ${x}^{\ddagger }$ and the energy to the transition state from folded to unfolding and vice versa. Furthermore, these results can be correlated with elastic models, such as the worm-like chain model. By integrating these approaches, we can gain deeper insights into protein folding mechanisms.

One classic definition of ecology is that it is the science that studies the distribution and abundance of biotic components and their relationship with abiotic components. The use of statistical tools is very important for understanding ecology, especially the distribution and abundance of biotic components. The classic statistical viewpoint was that an ecological community (an interaction of different species in defined time and space) has a determined structure due to biotic and abiotic interactions. Nevertheless, this classic viewpoint has the risk of proneness to type I errors or “false positives”. In this situation, null models were proposed that have the premise that community ecology is random, meaning the absence of structure, and the null hypothesis for these models is the absence of regular structured patterns. The present study is a review of null models and their application to aquatic environments. These null models include three main models: for species co-occurrence, asserting that species associations are random; for size overlap, asserting that the size structure of species in the community is random, as a strategy for use of ecological niche; and for niche overlap, asserting that species in a community can share a defined ecological niche with consequent interspecific competition.

Psychiatric symptoms are frequent in neurocognitive disorders and dementias. Psychotic symptoms, mainly hallucinations and delusions, may appear in up to 50% of cases, influencing morbidity and mortality. Genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors are involved in their onset. We conducted a narrative review of primary articles developed in humans that analyzed the genetic and neurobiological basis of psychosis in dementias. Evidence suggests that there are genetic risk variants for presenting psychosis in dementia. How genetic variants are related to schizophrenia, dementia, and other neurodegenerative disorders is under discussion. Candidate gene studies have found COMT, SLC6A4, APOE, HTR2A, and HTR2C genetic variants are associated with psychosis in dementia, while genome-wide association studies have shown variants located in ENPP6 y SUMF1. Epigenetic studies are scarce but have detected differences in the methylome of people with dementia and psychosis. On the other hand, alterations of the cholinergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, and gabaergic neurotransmitter systems and the excitatory-inhibitory balance have been described in dementia. From a functional and anatomical point of view, there are alterations in several regions, mainly in the frontal area and other sensory processing and integration areas. Finally, we describe the influence of cognitive alterations in the genesis and maintenance of delusions and discuss the phenomenological overlap with confabulations. Multiple genetic, neurobiological, structural, and cognitive factors influence the occurrence of delusions and hallucinations in persons with dementia. Further research is needed to understand the pathophysiology of psychosis in dementias. This approach would support the understanding of psychosis as a transdiagnostic entity.

BK channels can control neuronal function, but their functional relevance in activity-dependent changes of synaptic function remains elusive. Here, we report that repetitive low-frequency stimulation activates BK channels through 12(S)HPETE, an arachidonic acid metabolite, produced downstream of postsynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) to trigger long-term depression (LTD) at CA3–CA1 synapses in hippocampal slices from P7–P10 mice. Activation of BK channels is subunit specific, as paxilline but not iberiotoxin blocked mGluR-LTD. Also, 12(S)HPETE does not change the electrophysiological properties of the BK channel when the BKα subunit is expressed alone but increases the channel open probability when the BKα is coexpressed with the β4-subunit. Our findings reveal an interaction between 12(S)HPETE and BK channels to regulate synaptic strength at central synapses and increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying mGluR-LTD in the neonatal hippocampus that likely contribute to circuit maturation necessary for learning.

In this article, we investigate expansivity, Li–Yorke chaos and shadowing properties for composition operators $C_{\phi }f = f \circ \phi$ induced by affine self-maps $\phi$ of the right half-plane ${\mathbb {C}}_{+}$ on the Hardy–Hilbert space $H^{2}(\mathbb {C_{+}})$.

