University of Tikrit

The problem of segmenting retinal blood vessels in fundus images arises from the challenges of accurately detecting and delineating vessels due to their complex structures, varying sizes, and overlapping features. Manual segmentation is time-consuming and prone to human error, leading to inconsistent results. Additionally, existing automated methods often struggle with low-quality images or variations in illumination, hindering their effectiveness. Therefore, there is a pressing need for an efficient and accurate automated system to improve segmentation outcomes for better diagnosis of retinal diseases. This study proposes a fully automated model for blood vessel segmentation in retinal fundus images, addressing key challenges such as poor image quality, weak vessel detection, and inhomogeneity in contrast. Macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy are major causes of vision impairment, making accurate retinal analysis crucial. The proposed model enhances image quality through a novel pre-processing pipeline that includes logarithmic contrast enhancement, noise reduction using an improved complex wavelet transform with shrinkage, and anisotropic diffusion filtering for edge enhancement. The segmentation method combines morphological operations with an optimized Canny edge detector, effectively identifying and segmenting blood vessels. This approach aims to improve the accuracy and efficiency of retinal image analysis, overcoming the limitations of manual segmentation and complex vascular structures. The results obtained from the DRIVE dataset achieved high values for accuracy (Acc, 99%), sensitivity (Sen, 95.83%), specificity (Spe, 98.62%), positive predictive value (PPV, 91.34%), and negative predictive value (NPV, 94%). In addition, the results obtained using the high-resolution fundus dataset were equally satisfactory, achieving an Acc., Sen., Spe., PPV, and NPV of 99.11, 97.97, 98.97, 97.98, and 100%, respectively. These results outperform the gold standard and state-of-the-art schemes to date. The proposed approach increases the performance and reliability of the process of vessel detection in fundus images.

Nowadays, traffic accidents are caused due to the distracted behaviors of drivers that have been noticed with the emergence of smartphones. Due to distracted drivers, more accidents have been reported in recent years. Therefore, there is a need to recognize whether the driver is in a distracted driving state, so essential alerts can be given to the driver to avoid possible safety risks. For supporting safe driving, several approaches for identifying distraction have been suggested based on specific gaze behavior and driving contexts. Thus, in this paper, a new Internet of Things (IoT)-assisted driver distraction detection model is suggested. Initially, the images from IoT devices are gathered for feature tuning. The set of convolutional neural network (CNN) methods like ResNet, LeNet, VGG 16, AlexNet GoogleNet, Inception-ResNet, DenseNet, Xception, and mobilenet are used, in which the best model is selected using Self Adaptive Grass Fibrous Root Optimization (SA-GFRO) algorithm. The optimal feature tuning CNN model processes the input images for obtaining the optimal features. These optimal features are fed into the long short-term memory (LSTM) for getting the classified distraction behaviors of the drivers. From the validation of the outcomes, the accuracy of the proposed technique is 95.89%. Accordingly, the accuracy of the existing techniques like SMO-LSTM, PSO-LSTM, JA-LSTM, and GFRO-LSTM is attained as 92.62%, 91.08%, 90.99%, and 89.87%, respectively, for dataset 1. Thus, the suggested model achieves better classification accuracy while detecting distracted behaviors of drivers and this model can support the drivers to continue with safe driving habits.

Imines are a crucial building block in the synthesis of many organic compounds. The acid-catalyzed condensation of p-chloro aniline and p-amino toluene, and aromatic aldehyde derivatives produced a number of Schiff bases. The products were recrystallized and identified by their FT-IR, 1HNMR and mass spectra. A computational study by Density Functional Theory (DFT) for the electronic structures was intended to study the effects of para substituted of benzaldehyde on the electronic structure of synthesized Schiff bases by using the ORCA software package.

Quantum yield (QY) is a fundamental parameter in luminescence study. This paper introduces a novel SAFE method for determining the fluorescence quantum yield of 5-(2-(dimethylamino)-6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)-furan-2-carbaldehyde, which was synthesized from pyrimidine derivatives through the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. A key contribution of this study is integrating measuring tools into a single device, as opposed to using two separate devices typically found in commercial applications. The study utilizes a commercial fluorescence spectrometer capable of recording absorption and emission spectra simultaneously, ensuring precise and efficient measurements. The fluorescence quantum yields of anthracene, quinine sulfate, tyrosine, and the synthesized pharmacological compound were investigated. Quinine sulfate (QS), dissolved in 0.05 M sulfuric acid, served as the reference standard on a traceable fluorometer. Measurements were conducted using laboratory-designed quantum yield measurement software based on the SAFE method, yielding results with high accuracy relative to standard values. The quantum yields for tyrosine in water, anthracene, and 5-(2-(dimethylamino)-6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)-furan-2-carbaldehyde in ethanol were determined at specific excitation wavelengths. For the first set of excitation wavelengths (λ₁) at 270, 330, and 385 nm, the QY values were found to be 13.089, 28.51, and 27.126, respectively. In a second set of excitation wavelengths (λ₂) at 273, 335, and 397 nm, the corresponding QY values were determined to be 13.091, 29.153, and 27.354, with quinine sulfate serving as the reference standard at λ₁ (299 nm) and λ₂ (310 nm). These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the SAFE method in accurately determining fluorescence quantum yields, offering significant utility for characterizing luminescent compounds and evaluating pharmacological substances.

This work describes the fabrication of a nanocomposite polymer electrolyte system incorporating sodium iodide (NaI) with poly (ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) and carbon black as a nanofiller, for its astounding electrochemical capabilities and environmental resilience. The solid polymer electrolyte was synthesized via solution casting method, and its characteristics were thoroughly investigated using a variety of analytical techniques. The electrical characterization indicates that the addition of the carbon black nanofiller markedly improves enhances conductivity, achieving a peak value of $1.25 \times {10}^{-5}$ S/cm at an optimal nanofiller conc. Of 8 wt.%, measurements of the ionic transference number affirm both ionic and electronic characters of the conductivity. Additionally, the nanocomposite demonstrates a substantial electrochemical stability window of 3.78 V. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy reveals significant interaction indicatives of good complexation, further substantiated reduce in crystallinity assessments conducted through polarized optical microscopy (POM). Synthesized carbon black dispersed polymer electrolyte with the highest conduction employed in dual energy storage devices.

In some cases, amalgam is considering the best choice for restoration of teeth; therefore, it is important to perform studies for improving conventional amalgams. An attempt to improve the performance of conventional amalgam by adding NiCrMo nanowires with four weight percents included (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 wt.%) has been achieved, these nanowires were fabricated using anodic aluminum oxide to obtain nanowires with composition of (72.2% Ni, 19.5% Cr, and 8.3 wt.%Mo), which is close to the composition of the known NiCrMo alloy. The manufactured amalgam nanocomposites were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), where the results indicated the formation of symmetric orthorhombic Ni40Cr18Mo42 phase in nanowires NWs. These NWs behave as adsorbent for Hg in amalgam and play an important role to get coherence phases in conventional amalgam and then reduce the release of Hg to human body. Wear rate and compressive strength were tested for the manufactured amalgam composites in addition to investigating the corrosion resistance in artificial saliva at pH 5.4 and 37 ℃. The decrease in wear rate and the increase in compressive strength suggest the filling of vacancies within amalgam by nanowires and getting more coherency for components in amalgam especially with Hg, which is the main cause for the increase in microhardness. The results of corrosion test revealed the significant increase in corrosion resistance of the manufactured composites compared to conventional amalgam.