The yellownose skate (Dipturus chilensis) and roughskin skate (Dipturus trachyderma) are the only two elasmobranch species targeted by commercial fishing operations in Chile. Despite their importance, much of their biology and ecology remain poorly understood. This research aimed to evaluate the feasibility of tagging these species. In 2021, a pilot study was conducted at two locations, utilizing Petersen discs, acoustic transmitters, and pop-up satellite transmitters on both species. The results revealed a 6% recovery rate from the 50 skates tagged with Petersen discs, while 29.4% of those tagged with acoustic transmitters were successfully detected. Additionally, data from all ten satellite transmitters were successfully transmitted and recovered. The results revealed a maximum horizontal movement of 35.9 km, with the duration of liberty ranging from 8 to 275 days. Stocks of both species are currently depleted, and fishery management relies on closures and total allowable catches, where fishing effort is concentrated in short spatial and temporal windows. These particularities present significant challenges for implementing a national tagging programme, especially in terms of tag recovery. The main conclusion of this research is that the implementation of a tagging programme for both species is feasible. Satellite tagging provides the best results, but its higher implementation cost and limitations in use for relatively small skates could be mitigated by combining it with Petersen discs. Establishing a long-term tagging programme is essential for enhancing the understanding of distribution and migration patterns, which is crucial for enhancing conservation and management efforts for these skates in Chile.

Objective The inflammatory responses from synovial fibroblasts and macrophages and the mitochondrial dysfunction in chondrocytes lead to oxidative stress, disrupt extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis, and accelerate the deterioration process of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis (OA). In recent years, it has been proposed that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) transfer their functional mitochondria to damaged cells in response to cellular stress, becoming one of the mechanisms underpinning their therapeutic effects. Therefore, we hypothesize that a novel cell-free treatment for OA could involve direct mitochondria transplantation, restoring both cellular and mitochondrial homeostasis. Methods Mitochondria were isolated from Umbilical Cord (UC)-MSC (Mito-MSC) and characterized based on their morphology, phenotype, functions, and their ability to be internalized by different articular cells. Furthermore, the transcriptional changes following mitochondrial uptake by chondrocytes were evaluated using an Affymetrix analysis, Lastly, the dose dependence therapeutic efficacy, biodistribution and immunogenicity of Mito-MSC were assessed in vivo, through an intra-articular injection in male C57BL6 mice in a collagenase-induced OA (CIOA) model. Results Our findings demonstrate the functional integrity of Mito-MSC and their ability to be efficiently transferred into chondrocytes, synovial macrophages, and synovial fibroblasts. Moreover, the transcriptomic analysis showed the upregulation of genes involved in stress such as DNA reparative machinery and inflammatory antiviral responses. Finally, Mito-MSC transplantation yielded significant reductions in joint mineralization, a hallmark of OA progression, as well as improvements in OA-related histological signs, with the lower dose exhibiting better therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, Mito-MSC was detected within the knee joint for up to 24 h post-injection without eliciting an inflammatory response in CIOA mice. Conclusion Collectively, our results reveal that mitochondria derived from MSC are transferred to key articular cells and are retained in the joint without generating an inflammatory immune response mitigating articular cartilage degradation in OA, probably through a restorative effect triggered by the stress antiviral response within OA chondrocytes.

Aims This review aims to classify the evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on mental health services (MHS) for people with serious mental illness (SMI) available in the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's (CSzG) specialised register. Design Scoping review. Methods We retrieved and screened RCTs of service‐level interventions considering non‐pharmacological approaches for mental healthcare of the CSzG register. We classified and collected the main characteristics of the RCTs using a customised data extraction and charting form based on DESDE‐LTS classification. Results We included 233 out of 262 total trial registries. Most of the studies were conducted in China, 136 (58%), 57 (24%) North America and 26 (11%) Europe. We classified the studies as ambulatory assistance 80 (34%), day services/out‐patient care 38 (16%), residential services 44 (19%), accessibility to care 19 (8%), information/assessment 39 (17%), self‐help and voluntary help 10 (4%), e‐health 52 (22%), and discharge services 17 (7%). Conclusions We found a large number of trials that investigated the effects of mental health services for people with SMI. Trials classification was difficult due to the poor report of the characteristics of these complex interventions. This database can be used to plan and prioritise systematic reviews according to the needs of stakeholders. Relevance Statement The study is of interest to mental health nursing because it studies the different services in which nurses play a fundamental role with implications in the nursing practice, education, research or leadership and management.