The removal of organic compounds from produced water (PW) has become a critical ecological challenge. In this work, we present the design of a Nano material, MnO2/Graphene Oxide (GO), for the efficient removal of organic pollutants from PW using a new design digital baffle batch reactor (DBBR). The MnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized and supported on prepared graphene oxide by impregnation technology (IWI) to create a highly effective Nano adsorbent material with enhanced surface area and catalytic activity. Initially, the raw material (graphite) is processed into graphene oxide nanoparticles using the Hummer technology. Subsequently, the impregnation procedure is employed to create a synthetic nano-catalyst comprising of manganese oxide in 5% amounts of the active compounds (5% MnO2/GO). The adsorbent was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction analysis (XRD) Spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). The new material was steeped and was washed methodically with distilled water until it reached neutral pH. Batch treatment was carried out as a function of pH, adsorption time, temperature and dose of adsorbent. The adsorption equilibrium of organic was rapidly reached after 90 min of the adsorption time. The organic elimination was reached 94.8% and 99.8% with 0.5 g dose, 2 h with pH = 3 at 60 °C for graphene oxide and graphene oxide with MnO2 respectively. The ability of new catalyst to adsorb organic was increased then addition different quantity for adsorption time between 30 and 120 min. The models of Freundlich and Langmuir were used for the addition of experienced data, formerly it was empirical that Freundlich model was used to decide by the values got by study founded on reversion inspection. Graphene oxide branded evocatively through its high ability to adsorb organic from waste water.

The morphology of the superficial fascia in the canine hindlimb is still poorly understood and incompletely described. The present study aimed to elucidate the macroscopic and microscopic structures of the superficial fascia, thereby clarifying its functional role. Cadavers were investigated for anatomic description ( N = 38), ultrasonic scanning ( N = 2), and histological analyses ( N = 10) of this tissue in the hindlimb. The superficial fascia was identified as a shiny, white fibroelastic layer that adhered to the skin through fibrous septa. It was organized into sublayers enveloping the cutaneous muscle and large blood vessels. In certain areas, superficial fascia fused with the deep fascia or skin, creating fascial bursae. These bursae included the ischiatic bursa, an iliac bursa, a prepatellar subfascial bursa, a prepatellar subcutaneous bursa, and the tarsal fascial bursa. Microscopically, the superficial fascia presented as a layer of dense connective tissue characterized by irregularly arranged collagen and elastic fibers. The superficial fascia was firmly attached to the skin and deep fascia by numerous fibrous tissue strands. Within both, the superficial fascia and fascial bursae, several mechanoreceptors and nerve endings were identified, including Ruffini's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and Golgi‐Mazzoni corpuscles. The organization of the superficial fascia and its attachments suggest a mechanical role in supporting structures and resisting loads during movement. The fibrous septa anchors fascia to the skin, providing stability and resistance against external forces, as well as protecting the nerves and blood vessels that pass towards the skin. Existing fascial bursae probably assist in decreasing pressure and facilitating freedom of movement adjacent to bony prominences. Elasticity and connectivity of the superficial fascia may explain the various responses to multidirectional loading. Furthermore, the presence of free nerve endings and mechanoreceptors within the fascia suggests that it may contribute to proprioception of the hindlimb, enhancing the awareness of body movement.

Background: Botulinum toxin is an attenuated neurotoxin of Clostridium Botulinum gram positive bacterial, which is used in medication sialorrhea, cervical dystonia, hyperhidrosis and non-surgical cosmetic operation (aesthetic) such as facial wrinkles and reduced the bulky appearance hypertrophied of masseter muscle. This study was designed to revealed the effect of zygomiticus inoculation of botulinum toxin B in zygomatic muscle of rats on zygomatic bone. Methods: A total of 25 male albino rats (200-260 gm) were injected facial intramuscular by a single dose of 2.5 U/ botulinum toxin B. All experimental groups (4 groups, 5 each) were kept survived to the end period and sacrificed by time period [group 1 (G1)=14; group 2 (G2)=30; group 3 (G3)=45, and group 4 (G4)=60 days] post injection, moreover, 5 animals were administered nothing and kept as a control group till 60 days elapsed. Animals were killed by intense dose of chloroform and rats facial zygomatic bone removed. Results: Zygomatic bone of G1 showed irregular boney border, degenerated osteocytes, woven collagen bundles within collar bone, reddish bone matrix and detachment of fibrous layer of periosteum in G2 results showed disappearance of osteogenic cells, lacunae devoid osteocytes, and aggregated of necrotic elements of bone tissue. In G3 groups showed great crack, disorganization of collagen bundles atrophied osteocytes the matrix of bone had necrotic areas of osteocytes, fragments of bone also demonstrated. G4 group showed massive crack underneath degenerated periosteum of bone, tunnel like furrow, filled up with cellular debris and osteogenic debris within Howship's lacunae. Conclusion: In this present study we summarized the effect of paralyzed facial muscle by botulinum toxin B on facial bone of rats induced, secondary osteoporosis represented as irregular bone border degeneration of osteocytes, crack appeared in bony matrix, decreases in amounts of collagen bundles and separation of periosteum.

This study aimed to identify the relationship between glucose levels and thyroid disorders in children admitted in the Emergency Children's Hospital. This study is carried‐out on 60 children that divided into three groups that divided into 1 st group consists of 20 patients of normal thyroid function and glucose level and considered as a control group, 2 nd group that consists of 20 patients that suffering from hyperthyroidism and the 3 rd group that consists of 20 patients, which are suffering from hypothyroidism. Our study concluded that, in T1DM patients with normal thyroid function, thyroid hormone levels are closely related to glucose and lipid metabolism, so it is particularly important to detect thyroid feature in T1DM patients, which is useful for early detection and correction of bizarre thyroid function, and similarly, it might also enhance the ailment of glucose and lipid metabolism and forestall the complications of T1DM. The results also cleared that, in children with hyperthyroidism have a higher level of blood glucose than the normal control patients, while in hypothyroidism, the blood glucose level decreased than the normal control group and the increasing level of glucose in hyperthyroidism is associated with decreasing level of Vitamin D and increasing level of serum lipids total cholesterol, serum triglycerides LDL‐C, VLDL‐C, and increasing the athrogenic index.

This study delineates the synthesis of a series of macrocyclic dinuclear metal dithiocarbamate‐based complexes. The synthesis methodology encompasses the preparation of sodium uracil bis dithiocarbamate (U‐DTC) by a controlled addition of carbon disulfide (CS 2 ) to uracil within a NaOH medium under refrigerated conditions (0–5 °C). The resultant U‐DTC ligand serves as the foundation for novel Ag(I) complexes, incorporating phosphine ligands, specifically dppe and dppp, at a stoichiometric ratio of 2:1 (phosphine: metal). Additionally, complexes are formed with PPh 3 at a ratio of 4:1 (phosphine: metal). Detailed characterization through spectroscopic methodologies, including FTIR, ¹ H‐NMR, and ¹³ C‐NMR analyses, reveals the coordination mode of U‐DTC with the Ag center. The spectroscopic evidence confirms the attachment of U‐DTC to the silver center through a bidentate fashion, involving both sulfur atoms in a chelating manner. This synthetic approach underscores the strategic utilization of U‐DTC as a precursor to engineer novel Ag(I) complexes, employing phosphine ligands in controlled ratios. The spectroscopic elucidation of the coordination mode provides crucial insights into the structural arrangement and bonding characteristics within the synthesized complexes, offering a foundation for further exploration and application of these complexes in diverse chemical contexts.

The state of oxidative stress concomitant with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is recognized as a significant factor leading to impaired glycemic control. This study is designed to elucidate the clinical benefits of employing silver and palladium nanocompounds in addressing oxidative disturbances. The investigation encompasses twenty rabbits aged between 6 to 12 months, divided into four groups, each comprising five rabbits. The first group comprises healthy rabbits, serving as the control group. The second group consists of induced diabetic rabbits left untreated, also serving as a control group. The third and fourth groups encompass induced diabetic rabbits treated with silver nanocompounds at concentrations of 10 000 micrograms/mL and 20 000 µg mL ⁻¹ , respectively, relative to body weight. A singular daily dose is administered for a duration of two weeks. The study's findings demonstrated the effects of silver nanocompounds in mitigating oxidative disturbances by reducing blood glucose levels and lowering anti‐thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti‐TPO), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), and catalase (CAT) levels. These effects are dose‐dependent and significantly associated with an observable enhancement in glycemic control.