Background The most common and prevalent dementia worldwide is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is a continuum composed of Subjective Cognitive Impairment (SCD), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer’s Disease dementia (ADD) stage. One of the main clinical variables in patients with dementia is performance in functional capacity since its alterations are associated with poor prognosis and disease progression. Functional capacity is measured through activities of daily living (ADL), which are divided into three domains: i) Basic (BADL), ii) Instrumental (IADL), and iii) Advanced (AADL). The study aimed to characterize the performance of the different stages of the AD continuum in the ADL domains and their association with cognitive abilities. Method A cross‐sectional study of subjects at different stages of the AD continuum was conducted: Healthy Controls (CTR) (n = 17), SCD (n = 77), MCI (n = 30), and ADD (n = 23), who were matched for age, sex, and education. ADLs were estimated using The Technology‐Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire (T‐ADLQ), which assesses the three domains and a total score. T‐ADLQ performance was compared across groups and correlated with cognitive ability instruments (ACE‐III and IFS). Result The results showed that patients with ADD performed worse on the BADL, IADL, and total ADLs compared to the other three groups. There were no significant differences between the CTR, SCD, and MCI on the BADL, IADL, and total ADLs. However, the AADL, in addition to differentiating the ADD patients from the other three groups, also showed differences between CTR and MCI subjects and between SCD and MCI subjects (Table 1 and Figure 1). The correlation study showed that AADL correlated significantly with global cognitive and executive function assessment (Figure 2). Conclusion AADL shows progressive functional impairment at different stages of the AD continuum, which is further associated with global cognitive and executive function performances. As one progresses to a more advanced stage of the disease continuum, the performance of ADLs, especially AADLs, worsens, which could indicate a marker of disease progression, allowing for better patient follow‐up.

Background The association between physical fitness and autistic traits in adolescents remains under explored, especially in adolescents. Understanding this relationship can provide strategies to improve the quality of life of these people. Objective To identify the association between cluster characteristics derived from levels of self-perceived physical fitness and the occurrences of individual levels of autistic traits in Brazilian adolescents. Method This descriptive study employed an analytical, quantitative approach involving 515 adolescents aged 11 to 18 (245 boys and 270 girls). Autistic traits were assessed using the Autism Quotient (AQ50), while physical fitness was measured with the Self-Reported Physical Fitness Questionnaire (QAPA). Cluster analysis using descriptive statistics with bootstrapping and generalized estimating equations was performed. Results Boys reported higher physical fitness levels than girls, with significant differences in General Power Strength (QAPA 4) and Physical Fitness in Sports (QAPA 7). Girls scored slightly higher on social skills. AQ50 scores indicated that girls had higher aggregated difficulties in imagination, attention, communication, and social skills compared to boys. Higher self-perceived physical fitness was associated with lower levels of autistic traits in both genders. Girls with higher QAPA scores showed significant decreases in autistic traits related to social skills and overall AQ50 scores. Boys with higher physical fitness demonstrated reduced autistic traits in the domains of imagination and communication. Age-adjusted analyses confirmed these findings. Conclusion There is a significant association between self-perceived physical fitness and autistic traits in adolescents. Higher physical fitness levels are linked to fewer autistic traits, highlighting the importance of promoting physical fitness to mitigate challenges associated with autistic traits and improve adolescents' well-being.