The present study outlines a meticulously devised and accurate spectrophotometric method for the determination of phenylephrine hydrochloride (PHEPH) in both its pure drug form and drop formulation. The methodology hinges upon a diazo‐coupling reaction, whereby PHEPH undergoes coupling with diazotized 4‐bromoaniline under alkaline conditions. The resulting yellowish‐orange azo‐dye demonstrates a remarkable sensitivity, quantified by the molar absorptivity value of 4.684 × 10 ³ L mol ⁻¹ cm ⁻¹ . The pinnacle of absorption occurs at 459 nm, and the linearity of the method is impeccably upheld within the concentration range of 3–48 µg 10 mL ⁻¹ of PHEPH, as dictated by Beer's law. An aspect of paramount significance is the enduring stability of the product's coloration, evincing minimal alteration in absorbance over duration of up to 60 min. Notably, the recovery percentage stands at an impressive 100.1376%, testifying to the method's accuracy, while the relative standard deviation (RSD%) of a mere 0.310178% underscores its precision. The applicability of this method extends seamlessly to the estimation of PHEPH within nasal drop formulations, yielding results of commendable reliability and consistency.

In light of the medical significance of quinazoline derivatives, this study focuses on the synthesis of new quinazoline derivatives derived from the reaction of hydrazones with amino benzoic acid. Ethyl 6‐methyl‐2‐oxo‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidine‐5‐carboxylate, obtained via the Biginelli reaction, serves as a nucleophile in the preparation of hydrazides. Subsequently, these hydrazides react with various benzaldehyde derivatives to form hydrazones. The synthesized compounds are characterized using physical and spectroscopic techniques including melting point determination, NMR spectroscopy ( ¹ H‐NMR and ¹³ C‐NMR), and FTIR spectroscopy to confirm their chemical structure. The biological activity of these compounds is evaluated against two bacterial strains, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus , to assess their potential application in antimicrobial therapy.

This research include an industrial step, which is the synthesis of the inorganic–organic nanocomposite using ultrasound as a rapid and one‐step method, which is done by mixing boehmite with graphene oxide and then reacting them with the help of ultrasound with a capacity of 750 watts and a time not exceeding 10 min. The resulted product are then reacted with hydrazine hydrate to give boehmite–graphene nanocomposite. The materials are characterized using XRD, which prove the presence of boehmite and graphene without any structural change, indicating the physical decoration between them. Furthermore, the TEM measurement proves the presence of a graphene sheet with a thickness of one sheet carrying on its surface nanoboehmite particles that are no larger than 30 nm. Moreover, the composite is used to store hydrogen at four different temperatures (77–273 K). It is observed that the composite has the ability to store approximately 5.9 wt% at 77 K, which deceases with the increase in temperature until it reaches its lowest levels at 273 K with a storage value of 0.6 wt%, noting that the study is done at a pressure of 90 bar. Moreover, the thermodynamic properties of the storage process are studied, which prove that the enthalpy value is equal to 0.101788 (KJ/mol H 2 ), and the entropy value is 5.96878 (J/mol H 2 . K), indicating the physical bonding of hydrogen.

Moringa seed peels are chemically treated with sulfuric acid to produce a bioadsorbent to remove methylene blue from the aquatic environment. Various techniques are used to examine the properties of the adsorbents such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface specification, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The adsorption parameters such as adsorbent dose, contact time, initial concentration, temperature, and pH are studied to predict the optimum conditions. The adsorption equilibrium data and adsorption rate data are evaluated using different isotherm and kinetic models. The isotherm results show that the Langmuir model give positive results for the studied equilibrium data. The adsorption kinetic data better follow the pseudo‐second‐order model. Thermodynamic variables such as ∆S°, ∆H°, and ∆G° are also evaluated. The calculated parameters indicate that the adsorption process is spontaneous and exothermic in nature.

This research entails a comprehensive assessment involving the measurement of prolyl glycosidase levels and calcium concentrations within a cohort of rats, which are subjected to induce myocardial infarction through subperitoneal injection of physiological solutions following an 18‐h fasting period. The experimental rats are meticulously partitioned into five distinct groups to facilitate comparative analysis. The initial group serves as the healthy control, providing a baseline reference, while the fifth group is administered the pharmaceutical agent simvastatin. The intermediary groups are administered varying concentrations of flavonoids, specifically extracted from the rosemary plant utilizing advanced high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technology. This study's design is carefully constructed to discern the impact of these interventions on prolyl glycosidase levels and calcium concentrations in the context of induced myocardial infarction. The administered substances, particularly simvastatin and the varied concentrations of rosemary‐derived flavonoids, are strategically chosen to elucidate their potential influences on the measured biochemical parameters. The utilization of advanced HPLC technology for the extraction of flavonoids from rosemary ensures precise and controlled administration of these compounds to the experimental groups. This research design allows for a nuanced exploration of the effects of simvastatin and rosemary‐derived flavonoids on prolyl glycosidase levels and calcium concentrations in the context of induced myocardial infarction. The delineation of the impact of these interventions on the measured biochemical markers contributes to a deeper understanding of potential therapeutic implications, paving the way for further investigations and potentially innovative interventions in cardiovascular health.

This work includes the synthesis of environmentally favorable and biodegradable components alginate balls containing attapulgite‐silver nanoparticles with different amount of hydroxyapatite. The synthesized composite materials showed good adsorption properties in removing of the organic contaminants (antipsychotics, haloperidol). The addition of hydroxyapatite and alginate to the attapulgite (APT) clay enhanced its adsorption ability through chemical changes. In the current research, haloperidol adsorption is studied on alginate‐attapulgite‐Ag NPs composite. The experiments are carried out at concentrations of the haloperidol (25, 50 and 100 mg/L) at different temperature and pH with different amounts of adsorbent and contact time of 3 h. The remaining concentration of the drug after adsorption is calculated, and the results obtained showed that the adsorption efficiency is 97.6% at pH = 9 and temperature of 15 °C.

This study includes measuring the concentrations of the variable's hormone ricistin, interleukin‐6 macromolecules, and tumor necrosis factor. A biochemical study is conducted on 100 blood serum samples, 70 samples of them for patients with cardiovascular diseases aged 25–70 years and 30 samples are collected for healthy people as a control group aged 25–70 years. Using enzyme linked immuno sorbent asaay (ELISA). A number of biochemical variables are measured in the blood serum of the groups in this study. Furthermore, the result of the study shows a high significant increase in the concentration of the hormone ricistin, interleukin‐6, and TNF at a probability level (0.01 ≥ p). These results in the blood of patients with cardiovascular diseases compared with the control group of healthy people.

This research focuses on the utilization of abundant natural mineral resources in Iraq to prepare both unmodified natural zeolite and nickel‐modified zeolite. These zeolites are employed in the catalytic thermal structural reforming process of naphtha distillates (35–200 °C) under initial temperature conditions (100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 °C) using a constant catalyst ratio. The zeolites, prepared in two forms, 1% by weight, and with a reaction time of 1 h, are first tested to determine the optimal temperature. Subsequently, the catalyst ratio and reaction time are adjusted based on the initial conditions for each catalyst, to establish the optimum conditions for unmodified zeolite at a temperature of 350 °C, a catalyst ratio of 3%, and a reaction time of 3 h. For nickel‐modified zeolite, the optimal conditions are found to be a temperature of 300 °C, a catalyst ratio of 3%, and a reaction time of 3 h. The catalysts exhibited the ability to form rings and facilitate hydrogenation reactions, resulting in the preparation of aromatic compounds that reach threefold their original concentration. Specifically, the concentration increases from 7.1% to 23.61% in the nickel‐modified catalyst.