Bennett’s chinchilla rat ( Abrocoma bennettii ) is an hystricomorph rodent endemic to Chile inhabiting semi-arid and meditarranean regions below 2,000 m above sea level, from northern and central Chile. Using various lines of evidence, including camera traps, skulls, middens, and DNA, this study reports two new records of A. bennettii discovered during the course of a baseline fauna survey. These new records expand their current altitudinal limit up to 3,500 m above sea level and reveal an unprecedented potential sympatry with Abrocoma cinerea in the Andes of the Atacama Region, highlighting the ecological versatility of this common yet elusive rodent.

We study the large-time behavior of an ensemble of entities obeying replicator-like stochastic dynamics with mean-field interactions as a model for a primordial ecology. We prove the propagation-of-chaos property and establish conditions for the strong persistence of the N-replicator system and the existence of invariant distributions for a class of associated McKean–Vlasov dynamics. In particular, our results show that, unlike typical models of neutral ecology, fitness equivalence does not need to be assumed but emerges as a condition for the persistence of the system. Further, neutrality is associated with a unique Dirichlet invariant probability measure. We illustrate our findings with some simple case studies, provide numerical results, and discuss our conclusions in the light of Neutral Theory in ecology.

Unhealthy lifestyles risk factors, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, poor diet, and obesity, have been associated with a higher risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. However, composite score of these unhealthy behaviours has not been considered, particularly in Latin American populations. Herein, we examined the association of lifestyle risk factors score with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Mexican adults. A total of 159,517 adults from the Mexico City Prospective Study (MCPS) were included. Data on sociodemographic, lifestyle risk factors and medical histories was collected through a self-reported baseline questionnaire in a census-style door-to-door interviews. Lifestyle risk factors assessment was based on five modifiable lifestyle risk factors and their respective cut-off points according to current health recommendations, including obesity, physical inactivity, tobacco, alcohol consumption and fruits and vegetables intake. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to estimate the associations of lifestyle risk factor score (ranging from 0 to 5) with all-cause and cause-specific mortality (cardiovascular disease, renal or hepatobiliary diseases, diabetes, respiratory diseases, cancer and all-cause mortality). We excluded the first 2, 5, 10, and 15 years of follow-up to account for reverse causation bias. We found a high prevalence (77%) of Mexican adults, with two or more lifestyle risk factors. Hazard ratio for respiratory diseases and renal or hepatobiliary diseases were 1.86 (95%CI: 1.45–2.39) and 2.00 (95%CI: 1.60–2.52) comparing participants with 4–5 lifestyle risk factors vs. those with none. For all-cause mortality, participants with 4–5 lifestyle risk factors had a 49% (HR: 1.49; 95%CI: 1.03–2.16) higher risk as compared to participants with none. The magnitude of the associations increased as the exclusion of follow-up time increased after 2, 5, 10 and 15 years. There was a positive association between the number of lifestyle risk factors and all-cause and cause-specific mortality, showing the highest rate of respiratory, renal or hepatobiliary and all-cause mortality among participants with 4–5 lifestyle risk factors. After accounting for reverse causation, associations were stronger.

Objective The objective of this study was to map the instruments used to assess parental support for physical activity and their constructs and psychometric properties. Data source A scoping review was conducted, with searches in seven electronic databases and reference lists, covering articles available until April 2022. Original and cross-sectional studies were sought that used questionnaires, inventories or questions to assess parental support for the practice of physical activity and sports by children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years and that assessed the barriers reported by parents or guardians for not offering support. Data synthesis Of the initial 1739 articles, 21 made up the synthesis. From a general perspective, 11 studies from 5 continents used a questionnaire or inventory or question to assess parental support; the majority of the samples evaluated were made up of girls and mothers. The intraclass correlation coefficient was the most used measure to evaluate the reliability of the instruments (10 studies). To assess the reliability of the instruments, Cronbach’s alpha was the most used measure (13 studies). Conclusions Only one instrument was constructed respecting the psychometric properties. Authors are advised to consider the importance of following the instrument validity evidence process when developing or adapting instruments. Keywords: Social support; Psychometrics; Review